Hypothalamus

Introduction :

It di structure situated below

is
encephalic It in
just thalamus
°

a .

in the ventral
part g diencephalon .

formed scattered in the walls

. It in
by groups y
nuclei ,
and
floor
third ventricle
g
.

It extends to
from optic chiasma mill
body
•
ma

any
.

Nuclei g Hypothalamus :

Three
groups
•

in Anterior or
preoptic group
as Middle tuber al
group
( or

Posterior
(3) or
mammillary group

Functions g Hypothalamus :

• It in
important for homeostasis .

It
regulatesthirst vital
functions the
body etc
like endocrine
functions
°

many g ,

emotions
hunger , , , sexual
functions .

• Secretion g posterior pituitary hormones .

Control
g Anterior pituitary
°
.

Control Adrenal Cortese

•

g by ACTH

Control Adrenal medulla emotional stimuli

°

g by .

Autonomic Nervous System

•

Regulation g
.
 Heart Rate
•

Regulation og
.

Regulation g
Blood Pressure -

- cis Heat loss center in

preoptic nucleus
I
•

Regulation g Body temperature -

g Ant .

hypothalamus
\ dis Heat center posterior
-

in
food gain
•

Regulation g Hunger &

intake .

hypothalamus
nucleus
center
feeding
-

is

center
ciii
satiety
water balance Thirst mechanism
•

Regulation y
.

cis

dis ADH mechanism

Regulation g sleep and Wakefulness

• Role in behaviour and emotional
changes .

Regulation g sexual
function
• Role in response to smell .

•
Role in Circadian rhythm .
 Mechanism
g Regulation g
food Intake :

Feeding center and

satiety center
g hypothalamus are
responsible
for regulation g appetite and
food intake . These centers an

regulated by :

Iai Glu co static mechanism

(b , Lipostalic mechanism
cc , Peptide mechanism
(d) Hormonal mechanism
cel Thermostatic mechanism .

(a) Glucoslak.cm#chamism :

food intake → Inc in - stimulation g →

Inhibition y
blood
glucose satiety center
feeding center

/ stoppage g food
intake
flatter 3 hrs)

Increase in c- Activation g ← No money Dec blood

inhibition
appetite feeding center
feeding
g glucose
satiety
&
center

(
b,
Lipotm :

Volume
g
-
leptin released → Enters →
lepk
inhibits
f by adipose tissue hypothalamus
Adipose tissue
the feeding
center

I
stoppage ← Loss Y
9
food intake Appetite
•

Many leptin receptors an

Lep Rb
-

in nuclei g
present many
hypothalamus -
 cos Peplidetlechanism
Ghrelin stimulated
secreted in →

center
→ Inc .

appetite
stomach feeding &
food intake
.

( During fasting )
•

Peptides which increases the

food intake : which decreases
ca ) Ghrelin food intake :

( bi
N
europe pled
Y ca ) Leptin
( bi Peptide YY

(d , Hormonal Mechanism :
-

Inhibit food intake

( i,
somatostatin Cixi Pancreatic polypeptide
l" cholecyst kinin .

ciis Oxytocin
ciii ,
Glucagon

(e , Thermostalictlechanism
•

Temp is inversely proportional to

body temp .

°
In fever food intake Y
. ,

°
Exact cause not known but it in
suggested that the
preoptic
thermo receptors
may
act via
feeding center .

Mechanism g Regulation g lala ter Balance :

*
CII Thirsts :

*
 Its A DH Mechanism :
(

ECF I

gntcnased Osmolality and

q stellate
ECF
,

Suptraopkic nucleus ( stimulated )

I

Aot released -
Causes Retention g water via facultative Reabsor
p lion
-

Applied Physiology
•
Lesion g hypothalamus occurs due to tumors ,
encephalitis and
ischemia .

o
symptoms detected an :

( is
Disturbance in Carbohydrate & Fat metabolism .

Disturbance
ciii in
sleep due to lesion in mami
Hary body .

ciii , Disturbance in ANS

( in Emotional manifestations .

Disturbance in due mid hypo that

can sexual
functions to lesion in
- aim us .

become
One g more

results
above
features can
prominent
and in
any g them :

cis Diabetes insipidus

ciii Dystrophic adiposogeni tale 's
ciii, Kallmann Syndrome
(
in Laurence - Moon -
Biedl syndrome -

call Narcolepsy .

cut
cataplexy .
② Med Notes ( med notes .in )