Chemical Coordination & Integration

neural system
gonadotrophins
Hypothalamus

..
LH & FSH stimulate gonadal activity
basal part of diencephalon, forebrain

neurosecretory cells( nuclei) produce hormones. In males In females Hypothyroidism during pregnancy
point-to-point rapid coordination among organs.
fast but short-lived.
nerve fibres do not innervate all body cells & cellular functions
regulate synthesis & secretion
of pituitary hormones.
1. Endocrine Glands and Hormones LH stimulates LH induces
ovulation fully graafian follicles
defective development ,
stunted growth (cretinism),
mental retardation,
Hypothalamus 2 types Hormones
releasing hormones inhibiting hormones 2. Human Endocrine System synthesis & secretion
androgens from testis.
maintains corpus luteum, low intelligence quotient,
abnormal skin,
deaf-mutism, etc.

endocrine system
stimulate secretion of
pituitary hormones
inhibit secretions of
pituitary hormones 3. Hormones of Heart, Kidney and FSH & androgens FSH stimulates
adult women, hypothyroidism
irregular menstrual cycle .
Gonadotrophin releasing regulate spermatogenesis

coordination and integration by hormones.

hormone (GnRH)
stimulates pituitary synthesis &
somatostatin
inhibits growth release
hormone from pituitary. Gastrointestinal Tract growth & development
ovarian follicles
release of gonadotrophins.
hyperthyroidism (affects body physiology )

neural system + endocrine system jointly coordinate and regulate

anterior pituitary
4. Mechanism of Hormone Action MSH Due to cancer or nodules in thyroid glands,

body physiological functions acts on melanocytes (melanin containing cells) rate of synthesis abnormal increased high levels
. regulates skin pigmentation
hypothalamic neurons axons nerve endings
hormones
Oxytocin Graves' disease.
hyperthyroidism,

Endocrine Glands and Hormones

acts on body smooth muscles ( s!mulates c"trac!") enlargement thyroid gland,
regulate anterior portal
pituitary gland circulatory system protrusion eyeballs,
pituitary functions In females child birth time (uterus vig#$s c"trac!") increased basal metabolic rate
& weight loss,
milk ejection from mammary gland.
Ductless glands. secretions posterior pituitary
Vasopressin Exopthalmic goitre
under direct neural regulation of hypothalamus
hormone definitions acts on kidney {s!mulates water, electrolytes res#p!"}

classical definition current scientific definition

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). (No diuresis) Thyroid hormones
growth hormone (GH) regulation of basal metabolic rate.

gigantism dwarfism
If no ADH red blood cell formation.
chemical produced by non-nutrient chemicals act as Diabetes Insipidus ( water lo% and dehydra!" ) control metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, fats.
intercellular messengers & produced in Over-secretion low secretion Maintenance of water & electrolyte balance
endocrine glands & released thyrocalcitonin (TCT) regulates blood calcium levels.

The Pineal Gland

into blood & transported to trace amounts.
distantly target organ
New definition
covers new molecules + hormones
The Pituitary Gland abnormal growth stunted growth
dorsal side of forebrain Parathyroid Gland
secreted
24-hour (diurnal) 4 parathyroid glands

t Acromegaly
Invertebrates body rhythm back side of thyroid gland,
simple endocrine systems +few hormones
pars nervosa Excess secretion GH (adults) middle age
vertebrates stores & releases serious complications,
large number of hormones & provide coordination stalk oxytocin & vasopressin hormones premature death if unchecked.
synthesised by hypothalamus hard to diagnose in early stages,
often undetected for many years hormone (Melatonin)
Human Endocrine System &transported axonally here
until changes noticeable. maintaining normal rhythms of sleep-wake cycle,
body temperature. peptide hormone (parathyroid hormone (PTH)
endocrine glands & hormone influences metabolism, pigmentation,
- severe disfigurement menstrual cycle

secrete by regulated by
defense capability.
producing
Prolactin
↓
diffused tissues/cells
↓
regulates growth of mammary glands & formation of milk
Thyroid Gland parathyroid glands circulating levels of Ca+
Located in diff body parts
TSH ACTH Parathyroid h#m"e (PTH)
Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, parathyroid,
thymus gonads (testis ,ovary) stimulates synthesis &secretion thin flap of connective tissue increases Ca2+ levels in blood.
B/w 2 lobes
gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, heart thyroid hormones steroid hormones( glucocorticoids) acts on bones, ( s!mulates b"e res#p!" (di%olu!"/de&neralisa!").
from thyroid gland. from adrenal cortex. s!mulates reabs#p!" of Ca2+ by renal tubules
follicles
Each thyroid gland stromal tissues. increases Ca2+ abs#p!" from digested food.
secretes
only 1 hormone
-
follicles tissue
follicular cells
tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine (T4)
Along with TCT, calcium body balance.

triiodothyronine (T3).
melanocyte stimulating lodine For normal rate of thyroid hormone synthesis.
hormone (MSH). If iodine Deficiency (hypothyroidism)

Produces
V

growth hormone (GH),

prolactin (PRL),
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH),
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH),
luteinizing hormone (LH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
 Thymus gland emergency hormones or hormones of Fight or Flight. Leydig cells or interstitial cells
Location Peptide hormones Function
increase alertness,
pupilary dilation,
piloerection (raising of hairs),
E Function
Location intertubular spaces
produce androgens mainly testosterone. gastro-intestinal tract gastrin
sweating HCL & pepsinogen
heart beat, gastric glands secretions
heart contraction Androgens act on CNS influence
rate of respiration. male sexual behaviour (libido). regulate development,
maturation & functions of male accessory sex organs water &
epididymis, exocrine pancreas secretin, bicarbonate ions
Catecholamines vas deferens, secretions
seminal vesicles,
lobular structure b/w lungs behind sternum on ventral aorta side also stimulate breakdown of glycogen prostate gland, secretion of pancreatic
breakdown of lipids &proteins. both pancreas and
major role in immune system development urethra etc. enzymes , bile
stimulate muscular growth,
gall bladder cholecystokinin (CCK)
secretes peptide hormones (thymosins)
cortisol main Aldosterone main juice.
growth of facial & axillary hair,
glucocorticoid. mineralocorticoid
aggressiveness,
differentiation of T-lymphocytes, low pitch of voice etc.
carbohydrate metabolism regulate balance of water & inhibits gastric
cell-mediated immunity. spermatogenesis (formation of spermatozoa).
electrolytes Small intestine gastric inhibitory secretion & motility.
produce anabolic (synthetic) effects on protein &
promote production of antibodies to peptide (GIP).
carbohydrate metabolism #
provide humoral immunity. glucocorticoid
Old Child
Increases inhibit
Ovary Several other non-
endocrine tissues
normal growth of
tissues & their

Adrenal Gland
pair of ovaries located in abdomen repairing/regeneration.
gluconeogenesis, cellular uptake
lipolysis amino acids utilisation
primary sex organ &
proteolysis; dual functions I endocrine gland.

Cortisol
anteri# part
Ovary
Mechanism of Hormone Action
maintaining cardio-vascular system& kidney functions. Hormones 7 specific hormone receptors
target tissues
ovarian follicles. stromal tissues.
produces anti-inflammatory reactions
suppresses immune response.
- estrogen -
Pancreas
/
membrane-bound intracellular receptors,
receptors mostly (nuclear receptors)

composite gland > both endocrine gland & exocrine

generate second messengers (e.g., steroid hormones,
V

1 to 2 million Islets of Langerhans -> 1 to 2 % of pancreatic tissue. (e.g. cyclic AMP,Ip3, Ca++ etc) iodothyronines, etc.)

1
L V
Alpha cells & beta cells. 7
secretes mainly progesterone
pep!de h#m"es I in turn regulate cellular regulate gene expression or
metabolism
↓

glucagon. insulin. chromosome function

hyperglycemic hypoglycemia
Estrogens
acts on hepatocytes Acts on hepatocytes and adipocytes
stimulates glycogenolysis , gluconeogenesis enhances cellular glucose uptake and utilisation. stimulation of growth & activities of female secondary sex organs,
also stimulates glycogenesis in target cells. development of growing ovarian follicles,
reduces cellular glucose uptake & utilisation. female secondary sex characters (e.g., high pitch of voice, etc.)
" mammary gland development.
treated with regulate female sexual behaviour.
diabetes mellitus ↓
Prolonged hyperglycemia insulin therapy.
associated with glucose loss by urine
ketone bodies formed. Progesterone Protein hormone Steroid hormone
Underproduction of hormones by adrenal cortex Testis supports pregnancy.
acts on mammary glands & stimulates alveoli formation
alters carbohydrate metabolism pair of testis in scrotal sac (outside abdomen) of male (sac-like structures which store milk) and milk secretion.
causing acute weakness & fatigue
primary sex organ &
dual functions I endocrine gland. Hormones of Heart, Kidney, Gastrointestinal Tract

Adrenal medulla Testis

hormones > endocrine glands

hormones. > some tissues.

Mr
Location Function
seminiferous stromal or
tubules interstitial tissue. Peptide hormones
hormone + receptor = hormone-receptor complex
heart atrial natriuretic factor blood vessels dilation
atrial wall (ANF), blood pressure decreases
biochemical changes
metabolism
kidney
physiological functions regulated
erythropoietin
juxtaglomerular cells stimulates erythropoiesis
hormones divided On basis of chemical nature
hormones Examples
insulin, glucagon, pituitary
peptide, polypeptide, protein hormones hormones, hypothalamic
hormones, etc.
cortisol, testosterone,
7 adrenaline steroids
estradiol and progesterone)
adrenal medulla
secretes (epinephrine)
iodothyronines thyroid hormones
2 hormones noradrenaline
epinephrine
amino-acid derivatives
(norepinephrine)