1. Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland (Hypophysis)
small region of the brain below the thalamus
the major link between the nervous and endocrine systems
hypothalamus synthesize at least nine different hormones
Endocrine system
6. Thymus gland
an important immune organ, the site which the white blood
cells called T lymphocytes arise from precursor cells.
Diabetes (pancreas related disease)
glucose cannot enter most cells, so blood sugar
remains high and abundant glucose appears in urine
2.
inferior to the brain in the hypophyseal fossa
3. Pineal gland 4. Thyroid gland
stalk called infundibulum connect gland to
hypothalamus
The pituitary gland has 2 basic divisions
1. Anterior lobe has 3 subdivision
- pars distalis
- pars intermedia - pars tuberalis
2. Posterior lobe has 2 subdivisions -
pars nervosa
- infundibular : a small, pine cone shaped Melatonin: regulate circadian rhythms
structure (Darkness of night, the “clock” that controls daily butterfly-shaped
: at the end of a short stalk on star-shaped with long branching processes Anterior neck, inferior to the larynx
the roof of the diencephalon rhythms and melatonin secretion) 2 lateral lobes connected by a median
endocrine cells called pinealocytes bridge called the isthmus
dense particles of calcium “brain sand
hollow spherical follicles (Thyroid follicles)
epithelial cells called follicular cells -->
5. Parathyroid glands Thyroid hormone --> Metabolism
central lumen filled with a jellylike
substance called colloid consisting of
thyroglobulin
Thyroid follicles
(stain poorly)
Parafollicular (C) cells --> Calcitonin -->
Ca2+ in blood
: small, yellow-brown lie on the posterior surface of the
thyroid g. : may be embedded in the thyroid gland
: have their own connective tissue capsules
8. Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
7. Adrenal gland
paired, pyramidal organs perched on the superior surface of the kidneys
Note: parathyroid hormone and calcitonin have
opposite, or antagonistic effects: PTH raises blood
calcium whereas calcitonin lowers it
Disorders of Adrenal gland
Cushing’s syndrome
Hypersecretion of glucocorticoid h.
This condition is characterized by - Located in the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity
high level of glucose contains both exocrine and endocrine cells
- swollen face The exocrine acinar cells, secrete digestive enzymes
- redistribution of fat to the The endocrine cells,contained
posterior neck; “buffalo hump” in islets of Langerhans (million) : secrete hormones
Disorders of the Thyroid gland Pituitary Disorders
Some disorders of the
adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)
affect the secretion of growth
hormone (GH) .