Endocrine Function

of Different Organs
Pineal Gland

•
Pineal
gland / Epiphysis in located in alien cephalic area
of brain
above the hypothalamus .

°
It in small cone -

shaped structure with a

length of 10mm -

Pineal has two

o

gland types of cells :

( as
large epithelial cells ( parenchymal
cells )

(
bi
Neuroglia cells

In adults calcified
pineal gland
• in ,
but

epithelial cells exist & secrete hormone .

[ DeICeinPireal gland ]

⑥ Media (med notes .int

 Functions :

has two
•
Pineal
gland functions :

ca , It controls the sexual activities in animals

by regulating
seasonal
fertility .
But in human it plays a small role in this .

cbi It secretes melatonin .

Melatonin :

By parenchymal
°

cells
It N
acetyl methoxy try famine ( indole )
.
in
5
[ melatonin ]
-
- -

St acts
.

mainly on
gonads .

it inhibits the onset

•
In human ,
of puberty by inhibiting gonads .

°
Melatonin secretion in more in darkness than in daylight .

The secretion melatonin ale to

of varies
•

activities in
different periods of day
i. e Circadian rythm .

circadian
Hypothalamus in
responsible for
°

fluctuations of melatonin secretion .

Functions of Melatonin :

Cal St
plays a
major role in
regulation
of sleep -

wake cycles .

b, Antioxidant & Free radical

(
scavenger
.

cc , Anti
inflammatory effect and en chance Immune system .

Idi onset
Delays the
of puberty .
 Thymus :

Thymus in situated in
front of trachea below the thyroid ,

gland .
Gt in small in newborn
infants and gradually enlarges
and then decreases
till
puberty in size .

Functions :

°
It has lymphoid function and
endocrine function .

°
Two
major functions :

(a)
Processing T lymphocytes
(
b, Endocrine function .

Processing I lymphocytes : gt
plays essential role in the

development of immunity by processing T

lymphocytes .

The
lymphocytes which are
produced in Bone marrow and

processed in
thymus .

Endocrine
function of Thymus : It secretes two hormones :

c "
Thymosin ( peptide ) -
Accelerates lymphopoieeis and
proliferation of T
lymphocytes .

Iiis Thymine -

(Th ymopoielin ) -

Suppresses the neuromuscular

activity by inhibiting acetylcholine .

Hyperactivity of thymus causes

Myasthenia gravis .

Kidneys
°

Kidneys secrete five hormonal substances :

(a) Erythropoietin

b)
(
Thrombopoietin
(c) Renin
 (d) 1,25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol
-

( calcitriol )
(e ,
Prostaglandins .

if , C
type natriuretic peptide
-

Erythropoietin :

secrete
Endothelial cells
of tubular capillaries in
kidney
'
°

pen

erythropoietin .

. The stimulant for its secretion is

hypoxia .

Erythropoietin is a
glycoprotein with 165 amino acids .

.
It stimulates the bone marrow and causes
erythropoiesis .

thrombopo.ie/In :

o ' t in
glycoprotein It in secreted by kidneys
a .
and liver .

°
9T stimulates the production g platelets .

Renin :

cells
• The
granular y Juxta
glomerular apparatus of kidney secrete
renin

When renin released into blood 9T acts

specific plasma
. in .
on a

protein called a -
2 -

globulin .
gt in also called
Angiotensin ogen
or renin substrate .

.
Renin converts angiotensin oyen into angiotensin I .

I ,
hydroxy cholecalciferol :

•
Also known as Calcitonin or activated wit D .

which
o
gt in
formed from cholecalciferol ,
in
present in

skin and intestine .

(diver)
.
Hit 03 ( cholecalciferol ) → 25 -

hydroxy cholecalciferol
 o
/
1,25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol hwalion by
Parra thorn one in
kidney .

Activated uit important

plays
°

D an role in maintain ee

blood cast
of .

Prostaglandins :

°
Some are PG Az and PG Ez -

• Secreted
by IG cells and
type I interstitial cells
present in

medulla
Kidney 9 .

Prostaglandins decrease the blood

pressure by systemic
vasodilation ,
diuresis and natives is .

Heart .

• 9T secretes the hormones AMP and BNP .

Another
peptide called C
type natriuretic peptide ie also found
°
-
in

Heart .

A-
tn triuntic Peptide
•
AMP in a
polypeptide with 28 AAS .

Secreted
•

by Atrial
musculature og Heart .
 Br atrium tic Peptide :

°
Gt in 32A As polypeptide
Secreted cardiac
by muscle
°

BNP has actions AN P

same
of
° -

°
BNP is
important clinically as it shows heart diseases .

gn Heart failure ,
BNP level N

C -

type Il atrium tic Peptide :

CHP in 22A As
peptide
°

Secreted
by myocardium endothelium
of Blood vessels GI tract
•

,
, ,

and
kidneys .

② Med Notes (med notes .in )

-