Japanese Immigrants in Brazil

Author(s): Teiiti Suzuki

Source: Population Index , Apr., 1965, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Apr., 1965), pp. 117-138
Published by: Office of Population Research

Stable URL: http://www.jstor.com/stable/2732285

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms

Office of Population Research is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend
access to Population Index

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
 117

CURRENT ITEMS

JAPANESE IMMIGRANTS To commemorate the fiftieth anni-

IN BRAZIL versary of Japanese immigration to
Brazil in 1958 a special commission
of immigrants planned a program which included the compilation of a
history of this migratory movement. The committee assigned to the task
proposed a census of national scope, and the Commission accepted the
proposal on January 8, 1958. The census was to include information not
only on the present situation of immigrants and their descendants but
also on the immigrants' background in Japan, their initial conditions in
Brazil, and the changes they had undergone in the 50-year period.

Japanese immigrants and their descendants, estimated at about

400,000 persons, were mingled in the total population of about 63 million
inhabitants, over an area of 3.3 million square miles. The first problem
was locating thesepersons. The spontaneous cooperation of the Japanese
colony had to be relied upon, for the Census Committee was without of-
ficial sanction.

Organization of the Census

As of January 27, 1958, twenty-one organizers set out for the prin-
cipal Japanese nuclei to organize census sectors, into which the national
territory was to be divided. A total of 469 census sectors were formed,
on the basis of Japanese population density, existence of Japanese asso-
ciations, transport facilities, and other factors.

In each sector a person was appointed to coordinate the preliminary

survey and the census. The appointment usually went to the president of
the local Japanese association, and interviewers were recruited largely
among members. In the city of Sao Paulo, where such associations in-
clude only a small part of the Japanese population, the committee re-
sorted to drycleaning unions, which are usually operated by Japanese
families, on the pick-up-and-delivery system. They had little difficulty
in locating the Japanese population scattered through the city. In many
regions where the presence of Japanese was unknown, information on
Japanese colonies was secured through the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of
Geography and Statistics), which maintains an agency in each municfpio.

As soon as a census sector had been organized the preliminary sur-

vey was begun. Two types of forms were used in this step, one for rural
areas and one for urban areas. A total of 397,335 persons in 60,930
homes had been covered by the end of July, 1958.

The census forms, designed with technical assistance from IBGE and
printed by them, were received on July 31, 1958, and the census was be-
gun on August 3 of that year, in sectors where the preliminary survey
had been finished. Two types of forms were used in this step: the Family
Form (AppendixA), which for the entire Japanese population investigated
the background of immigrant heads of families in their country of origin
and the present situation of all immigrants and their descendants; and
the Mobility Form (Appendix A), which applied only to immigrant heads

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
118

of families who had arrived in Brazil at 15 years of age or over before

World War II. It had questions on the initial situation of these persons in
Brazil and the changes they had undergone from their arrival until the
reference date.

For the preliminary survey 2,850 unpaid interviewers were re-

cruited, and for the census, also, local interviewers, usually members
of Japanese associations, were recruited. In areas in which such asso-
ciations were non-existent or inactive, the work was done by employees
of the Census Committee or by teams of volunteer interviewers, resi-
dents of the city of Sao Paulo, who had finished data collection in their
districts. Thirteen instructors trained the interviewers, who totaled
3,688 persons. In addition to practical training, each interviewer re-
ceived an instruction manual.

Radio and press supplemented the training of interviewers and pre-

pared the population. Throughout Brazil radio programs of an hour's
duration offered instructions for filling out the census forms, which had
been published in the colony's three newspapers. From the beginning of
the research until the completion of data collection intense psychological
preparation of the population continued through radio, press, movies,
records, circulars, pennants, posters, and other means of publicity.

As in the preliminary survey, the census forms were filled out by the
interviewers, ordinarily through housecalls. In the city of Sao Paulo,
however, the interviewers first visited firms employing large numbers
of Japanese, to interview heads of families working there. Then by news-
paper and radio announcements persons living in certain neighborhoods
were invited to come to specified places (schools, offices, etc.) to be
interviewed for the census. Finally, housecalls were to cover any re-
maining families.

As the census was not taken simultaneously throughout the nation, a

single family might be interviewed more than once if it changed resi-
dence during the period of data collection (August, 1958, to September,
1959). To avoid this, each family when visited was given a census seal to
display. The committee sent a list of the families covered by the pre-
liminary survey to the individual responsible for each sector. When data
collection in the sector was finished, this list was returned along with
information about families who had entered or left after the preliminary
survey, and about families who had been inadvertently omitted from it.

Single persons in group lodgings with non-Japanese proprietors (such

as boarding houses and schools), in general not covered by the prelimi-
nary survey, were included with their respective families on the Family
Form, indicating their actual residence. Single persons residing with
other relatives were also included with their immediate families rather
than the families with which they were living.

Once filled in, the census forms were submitted for checking and
coding. When omissions or discrepancies were discovered, these were
noted on a separate sheet, along with the names of the interviewer and
interviewee, and sent to the head of the sector to be corrected through
additional interviews. In some areas these were made on selected items
by new interviewers. Of a total of approximately 10,225,500 replies to
different items on the forms, 72,099 (about 0.7%) required clarification.

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
 119

Of this number 49,318 (about 70%) were corrected by the method cited.
The rest were coded as "not reported."
The work of collecting, checking, correcting, and coding was com-
pleted on September 5, 1959. A total of 66,405 families had been inter-
viewed-438,251 persons in all, including immigrants and descendants as
well as non-Japanese persons with spouses of Japanese origin and their
descendants. Despite persistent requests, census forms were never re-
turned from the following census sectors, in which 108 families were
included in the preliminary survey:

Municfpio State

Macapa, Matapi, Masagao Amapa 49 families, 211 persons

Itubera Bahia 13 families, 82 persons
Ponta Pora Mato Grosso 10 families, 31 persons
Bataguassu Mato Grosso 36 families, 192 persons

Total 108 families, 516 persons

Eighty-eight families (73 in the state of Sao Paulo, four in the state of
Parana and five in other states) refused to answer the questions of
either the preliminary survey or the census.

Once the coding was finished, the data were punched on 713,824 cards.
When completed, on April 29, 1960, these cards were distributed as
follows:

438,251 cards with data from the Family Form-66,705 referring

to heads of families and 371,596 referring to members;

240,372 cards with data from the Mobility Form;

32,800 cards with data from the Mobility Form and the Family
Form;
2,401 cards with data from the Family Form (for specific study
of intermarriage).

The punch cards were tabulated both by conventional machines and by

electronic computers (USS of Remington Rand of Brazil and Univac 1105
of IBGE). This work, delayed by unforeseen circumstances, was com-
pleted on September 24, 1963.

The Supplementary Survey

The delay in tabulation afforded an opportunity for a supplementary

survey, touching on aspects not covered by the census and making possi-
ble a study of changes occurring between 1958 and 1962. The supplemen-
tary survey was begun on June 20, 1962, using June 18 of that year as
reference date, exactly four years after the census reference date. For
this survey data were collected from a sample of 1,545 households by 14
interviewers. Their work was finished on August 9, 1962, and the tabula-
tion was completed on January 21, 1963.

The survey covered the states of Sao Paulo, Mato Grosso, Parana,
Para and Amazonas, which contain about 96 per cent of the Japanese

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
120

Distribution of Japanese population (immigrants and

descendants) in Brazil, 1958, by minor divisions.

Major Division Minor Division

Sao Paulo 1 Sfio Paulo 325,520

Parana 2 Parana 78,097
Mato Grosso 3 Dourados 2,136
4 Campo Grande 5,821
5 Central Mato Grosso 929
Goias 6 Goias 1,793
Minas Gerais 7 TriSngulo Mineiro 1,124
8 Sul de Minaes 801
9 Belo Horizonte-Barbacena 604
10 Outras Partes 349
Rio de Janeiro e Guanabara 11 Rio de Janeiro 4,717
12 Guanabara 1,086
Norte do Brasil 13 Rondonia 157
14 Acre 3
15 Amazonas 760
16 Rio Branco 79
17 Amapa
18 Nordeste do Para 3,855
19 Centro-Oeste do Para 612
20 Maranhao 22
Nordeste do Brasil 21 Piaui 16
22 CearI 3
23 Rio Grande de Norte 58
24 Paraiba 13
25 Pernambuco 109
26 Alagoas
27 Sergipe 3
Bahia e Espfrito Santo 28 Bahia 256
29 Espirito Santo 52
Sul do Brasil 30 Santa Catarina 152
31 Rio Grande do Sul 842

Total including "unknowns" 430,135

Note: The numbering of the Minor Divisions corresponds to that on the

location map on facing page.

Source: The Japanese immigrant in Brazil. Statistical tables. Table 1.1.

Pp. 6-19.

population in Brazil. Most immigrants arriving from Japan established

themselves first in Sio Paulo, which contains 76 per cent of the Japanese
in Brazil. From this state they spread principally to the neighboring
states of Parana and Mato Grosso, which contain 17 per cent and 2 per
cent, respectively. Para and Amazonas contain a little over one per cent.
The immigrants who went directly to these states from Japan present
some unique characteristics and for this reason were included in the
survey.

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
 121

;/s) V ,~~~~ ~~CALE 0 20 400 km

1 6~~~~~~~~1
/1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

., 15 . ,.- 19 20 22

-23
. ;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 ... .. ..,, ...-lX,1
24

Z.1314
s._.c.s.o~~~~~~ I ---"')"

28
/ ' ~~~~6
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY .
REGIONAL BOUNDARY
(MAJOR DIVISION)
REGIONAL BOUNDARY
(MINOR DIVISION) t0

/ 4 7 9 ,
B R A Z I L: 5. ----- ,' 1 8 ,
INDEX MAP FOR TABLE, 3 A-"- I SZ I-<
DISTRI BUTION OF JAPANESE
POPULATION ( I M M I G R A N T S t 2

AND DESCENDANTS) IN BRAZIL, -

1958, BY MINOR DIVISIONS: ,-" 30
(SEE OPPOSITE PAGE). / 31

SOURCE: COMISSAO DE RECENSEAbMENTO DA COL0NIA

JA P0N E SA I SA 0 P A U LO. 9R AZ I L. T HE J AP AN E SE/\
IMMIGRANT IN BRAZIL. STATISTICAL TABLES./ J A P A N c

J A P A F N RES v
| / ~~~~~~~~OF ORIGIN a4

NUMBER OF EMIGRANTS }g

UNDER 2,000 5,000 -10,000 a

Z 2,000 - 3,000 10,000 -15,000 /

3,000 - 5,000 15,000 - 20,000

OVER 20,000 C ego C.40 km.

SOURCE: THE JAPANESE IMMIGRANT IN BRAZIL P. 231

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
122

Orientation for the sampling was provided by the Statistics Depart-

ment of the College of Letters and Sciences of the University of Sao
Paulo. The area was divided into regions according to the system adopted
for the census. After the national territory had been divided into regions
based on Japanese population density and the National Geographic
Council's (CNG) regional divisions, 27 major regions and 82 minor re-
gions were established on the basis of aspects to be studied. Only minor
regions were used for sampling purposes. Each region constituted a
stratum, of which the primary units were the municipios, except for the
municrpio of Sao Paulo, where districts or subdistricts were used.

In each stratum a random sample of 20 per cent of the primary units

was drawn, proportional to the size of the Japanese contingent in each
unit. A simple casual sample of 15 families was drawn from each of
these units. Of the 1,545 families drawn, 408 (26.4 per cent of the total)
were not encountered, because of having moved to other regions. For
this reason it must be kept in mind that information obtained through the
supplementary survey refers to a group of families who showed a cer-
tain residential stability in the period under consideration, as opposed
to the mobile families whom it was not possible to study because of their
mobility.

Some Census Concepts

Generally speaking, the population considered in this study includes

Japanese immigrants and their descendants. Individuals of non-Japanese
origin married to those of Japanese origin, and their descendants, are
considered only in relation to intermarriage. The population to be
studied was divided according to generation into immigrants, who com-
prise the first generation, and descendants, distributed among the sec-
ond, third, and fourth generations. This division allowed a rough
identification of citizenship according to the jus soli principle adopted in
Brazil and placed the individual within a cultural context, further de-
fined by place of education and, for immigrants, year of, and age at,
arrival.

A residence or property was considered urban when situated on an

officially named street or when numbered if along a road. "Favelas"
(slum areas) were considered urban, although not identified by numbers
or street names. All other residences and properties were considered
rural. This criterion for distinguishing urban and rural areas differs
fundamentally from that adopted for the Brazilian census./1

As Japanese immigration to Brazil has been essentially agricultural,

the economically active population was divided into those engaged in
agricultural occupations and those in non-agricultural occupations. For
some purposes a third group, engaged in agricultural and non-agricultural
occupations at the same time, was recognized.

Vital statistics here relate to events occurring between June 18, 1958,
and June 18, 1962, the reference dates respectively of the census and the
supplementary survey. Some data on marriage, however, concern the
period from the beginning of the immigration to the census date. When
collecting data on this aspect in the supplementary survey, precautions
were taken to avoid recording persons and events more than once.

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
 123

To characterize economic status, several criteria were adopted. For

"position in occupation" it was found convenient to adopt different scales
for individuals engaged in agricultural occupations and those in non-
agricultural ones. An attempt to use "income" to define economic status
was unsuccessful in the pre-test, because of evasive answers, false
declarations, and even refusals to reply. Abandoned in the census for
this reason, this criterion was included in the supplementary survey.
The interviewee was asked simply, "What is your income ?" and the re-
ply had to be classified by the interviewer through supplementary ques-
tions. Since this classification, it was discovered, in many cases did not
concur with reality, other less complex criteria were substituted:
farmers' information on 'annual production"; information on property
ownership; and data on housing conditions.

For labor force status all persons 10 years of age or over were con-
sidered, in order to calculate the percentage of children under 15 years
of age engaged in agricultural and non-agricultural occupations. The ten
groups of major activities were broken down into minor groups in the
supplementary survey.

For the population engaged in agriculture, an attempt was made to

ascertain to what degree the position attained was related to the time
factor. Toward this end, the population being studied was divided into
two groups: first, immigrants arriving in Brazil at less than 15 years of
age and those born in Brazil; second, immigrants arriving at 15 years of
age or over. In the first case the time factor was defined in terms of
present age and in the second in terms of period of residence in Brazil.
As in the case of position, the influence of the time factor on property
ownership was observed.

The information on cultural aspects was directed toward forming a

picture of the acculturation of the Japanese group in Brazil. Religion,
language, and other appropriate topics were studied in relation to the
characteristics of the individual or family head. Family data are specific
for heads of families, with additional data related to structure: size,
number of generations in family, and type of family. An effort was made
to ascertain the existence of different religions among the component
members of a single family. Language spoken by the Japanese group in
Brazil was related to other cultural aspects, such as religion and type
of family. Measures of acculturation included: the first names-Japanese,
non-Japanese, or both-used by the members of the Japanese colony in
Brazil; participation in associations, by the type of association and mode
of participation; periodicals on current events (Japanese or Brazilian);
political participation in terms of exercising the right to vote. For the
study of differences in behavior according to type of settlement, fifteen
municfpios and one region were selected, each presenting special
characteristics.

In the study of intermarriage the descendants of these unions and of

persons widowed or separated whose spouses were of non-Japanese ori-
gin are included. In the supplementary survey information was given by
the head of the family about all members who had married non-Japanese
persons, in the 1958-1962 period. This technique of data collection made
possible a more efficient record of cases of intermarriage than in the
census, where the data were collected by housecall to the person in
question.

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
124

Concerning conditions on arrival of the immigrant, it should be kept

in mind that information on initial conditions as well as on changes oc-
curring from arrival to census date refer only to immigrants who ar-
rived in Brazil at 15 years of age or over, before World War II. This
limit was adopted in view of the fact that immigrants arriving at a
younger age would probably not remember all early events. Postwar im-
migrants were excluded because, besides being few in number, almost
all arrived in Brazil during the five years preceding the census, a rela-
tively short period for investigation purposes. This limitation, however,
proved unfortunate; the recording of conditions on arrival and the
changes experienced by these individuals would have been useful to this
study.

From the Mobility Form information on changes of residence, occu-

pation, principal product, and position, with the years of their occur-
rence, were transcribed to two code sheets: one containing only data
from the Mobility Form, the other combining that data with data from the
Family Form to make possible a study of intensity, typology, and other
aspects of mobility.

Conclusion

Some results of research on the Japanese population in Brazil are

presented in this report by means of tables in Appendix B. The full re-
port (for citation see Title 2002, p. 141, this issue) is composed of 414
tables, 275 of which refer to census data and 139 to information obtained
through the supplementary survey. All tables have been organized on the
basis of the subject under consideration, regardless of whether data
were collected in the census or in the supplementary survey. They are
grouped in four parts: I, "Present State of Immigrants and their
Descendants"; II, "Background of Immigrants," that is, their condition in
Japan; III, "Conditions on Arrival," in Brazil; WV, "Mobility," changes
undergone between arrival and the reference date.

This research project was in large part financed by the Japanese

colony in Brazil, which furnished nearly 22 million cruzeiros. The
Brazilian Government gave a total of 500,000 cruzeiros in monetary aid,
and from the personal budgets of representatives JoLo Hirata and
Ioshifumi Uityama, allotted by the Legislative Assembly of the State of
Sao Paulo, 2.5 million and two million cruzeiros, respectively, were
given. The Japanese Government gave $15,000 and the Population Coun-
cil of New York, $5,000. Private enterprises within and outside the
colony made donations. The following entities offered services without
charge: IBGE (form printing and conversion of cards to magnetic tape),
Remington Rand of Brazil (card punching), and the Sao Paulo Jockey Club
and Remington Rand (part of the tabulation).

Teiiti Suzuki, Commissao de

Recenseamento da Colonia Japonesa

Editor's Note: This is an abridgement of the author's English sum-

maryof the project. It is hoped that an English translation of Vol. 1, deal-
ing fully with definitions and background, may be arranged. Tables in
Appendix B were selected from Vol. 2 and slightly abridged by the Editor.

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
 125

FOOTNOTE

1/ According to the official Brazilian criterion (viz. Documentos Censi-

tdrios, Series C, No. 4, March, 1951) the characteristic of urban,
suburban, and rural areas are the following: urban area-high con-
centration of buildings in a continuous area; improvements such as
water supply, street and house lighting, sewage systems, garbage
collection, etc.; suburban area-building construction in an uncon-
tinuous area; new public parks or squares either projected or under
construction; transformation of rural property into urban; rural area
-low demographic density; predominance of large properties, no
urban planning, and lack of most of the facilities common to urban
and suburban areas; connected by roads.

Appendix A. The Questions Asked

(Translation of Substantive Parts of Enumeration Forms)

1. The Preliminary Survey

Name of head of family. (Enter the surname first. Ex.: Nakano, Jos6.)
Place of birth (Japan, Brazil, Other). Number of members of family
(Male; Female; Total). [To be considered members of the family are
relatives (parents, children, brothers and sisters, grandchildren, grand-
parents, uncles and aunts, great uncles and great aunts, cousins,
brothers- and sisters-in-law, adopted or foster children, etc.) who live
in the same household, excluding those such as servants, lodgers, friends
fortuitously beneath the same roof, and relatives other than members of
the same household, who live there temporarily but will be included
elsewhere.] Notes: Those married to Brazilians of non-Japanese descent,
as well as those married to aliens, are to be especially noted.

2. The Family Form

Data on family head. 1. Name and given name. 2. Sex (Male; Female).
3. Age (Enter in the box the number of years completed. For those over
age 98, enter 99). 4. Nationality (Brazilian born; Naturalized Brazilian;
Japanese; Other). 5. Generation [since immigration] (First; Second;
Third; Fourth; Non-Japanese). 6. Marital status (Single; Married; Living
apart, separated, or divorced; Widowed). 7. Age when married (For
those married in Brazil enter theage at the time of marriage. For those
married abroad enter 00). 8. Date of disembarkation (19--). 9. Religion
(Enter all religions professed). 10. Level of schooling (Elementary; In-
termediate; Higher; Only Japanese school; None, but knows how to read
and write; None, cannot read and write). 11. Location of school attended
(In Japan; In Brazil; In Japan and in Brazil; Courses in Brazil and
Japanese school; Only Japanese school; No school attended). 12. Is he a
voter? (Yes; No). 13. Language most frequently spoken (Portuguese;
Japanese; Mixed). 14. Present occupation (Agricultural work; Non-agri-
cultural work; Both agricultural and non-agricultural work; Domestic
work; Student; Unemployed).

For those at present in agricultural occupation. 15. Principal product.

16. Employment status (Large rural proprietor or small landowner;

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTCUTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
126

Tenant; Sharecropper, day laborer; Administrator; Employee, partner,

member of colony, contract worker; Family member).
For those at present in non-agricultural occupation. 17. Occupation.
18. Place of work (branch of activity). 19. Employment status (Em-
ployer; Self-employed; Manager or section supervisor; Employee;
Family member).

For heads born in Japan. 20. Part of Japan where born. 21. Occupa-
tion in Japan (Agricultural work; Non-agricultural work; Both agricul-
tural work and non-agricultural work; Domestic; Student or minor).
For those in agricultural occupation in Japan: 22. Principal product
(paddy rice; field crops; dairy products; vegetables; roots; others).
23. Employment status (Landowner; Self-employed on his own land; Self
employed on own and also a tenant; Tenant only; Employee; Family mem-
ber). For those in non-agricultural occupation in Japan: 24. Occupation.
25. Place of work (branch of activity). 26. Employment status [as for
question 19].

For the head's father (when born in Japan). 27. Occupation in Japan
(Agricultural work; Non-agricultural work; Both agricultural work and
non-agricultural work; Student and minor; Unknown). For those in agri-
cultural occupation in Japan: 28. Principal product [as for question 22].
29. Employment status (As for question 23). For those in non-agri-
cultural occupation in Japan: 30. Occupation. 31. Place of work (branch
of activity). 32. Employment status [As for question 19]. 33. Urban
property (Type; State; Area; Value). 34. Rural property (Type; State;
Area; Value).

Agricultural production in preceding year: 35. Coffee/cocoa (sacks);

36. Cotton (32 lb. units); 37. Rice/Kasha (sacks); 38. Peanuts (sacks);
39. Menthol (Kilograms); 40. Ramie(Kg); 41. Bananas (Bunches); 42. Tea
(Kg.); 43. Potatoes (sacks); 44. Tomatoes (Boxes); 45. Eggs (Boxes);
46. Jute (Kg.); 47. Peppers (Kg.); 48. Vegetables (Value in cruzeiros);
49. Fruits (Value in cruzeiros); 50. Other (Value in cruzeiros).

For resident family members (present or absent). For each: Name

and given name. Relation to family head. Sex (Male; Female). Age (Years
completed). Nationality (Brazilian born; Naturalized Brazilian; Japanese;
Other). Generation [since immigration] (First; Second; Third; Fourth).
Marital status (Single; Married; Living apart, separated, or divorced;
Widowed). Age when married (as for question 7). Religion. Level of
schooling (as for question 10). Location of school attended [as for ques-
tion 11). A voter? (Yes; No). Present occupation (Agricultural work;
Non-agricultural work; Both agricultural and non-agricultural work;
Domestic, student and minor; No occupation). Non-agricultural activity:
Occupation; Place of work (branch of activity). Employment status [as
for question 19]. For absentee residents (Enter an ordinal number).

For absentee residents. Ordinal number of absentee resident. State.

Municipio. Location (Rural; Urban). Did family head arrive in Brazil
before 1942, aged over 15? (Yes; No).

[Place for signatures] The persons enumerated; The enumerator;

The checker.

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
 127

3. The Mobility Form

When immigrated to Brazil (calendar year) ? When born (calendar

year) ? How long in Brazil? What age when disembarked (years) ? How
many members in family at time of disembarcation? Of these how many
over age 15 and under age 50? What was his relation with family head at
time of disembarcation (Family head; Eldest son; Other son; son-in-law,
nephew, adopted member, other relative).

How often has he changed place of residence in Brazil (not including

moves within a city) ? [Data for each move]: A. 1. Locality; 2. Occupa-
tion; 3. Position. B. Year. C. Residence (Municipio, city, or nearest sta-
tion; Linha or state). D. Area (Urban; Rural). E. Principal agricultural
product (specify). F. Position in agriculture [as for question 16]. G. Non-
agricultural occupation. H. Position in non-agricultural occupation [as
for question 26].
[To be signed]. Enumerator.

4. The Supplementary Survey

1. Name. First name (If you have both Japanese and Brazilian names,
although not registered, give both. Give your family name if it is differ-
ent from that of the head of the family). 2. Region. 3. Urban; Rural. 4. In
1958, were you head of family? (Yes; No; If no, is the former head:
Retired; Dead). 5. Family relationship with respect to head of family.
6. Sex (Male; Female). 7. Age (Age attained on last birthday). 8. Genera-
tion (Ist; 2nd; 3rd; 4th; Non-Japanese). 9. Marital status (Single; Mar-
ried; Separated or divorced; Widowed). 10. Year of marriage (For those
married in Brazil). 11. For married persons only: Place of origin in
Japan (self or father); Year of arrival in Brazil (self or father). 12. For
those married in Brazil or for less than one year in Japan before com-
ing to Brazil. Births; Deceased children.

13. Location of school attended (Japan; Brazil; Both; Brazil and Nitigo
gakko [Japanese school]; Only Nitigo gakko; Unschooled). 14. Level of
education (Elementary; Secondary; Higher; Only Nitigo gakko; None, but
can read and write). 15. Religion (What religion or religions do you pro-
fess?). 16. Voter (Yes; No). 17. Occupation (Farmer; Non-farmer; Non-
farmer and farmer; Housekeeper; Student; Unemployed). 18. Place of
Work (Give the most detailed explanation possible.)
For non-farmers. 19. Occupation. 20. Position (Employer; Self-
employed; Manager or section supervisor; Employee; Unpaid family
worker). 21. How many employees are there where you work? 22. In-
come (monthly or yearly).

23. Clubs or associations to which you belong (Member of Japanese

association; Official of Japanese association; Member of Brazilian as-
sociation; Official of Brazilian association; None). 24. Newspaper you
read (Japanese immigrant press; Brazilian; Both; None).

For farmers (concerning property on which you live). 25. Principal

product. 26. Agricultural position (Owner-farmer; Renter; Sharecrop-
per; 4Administrador"; Rural worker; Others (specify)). 27. Means of
power used (Human; Animal; Tractor (owned); Tractor (rented); Others
(specify)). 28. Fertilizer used (Green manure; Barnyard manure; Chem-
ical; None). 29. Means of transportation owned (None; Animal traction;

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
128

Truck; Others (specify)). 30. Gross production, annual (1,000's of

cruzeiros).

On the property where you live. 31. Cultivated area; Pasture; Forest;
Afforested; Not used; Not arable; Total (alqueires). 32. For owner
farmers only: Value (land, buildings and permanent crops), (1,000's of
cruzeiros). 33. For renters only: Rent (annual; monthly (1,000's
cruzeiros)). 34. Maximum number of employees, excluding your family
members (Permanent; Temporary; Sharecroppers; Total).

Other properties that you own or rent. 35. Number owned. 36. Num-
ber rented. 37. Location (Same municfpio; Other municfpio; Other state).
38. Cultivated area; Pasture; Forest; Afforested; Not used; Not arable;
Total (alqueires). 39. Value (1,000's of cruzeiros). 40. Rent (1,000's of
cruzeiros). 41. Maximum number of employees, excluding your family
members (Permanent; Temporary; Sharecroppers; Total).

Living conditions. 42. Materials (Roof; Wall; Floor). 43. Do you own
the home inwhich you live? (Yes; Rented; Room rented; Other (specify)).
44. If house is owned, what is its value? (Only for urban dwellers,
1,000's of cruzeiros). 45. If house is rented, what is its rent? (Only for
urban dwellers, 1,000's of cruzeiros). 46. Number of rooms occupied by
your family. 47. Number of bedrooms occupied by your family. 48. Water
(Faucet in house; Faucet outside house; Well with pump, without faucet
in house; Well without pump; Other, specify). 49. Bathroom (Flush toilet;
Toilet without flush; No toilet). 50. Light (Electricity; Lamp with mantle;
Kerosene lamp with chimney; Kerosene lamp without chimney). 51. Bath-
room or kitchen used only by your family? (Yes; No). 52. Designate
which of the following appliances have in your house (Radio or manual
record player; Refrigerator (electric or kerosene); T.V.; Washing ma-
chine; Electric record player; Automobile for your personal use (pas-
senger car or jeep). 53. What language do you speak to your children at
home? (Japanese; Portuguese; Both). 54. How many years have you
lived in the city (only in Brazil) ? 55. Only for descendants or immi-
grants who arrived with their fathers (Father's occupation; Father's po-
sition; Father's level of education).

Births, Deaths and Marriages Occurred since June 18, 1958. 56. Num-
ber of persons in family on June 18, 1958. 57. Of these, how many died?
58. Of these how many married? 59. For those who married and stayed
in the family, including the present head of the family: Family relation-
ship with respect to head of family; To what family did the spouse belong
on June 18, 1958 (Where was the spouse at the time of the 1958 census?
Name of head of spouse's family; Spouse's relationship to head of his/her
family); Number of children born to this couple (Specify only the children
born or deceased since June 18, 1958); Number of these children now
dead. 60. For those who married and left the family (before or after the
marriage) [as for question 59]. 61. For those married prior to June 18,
1958 (including those separated since that date) [as for question 59].

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
 129

Appendix B. Selected Tables

Table 1. Japanese immigrants and descendants in Brazil,

by age, sex, and residence, 1958

Residence All Japanese Immigrants Descendants

and Age
Group Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females

Years
Total 429,413 222,958 206,455 138,504 75,650 62,854 290,909 147,308 143,601

0- 4 53,787 27,415 26,372 825 444 381 52,962 26,971 25,991

5- 9 61,525 31,236 30,289 2,633 1,359 1,274 58,892 29,877 29,015
10 - 14 58,521 29,777 28,744 2,215 1,185 1,030 56,306 28,592 27,714
15 ~ 19 49,847 25,298 24,549 2,342 1,375 967 47,505 23,923 23,582
20 - 24 41,949 22,001 19,948 5,444 3,579 1,865 36,505 18,422 18,083
25 - 29 32,040 16,677 15,363 11,974 6,598 5,376 20,066 10,079 9,987
30 34 25,818 13,268 12,550 16,187 8,450 7,737 9,631 4,818 4,813
35 - 39 23,189 12,115 11,074 17,005 8,980 8,025 6,184 3,135 3,049
40 - 44 18,855 10,292 8,563 16,362 9,001 7,361 2,493 1,291 1,202
45 - 49 16,362 9,252 7,110 15,997 9,052 6,945 365 200 165
50 54 12,521 6,905 5,616 12,521 6,905 5,616 - - -
55 59 11,828 6,388 5,440 11,828 6,388 5,440 - - -
60 - 64 9,846 5,152 4,694 9,846 5,152 4,694 - - --
65'- 69 6,804 3,694 3,110 6,804 3,694 3,110 - - -
70 - 74 3,900 2,187 1,713 3,900 2,187 1,713 - - -
75 79 1,743 925 818 1,743 925 818 - - -
80 - 878 376 502 878 376 502 - - -

Urban 192,957 100,017 92,940 59,376 32,143 27,233 133,581 67,874 65,707

0 - 4 21,824 11,254 10,570 167 97 70 21,657 11,157 10,500

5 9 25,332 12,859 12,473 507 251 256 24,825 12,608 12,217
10 - 14 25,322 12,850 12,472 398 205 193 24,924 12,645 12,279
15 - 19 22,697 11,516 11,181 438 237 201 22,259 11,279 10,980
20 24 20,097 10,297 9,800 1,632 922 710 18,465 9,375 9,090
25 - 29 16,344 8,348 7,996 5,349 2,873 2,476 10,995 5,475 5,520
30 34 13,325 6,855 6,470 7,832 4,130 3,702 5,493 2,725 2,768
35 39 11,603 6,223 5,380 8,174 4,447 3,727 3,429 1,776 1,653
40 44 8,411 4,783 3,628 7,075 4,065 3,010 1,336 718 618
45 49 6,902 4,010 2,892 6,704 3,894 2,810 198 116 82
50 - 54 5,143 2,768 2,375 5,143 2,768 2,375 - - --
55 - 59 5,041 2,588 2,453 5,041 2,588 2,453 - - -
60 - 64 4,644 2,313 2,331 4,644 2,313 2,331 - - -
65 69 3,244 1,718 1,526 3,244 1,718 1,526 - - --
70 74 1,839 1,029 810 1,839 1,029 810 - - --
75 ~ 79 820 441 379 820 441 379 - - -
80 369 165 204 369 165 204 - - --

Rural 236,456 122,941 113,515 79,128 43,507 35,621 157,328 79,434 77,894

0- 4 31,963 16,161 15,802 658 347 311 31,305 15,814 15,491

5- 9 36,193 18,377 17,816 2,126 1,108 1,018 34,067 17,269 16,798
10 - 14 33,199 16,927 16,272 1,817 980 837 31,382 15,947 15,435
15 - 19 27,150 13,782 13,368 1,904 1,138 766 25,246 12,644 12,602
20 - 24 21,852 11,704 10,148 3,812 2,657 1,155 18,040 9,047 8,993
25 - 29 15,696 8,329 7,367 6,625 3,725 2,900 9,071 4,604 4,467
30 - 34 12,493 6,413 6,080 8,355 4,320 4,035 4,138 2,093 2,045
35 39 11,586 5,892 5,694 8,831 4,533 4,298 2,755 1,359 1,396
40 44 10,444 5,509 4,935 9,287 4,936 4,351 1,157 573 584
45 49 9,460 5,242 4,218 9,293 5,158 4,135 167 84 83
50 - 54 7,378 4,137 3,241 7,378 4,137 3,241 - - -
55 59 6,787 3,800 2,987 6,787 3,800 2,987 - - -
60 - 64 5,202 2,839 2,363 5,202 2,839 2,363 - - -
65 - 69 3,560 1,976 1,584 3,560 1,976 1,584 - - -
70 - 74 2,061 1,158 903 2,061 1,158 903 - - -
75 - 79 923 484 439 923 484 439 - - -
80 509 211 298 509 211 298 - - -

Source: Comissao de Recenseamento da Colonia Japonesa. The Japanese immigrant in Brazil. Sta-
tistical tables. Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press, 1964. xxxix, 766 pp. Ref. on p. 22.

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
130
Table 2. Japanese immigrants and descendants in Brazil
aged 15 and over, by sex, age, marital status
and generation, 1958

Males Females
Immigrant Marital Status Marital Status

Status and ToaTtl

Age Group Total Mar- Sep- Wid- Total Mar- Sep- Wid-
gle ried arated owed gle ried arated owed

Years

All Japanese 134,426 59,865 70,256 525 3,780 120,974 43,479 68,480 714 8,301

15 19 25,285 25,259 25 1 - 24,536 24,174 360 - 2

20 24 21,987 20,905 1,069 10 3 19,935 14,589 5,306 32 8
25 29 16,657 9,922 6,681 34 20 15,356 3,441 11,738 100 77
30 34 13,252 2,345 10,803 62 42 12,539 818 11,458 130 133
35 44 22,393 1,040 20,990 144 219 19,625 384 18,356 212 673
45 54 16,149 275 15,109 118 647 12,718 39 11,193 114 1,372
55 64 11,532 94 10,148 96 1,194 10,125 26 7,341 70 2,688
65 and over 7,171 25 5,431 60 1,655 6,140 8 2,728 56 3,348

Immigrants 72,617 10,815 57,651 439 3,712 60,131 3,512 48,043 516 8,060

15- 19 1,375 1,370 4 1 - 967 928 38 - 1

20 - 24 3,576 3,292 276 6 2 1,865 1,006 853 5 1
25 - 29 6,593 3,682 2,888 12 11 5,375 891 4,403 45 36
30 - 34 8,444 1,357 7,021 39 27 7,728 376 7,189 74 89
35 - 44 17,975 725 16,962 109 179 15,378 240 14,439 157 542
45 54 15,951 270 14,921 116 644 12,553 37 11,052 109 1,355
55 64 11,532 94 10,148 96 1,194 10,125 26 7,341 70 2,688
65 and over 7,171 25 5,431 60 1,655 6,140 8 2,728 56 3,348

2nd generation
descendants 58,562 45,852 12,556 86 68 57,708 36,965 20,309 196 238

15 - 19 21,427 21,407 20 - -- 21,116 20,812 304 - -

20 24 17,748 16,966 777 4 1 17,477 13,053 4,391 27 6
25 - 29 9,971 6,174 3,766 22 9 9,905 2,517 7,295 53 40
30 - 34 4,804 986 3,780 23 15 4,798 437 4,261 56 44
35 - 44 4,414 314 4,025 35 40 4,247 144 3,917 55 131
45 and over 198 5 188 2 3 165 2 141 5 17

3rd & 4th

generation
descendants 3,247 3,198 49 - - 3,135 3,002 128 2 3

15 19 2,483 2,482 1 - - 2,453 2,434 18 - 1

20 - 24 663 647 16 - -- 593 530 62 - 1
25- 29 93 66 27 - - 76 33 40 2 1
30 - 34 4 2 2 -- - 13 5 8 - -
35 and over 4 1 3

Source: As for Table 1. Ref. on pp. 34-35.

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
 131

-- Cd C) O- 0 40 C) 00 ) CS co CD --I CoS 00 CS 0 0 co m co CoSoU'

d~~~~~~~~~~~t -z LO -: o ) Ul - co co - LO -O " t- 0
>~~~~~~~~~~~~C co " co 00 t-S

Q CD

Sz4 -4. S ) m Cv -D co E- O ) m LO " Ul E- E- CS co c>OCD0

-4 * -I O) 00 0 SCD .I " CS O t- co co 00v co n
:> o $- q m m OF L- LO CSC t n O b SC

cdc

dr

=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- .14 co co

_ SH CC) H CS C H U: H C H H CO U: CC)~~~~~~~~~~~~m co CO CC "W : L 0 SO Co U 0 C

z CC) CO CC) CC) O _I O ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~m O CO _IIC)C CO CO 1- CC C C

m r .; e ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ co "W cs " LO t- co 0 "W

mU^ ~ 0

U *?{ U: r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- Co " m co m L:O C O OU O U: LO U OC

d . _ s CS b s CS n n ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 O -4 - -4 4 M LO CO 00 co "W m m cO m
r ce 00 ~~ ~ ~~~~~~Cd co 00 - t- 4 m U: 0 CC m W E- 00 o 0 co m CC) C CC 0 CS HC
Cd cc C o cc cc s C' C,, C sHH cs~ C,; cc) cc) Ccc t: C~ Voo

cd :>j co _ co O "W 0 -O U 4 C m -4 CS C CSo m t- m o 0 m -4 CSC)- C

Cd > C Q ;4- ,W CC) CS LC O t- -LO C -4C OC C I OCOO OOC

<,, O , > = o^ e >^ =, OF <:, | | ,, n s n n -4 o O e > m 0

~ ~ ICS CC)O CCLSCC C O -I O 0 LOO-C)

EH o Zd d r csc csoo cct ) co m co O c co cs cs c m t co

:> aD ;- ur u -s o oCc Ho u o c so

0. Cd z av- C C 1i stl t I II ^

*H c.) 0
m co CCc OC o m M o :U OO SC

~ ~ ~ ~ j bD~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a

> t C CO O O co "W Co 0 -I _I LOOo 0O 00 co m CS 0

EH a co) cs cs t-c) u n H c sc 1
Cd~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S

o > D s P() : t
a t-: > ~ Cb clD cl Ol c lst x >nn
w3 0 w s

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
132

O 0>I I 00 co

CC) CC)O M 4 CC) oo -4t CI CO CC CO CC) sP oo m O U

co o " CC) CC CS CC) m CSC OC OCO II o C O I I m

o CS^ CS CS^- L m 0

Cd

CO m CC O -V O CSI M CC)I IIOI , C CSO C)| I , C

d t s N s n H O e to m m m m m N

m H U CSI 00 C- CSI 00 LO CO CO CC CO CO CC

m 0 CO t - '4 : CC M _II CIO C CS LO M Id

U~~~~~~~C e o CC)Cl HU s SC)c C C~ ur~ c O O

Cl 0 0 co) m co) m co co) cs co) co) m O cl o csi cs m m co LO

cd zo Q C4

W aD ur CC) cs O~~~~- 00 CI s 0 -4 cC O u- cs cc) 00 cs CO 00 m ur csc) cc)

N l LO m 1Dc m clc m C 4 O CO _I ) Ce CoSt
;, clD -4 ML o -" q
m~~~~~~~~~~ m m <

e LO c Q

*H av -) bD O CS U: CS CS~00 - 00 C C) C -4 00 CC) I 00 C LO c O
;, aD ._{ cs ~ ~~o cc l ce) "') Lo 00 m t- LSO ICO In I - 4 o sc O I | | o

a ld bD t_ cs t C4cs
Uo

s~~~~~~~~~~l U) CI Pa 0 CO I- M 0 CO MU)0 C

4-Q

Cl U C >

Qe ct o vm Om CM cm I 2U )C ) ~ r

cl sH 00 L ) O O4 0 O LO O" LO O l O - O c O LO .1 t- 0 LO aD i co=

lw >g w " e .1 t- "W -4 t- w co m =; co oo C to CO CO r ;=; 0 0 m

m o c) ) c) -4 c) c4 c ) c ) - cli c c cc o -4 c)4 co L) c)O I D
y0 o' C' csl 00 a; urc)c0
HCHH biD
sc leOHc
m
sou

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
 133

co CO CO CC) CC) CC)O U: m SO CO CO " M M C M CO CO II O U

aD Cd csC su

.4I eo c c to to m c Lo c0 cs c c oO cs o co c to s to s c

_ CS CC t o C)C 00 _I00 00 Lo S CS m m O CC) m m CC) to C) C o) 0

Cd M 0 CO CO t- 1

Cd to co -O CC 0 C 1- m 11- U :0 -t CO CO O S C CO
d ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ aD m c " o oo to) ur to m t- o " ot -
Cd sH -4 m m m m to m - 4m t cos

Ct~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ co -4 CC CS CS D to CS CS Lo to C C O CC I- to to C O-I CS C)C)

aD Q~~~~~~C
vO 06Cl cc

CadU

C 2 C SC)0 d_ l0 l D C O O C - C C C
rn m to Q m m to to to to m m co to 0 m m to to m e
aD oo sH E z O H H H H co m

r Q Qe _ ur c t- o CS to to to m m ur tco c o c cs cs o O o m O C C

o Cd

_t~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Qu to U2 co C ^ tor| t to

Ct~~~~~~~~C M t- M O M m t
o cd cl cl -dc

Cd D _

Cd o
a6
ur~~~~~~~~r
? r -4 m
cocs
s ur
cs
c scs
o cc"
cs o
s
co
cs
mW
00 ur
-4
sC
cs ur
to csco
Mo)Lo
to
c m
-4
co4cs

H~~~~~~~~~r cs ~ cs~ CH cl CH > s

cd~~~~~~~~~ 0

C S
Cd sCro a
0 SHa ) o 'o cd c d cd O

SH O C) C) C) C) C) C) C) C) C) C)C )C Cd Cd Cd C) C) ? -
10 O
0 ~ HH 0

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
134

CUo U) t m"z CDCU4U)CU'CUC 0 C -CC )4 to Ul) J -CC)0)'4--

o'.4 00 to U)-4LO LO0 t--0 CC CUC0C0 CC U)-CC
- = o t U 4UC- CC tU~- '-4

o 0
0

CC- ~ -4 LO w C)C- 0o C>- CC)'-40CC)cOCC0 CC 00 U)CUO )UL

- -CC)CD CC t- CUO C m --

U ) O U ) ' CU'-4'-4 r- 4 D l- CD4 C D CU LO 4'-4

U) 0'40O - -.m)UwO O C)COC

0
4)U -4 l - V- CU4 -4 -4 CO CU'-.

Cl) o) t4- 44 4 4 0 4 - 4 C I 0 0 LO CUCC)

-4C' .4 C - -4 to CI -U-

U) a

C), 0 U U '-4~ C) o " COC44 CD0C0C)0C0U4 t 1 t-4 LOC CC4)4U)0 I

;-4 14-4 -4~ ~ ~~ o-4o)C U C4-CCo-

(3) ;-4 ~ ~ ~ C) 0 CCU
> .0
0 U) U)qO L t CUo0VDCU COU)'LO 0 '-ccCUOUe) 4-4 0LOL CU40)CCDCUU
CU 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o1 : OC)OC'4 CDLO-4 CO PL 00 C,] LO-4 14MC 1
EIU) ce0 )U' C -4-CU'-4t m4 CU4toCU
r-4~~~~~~~~~~~~r.

C C oq o 4L Lo0'U CD U Lo C-CC) C O CD4 CU C) CD C) 0)CDc

-00 U CU -' -U)-O- -0 - U 000O -C)UUC

CU0 H CC) ~ -4 r-4 CU] 4-4

-4.

0q m 0) 'c44CO0) U)LO o 4-4L 0) 0)CDOccc,0)cc'-14 t 0 tUoCUL4OCLO

COIU 0 (M ccCU'U)CC U)4Cr-40 '= -4 V-4 C-U) 14 0 c C> 0 t- C) 0 tC -~4
0 H CU~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,1 CU CU Ce)CU'r-4-4 r-4 Co 4-4'r-4'r-4 0o C CUC
04-4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

Q 1 ~~CU OCOC0'-Cd CoC0M oo COD C) 0UC0C O0) CUJCO) (

ul 4c Lo 00 144) L)oU0C~)O 0)C0UCC))o ) C)-0C
CC) LO '-4CUC co -C13U")C- LO C) '-4C
Cla 0 U-

la Cd ~ 0" C CUOCC)U C'C4UCUCC)Uc ))UU

-- - M1 C CC) --(>0 - 0 t- 0)l4 0L- CDO0)CU C

o QU)Co o ) Uf' )CO'-4CU0) C-O UCU CUOCOCU CUCOUC)CU

b)0 _ic CO
0 03 C0C)
. 4. CO4UC- CU0 CC)
C) O4 C CUU-4-CU
C,) COcc C-0)0C
C)
U) CU' CU-4 CC)CC
CU~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l

04~~~~
4- U3U) CO U))cCCUc C0)-'-c C-4 U)-4cU

Cd mm e L- 1 0- o C CUU)CU)CC) 0 CC COUCC U)M CU'-4> c

.0 4 C- U)0U)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~cc0)U)U)n c 0) mt L))4C)O C,) CO CU)CC)CO4

4.4

0 4U4 '-4'r-4 CU CU, r-4

k ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CO
0 C- 0)C4C4CtoCtoCUC t 0) CU'CU40) O CcccC o 0 cc U0U)CO to 0 4 '-
U) U) ccU4-U)'-40C)- U) (0)CL-cCC)0)0)Ct- 0) t 0)C-cCU,]-44

0 CU U) U)~~~~~LOr- C 040c'-4C~ - U) Occ CDOCo0)t-ULO Co ~-0)CUC)

co '-4 r 4 r - CC) CU r-

CC) CC)toCto "d '0)CoC- cc CC)0CUCU'ccCU'C4 - U) tCo Zt4C0-4 CU'

0) t-t- Ce)"4-4Ce)0)U) to -4 (U)CL -Ct-Ct-c U) CO - C- CUto CU'to -4 0
CU c 0 C)OCU'4C,4C)CL-CU'4 U '-4 '-4 00CUcct-C CC4 ) C-0)CCccCU4 I

0 -4 '-4UC)U)U)0)CUcc C- '-0)-C -CUc- 0 '-4 CC))-44.

H ~~~~~~~~~ C r4C)CU4CU4co i 0 t o t CO O4-4t--t4CU)'CU

oo- mm"r( CU00C tol COCUCU'CU4CUCtoC C

0 O CC)CC)C)CLO 0) C,O CO) C-C -C40)CC
t o c CUUCCU4m q -I4 C- - '-44 ) UUC

Z (3~~) U) U) M M
U)0 '0 -4 "-4C CC) LO 'U) -4 CU CO) LO CU '- "4 VDC C)C4ULO

bjCU0 4.CU C
Cld ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ QC

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
 135

I I I c Ct-otoc Ooo Cc Cc Z =CoOCc a ccocct-cI

C sr ,-ct-,-o I I Hccc,-cc cc cc ccI I IO c I I
LO
0

LO L- LO 00 00 U7 L C O CO LO CO ,4 oo oo -4 L CQ LO LO -4 LO c) -, ,
cU sr cc Ccc I Iccctc co t- -IcC cC I ICcCcCO c o cc r -cc I I rc
Cc co Co Lc cL O c LO Cc c CO Co Lr sr cc l)
> Cc LO - t- Cc b I cc cc H- cc C c
m~~~~~~~~~~~~~0

u ol

> 0- t-
t?_l~ &
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~0 4r m LO aI) CO 4r a) cs LO L-- C-Hs rc c s O HOsa)s

aQ'cU co cc ' co

o~~~ ccccc cc cc c
Cd

C i,- c M L s C M O O O Cc - O i CD H I O L 0
0c U cc | m Co o o CoL cO cc cc c ccc c c ac c c Lo c
L O bD cd cc cc cc m m 0 00 Cc 0 0

C cc

LO LO M C L-- C) O I IC
U 1, co sr , 4 co o c I I b M a) s 00 c cc c co co 00
CU

Cd

la 0

bO ) bD
2 U

U) XC

0 Q r- ccccc ccccccc 1 c Oncccc cccccc ~H INNe

4> cc cccc ccccc I I C ac - c r-ccr-cc-II c o~ 0r '- Os lcC cC I I v c c cc

_ 00

o occo o ccccO cc Lcc c rc) occ CD ccO o 0cccc0CcccO H

r-c " CO O L-- CD 00 0 CD CO CD Cc C -c cc C L-c LO c -C?O - O CD c C
V O i O O sr-s H u cL cc c 0 cc c O Lcc Lcc LOc O - 0 co co co - O
bcUUU
H cc cc cc
cC ccc cc b r c L cO cc ,
U)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LO

cc c cc U)
3U sU c iY'
LOOcc 00 cmcc~t W c

Cd 0 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 c

Cd0 C UCdcEU~cc Cd UcCdE~~c

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
136

Table 8. Japanese immigrants and descendants in Brazil,

aged 7 and over by religion, age, and generation, 1958.

Immigrant ~~~~~~Syncre- Syncre- New

Immigrant Cath- Spin- tists Protes- No Bud- tists Shin- religions
status and Total ~ with without
stagetgroup
age sand
group l l cacthoa li- ca To olics
tholi- Japantists
cism cismJan

Years

Immigrants 136,694 21,293 25 1,407 2,937 6,449 96,448 1,625 1,925 4,585

7- 9 1,712 370 - 4 33 471 796 - 14 24

10 14 2,212 456 - 6 52 430 1,200 - 22 46
15 19 2,339 364 - 7 67 315 1,504 - 22 60
20 24 5,439 974 - 24 130 741 3,364 11 63 132
25 29 11,965 3,011 1 61 222 822 7,224 68 140 416
30 34 16,175 3,703 4 131 246 818 10,405 119 200 549
35 44 33,357 5,701 4 394 700 1,370 23,240 376 437 1,135
45 54 28,507 3,583 10 406 828 936 20,872 481 400 991
55 64 21,670 2,083 3 283 432 374 16,924 385 387 799
65 13,318 1,048 3 91 227 172 10,919 185 240 433

2nd
generation
descendants 184,510 108,248 38 845 3,230 11,905 53,947 740 917 4,640

7 9 23,796 13,797 1 55 341 3,492 5,459 66 81 504

10 14 44,401 27,426 3 167 755 3,622 11,089 133 190 1,016
15 19 42,546 25,901 4 175 802 2,233 11,997 156 204 1,074
20 24 35,228 20,073 8 167 676 1,494 11,420 177 204 1,009
25 - 29 19,894 10,984 9 108 353 646 7,005 95 122 572
30 - 34 9,611 5,412 5 89 163 213 3,385 46 70 228
35 - 44 8,669 4,476 8 77 135 195 3,438 64 46 230
45- 54 365 179 - 7 5 10 154 3 - 7
55 64 - - - - - - - _ - -
65 - - - - - - - - - - -

3rd & 4th

generation
descendants 29,387 20,560 3 102 310 2,127 5,574 96 49 566

7 - 9 11,130 7,392 2 30 110 1,345 2,004 31 21 195

10 14 11,874 8,542 1 40 144 615 2,248 35 21 228
15- 19 4,939 3,604 - 28 49 132 985 21 4 116
20 -24 1,258 889 - 4 7 30 294 9 3 22
25 - 29 169 117 - - - 5 42 - - 5
30- 34 17 16 - - - - 1 - - -
35 -44 - - - - - - _
45 -54 - - - - - -
55 64 - -6 - - - - -
65 - - - - - -

Source: As for Table 1. Ref. on pp. 282-283.

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
 137

Table 9. Japanese families in Brazil, by language spoken,

generation, and residence, 1958.

Families speaking

Residence and Total Portuguese & Japanese

immigrant status families Portuguese Japanese

Urban and rural 57,522 4,604 15,925 36,993

Immigrants 50,451 2,811 13,225 34,415

Descendants 7,071 1,793 2,700 2,578

2nd generation 7,040 1,777 2,693 2,570

3rd generation 31 16 7 8

Urban 27,051 3,050 9,155 14,846

Immigrants 22,841 1,808 7,465 13,568

Descendants 4,210 1,242 1,690 1,273

2nd generation 4,190 1,232 1,685 1,273

3rd generation 20 10 5 5

Rural 30,471 1,554 6,770 22,147

Immigrants 27,610 1,003 5,760 20,847

Descendants 2,861 551 1,010 1,300

2nd generation 2,850 545 1,008 1,297

3rd generation 11 6 2 3

Source: As for Table 1. Ref. on p. 302.

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
138
Table 10. Japanese in Brazil, immigrants and descendants: numbers
of total marriages and of interethnic marriages 1908-1962 and
rates of interethnic marriage, by sex and five-year intervals.

Males Females
Immigrant status
and period of Total Number of Percent Number of Number of Percent
marriage number of interethnic interethnic
marriages marriages interethni
All Japanese

1908 1958 51,418 1,956 3.80 50,981 441 0.87

1908 1922 1,099 16 1.46 1,252 5 0.40
1923 1927 1,107 47 4.25 1,126 1 0.89
1928 1932 2,549 51 2.00 2,526 7 0.28
1933 1937 5,536 105 1.96 5,524 10 0.18
1938 1942 7,762 176 2.27 7,754 25 0.32
1943 1947 9,566 266 2.78 9,528 63 0.67
1948 1952 10,703 501 4.68 10,538 101 0.96
1953 1958 13,096 794 6.06 12,733 229 1.80
1958 1962* 8,910 1,254 14.07 8,514 627 7.36

Immigrants

1908 1958 38,729 996 2.57 30,205 115 0.38

1908 1922 1,099 16 1.46 1,252 5 0.40
1923 1927 1,106 47 4.25 1,118 1 0.09
1928 1932 2,539 51 2.01 2,410 6 0.25
1933 1937 5,351 98 1.83 4,833 4 0.08
1938 1942 6,932 126 1.82 5,937 9 0.15
1943 1947 7,591 147 5.67 6,320 24 0.38
1948 1952 7,349 240 3.27 5,075 34 0.67
1953 - 1958 6,762 271 4.01 3,260 32 0.98
1958 1962* 2,442 66 2.70 726 33 4.55

Descendants

1908 1958 12,689 960 7.57 20,776 326 1.57

1908 -1922 - --- - - --
1923 -1927 1 - - 8 - -
1928 1932 10 - -- 116 1 0.86
1933 1937 185 7 3.78 691 6 0.87
1938 1942 830 50 6.02 1,817 16 0.88
1943 1947 1,975 119 6.04 3,208 39 1.22
1948 1952 3,354 261 7.78 5,463 67 1.23
1953 1958 6,334 523 8.26 9,473 197 2.08
1958 1962* 6,468 1,188 18.36 7,788 594 7.63

*Based on supplementary Survey.

Source: As for Table 1. Ref. on p. 356.

This content downloaded from

82.76.5.142 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 14:58:04 UTC
All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms