LAB REPORT (LAB NO.

01 )
Course Code ME-436L Reg. No. Student Name
Course Title Gas Dynamics Lab UW-19-ME-BSC-002 Muhammad Abdullah
Lab Engr. Mr. Muhammad Suleman UW-19-ME-BSC-008 Abdul Wahab
GA / Lab Asst. / Att. Mr. Muhammad Zahid UW-19-ME-BSC-020 Hamza Ahmed
Group No. 01 UW-19-ME-BSC-024 Muhammad Noman

Objective:
To study the Air Flow demonstration apparatus and Sensible inclined monometer installed
on air flow demonstration apparatus.

Theory:
Wind Tunnel:
Wind tunnels are large tubes with air moving inside. The tunnels are used to copy the actions
of an object in flight. Researchers use wind tunnels to learn more about how an aircraft will
fly. NASA uses wind tunnels to test scale models of aircraft and spacecraft. Some wind
tunnels are big enough to hold full-size versions of vehicles. The wind tunnel moves air
around an object, making it seem like the object is really flying.
How Do Wind Tunnels Work:
Most of the time, powerful fans move air through the tube. The object to be tested is fastened
in the tunnel so that it will not move. The object can be a small model of a vehicle. It can be
just a piece of a vehicle. It can be a full-size aircraft or spacecraft. It can even be a common
object like a tennis ball. The air moving around the still object shows what would happen if
the object were moving through the air. How the air moves can be studied in different ways?
Smoke or dye can be placed in the air and can be seen as it moves. Threads can be attached
to the object to show how the air is moving. Special instruments are often used to measure
the force of the air on the object.
Contraction Cone:
The second section of the wind tunnel designed was the contraction cone (figure 2), which
proved to be the most difficult section as far as design and materials. The contraction cone's
purpose is to take a large volume of low velocity air and reduce it to a small volume of high
velocity air without creating turbulence

Diffuser:
A diffuser is a device that naturally and evenly disperses the scent of an
essential throughout whatever space its in. There are a few different kinds of
diffusers you can get. Reed diffusers and candle diffusers are the more low-tech
options, but for maximum aroma appreciation, we love electric diffusers

Blower:
There are a variety of different types of blowers. The following example is of a brushless DC
blower from ASPINA.
This blower is a centrifugal turbo type and is shaped like a snail shell. This blower contains a
cylindrical impeller. The air is drawn in is pressurized by the centrifugal force imparted by
the impeller rotation, and this pressurized air is then discharged
Motor:
The motor is such an electric device that transforms electric power into mechanical power.
The working of these motors depends on the interaction of the field at the stator with the flux
generated by the current armature windings at the rotor.

Pitot Tubes:

Pitot tubes work as flow sensors to measure the speed and pressure of air, liquid or gas.
These readings allow pilots to gauge airspeed and altitude and have various applications in
other equipment. The tubes are usually beneath the cockpit on the front fuselage.
Alternatively, they can also be found along the wing

Control:

The control panels are designed based on the type of energy and dynamics associated. Panels
are named based on a functional media such as electrical, electronic, air, and oil.

 The panel is called PLC control panel with a PLC installed, associated wiring, power
supplies.
  If the panel is Pneumatic controller/ Indicators which are operated by air is called
pneumatic control panel with associated controllers, transducers gauges, etc.,
 If a panel is called hydraulic, if it is operated by oil with associated pressure gauges,
directional control valves, etc.
Manometer measure:
A manometer gauge is an extremely basic but very effective device which is used to measure
pressure. In the majority of cases this will relate to a gauge which consists of a U-shaped
glass tube which is filled with mercury or some other liquid. Traditionally one end of the
manometer tube is left open, susceptible to atmospheric pressure, while a manometer hose is
connected via a gas tight seal to an additional pressure source. While normally associated
with gas pressures a manometer gauge can also be used to measure the pressure exerted by
liquids

Working Principle of A Manometer:

The principle behind a manometer gas or liquid pressure gauge is extremely simple.
Hydrostatic equilibrium shows that the pressure when a liquid is at rest is equal at any point.
For example, if both ends of the U-tube are left open to the atmosphere then the pressure on
each side will be equal. As a consequence, the level of the liquid on the left-hand side will be
the same as the level of the liquid on the right-hand side – equilibrium. However, if one end
of the U-tube is left open to the atmosphere and the other connected to an additional
gas/liquid supply this will create different pressures

Orifice Plate:
An orifice plate is a device used for measuring flow rate, for reducing pressure or for
restricting flow (in the latter two cases it is often called a restriction plate).

Tachometer:
Tachometer is a device for indicating speed of rotation

Wattmeter:
The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric active
power (or the average of the rate of flow of electrical energy)
in watts of any given circuit. Electromagnetic wattmeter are used
for measurement of utility frequency and audio frequency power;
other types are required for radio frequency measurements.
 LAB REPORT (LAB NO. 02 )
Course Code ME-436L Reg. No. Student Name
Course Title Gas Dynamics Lab UW-19-ME-BSC-002 Muhammad Abdullah
Lab Engr. Mr. Muhammad Suleman UW-19-ME-BSC-008 Abdul Wahab
GA / Lab Asst. / Att. Mr. Muhammad Zahid UW-19-ME-BSC-020 Hamza Ahmed
Group No. 01 UW-19-ME-BSC-024 Muhammad Noman
Objective:
Determine the air flow in delivery duct, with help, of orifice plate and calculate
corresponding Reynold no and match no air flow.

Theory:
Orifice Plate:
An orifice plate is a device used for measuring flow rate, for reducing pressure or for
restricting flow (in the latter two cases it is often called a restriction plate).

Wind Tunnel:
Wind tunnels are large tubes with air
moving inside. The tunnels are used
to copy the actions of an object in
flight. Researchers use wind tunnels
to learn more about how an aircraft
will fly.

Wind Tunnels Work:

Most of the time, powerful fans move
air through the tube. The object to be
tested is fastened in the tunnel so that
it will not move. The object can be a
small model of a vehicle. It can be
just a piece of a vehicle. It can be a full-size aircraft or spacecraft.

Types Of Fluids:

Fluids are classified into the following main types:

 Ideal fluid
 Real fluid
 Newtonian fluid
Ideal Fluid:

The fluid which cannot be compressed and does not have viscosity falls in the category of an
ideal fluid. Ideal fluid is not found in actual practice. It is an imaginary fluid because all the
fluid that exists in the environment have some viscosity.

Real Fluid:

A fluid which has some viscosity is called as a real fluid. All the fluids present in the
environment can be called as real fluids.

Newtonian Fluid:

The Fluid which obeys Newton’s law of viscosity is known as the Newtonian fluid

Tachometer:
Tachometer is a device for indicating speed of rotation

Wattmeter:
The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric active power (or the average of
the rate of flow of electrical energy) in watts of any given circuit. Electromagnetic wattmeter
are used for measurement of utility frequency and audio frequency power; other types are
required for radio frequency measurements.

Procedure
• Prepare the manometer by
adding water in the tank
through cock ‘1’

• Set the measuring scale at

position ‘B’ to achieve a
magnification of 2.

• Start the fan with the help of starting switch located on the panel.

• Allow the running fan for about 5 to 10 minutes to make the system streamlined.

• Open stop cock ‘2’ & ‘3’ on the sensible inclined manometer.

• Open cock ‘E’, ‘F’ & 6 on pressure measuring point selector. All other cocks are kept
closed.
• Note readings on measuring scale. This gives pressure differential across the orifice.
(mmH2O)

• Now multiply the reading of measuring scale by ½.

 LAB REPORT (LAB NO. 03 )
Course Code ME-436L Reg. No. Student Name
Course Title Gas Dynamics Lab UW-19-ME-BSC-002 Muhammad Abdullah
Lab Engr. Mr. Muhammad Suleman UW-19-ME-BSC-008 Abdul Wahab
GA / Lab Asst. / Att. Mr. Muhammad Zahid UW-19-ME-BSC-020 Hamza Ahmed
Group No. 01 UW-19-ME-BSC-024 Muhammad Noman
Objective:

Determine the static pressure dynamic and stagnation pressure in the delivery duct with
varying "rpm" investigate the value of pressure by increasing RPM.

Theory:

Static Pressure:

In general, pressure is a measure of the force exerted per unit area on the boundaries of a

substance. In fluid dynamics, many authors use the term static pressure in preference to just
pressure to avoid ambiguity. The term static pressure is identical to the term pressure, and
can be identified for every point in a fluid flow field.
In fluid dynamics, dynamic pressure (denoted by q or Q and sometimes called velocity
pressure) is the quantity defined by:[1]
q =1/2 ρ ∪2
where (in SI units):

 q is the dynamic pressure in pascals (i.e., kg/(m*s2),

 ρ (Greek letter rho) is the fluid mass density (e.g. in kg/m3), and
 u is the flow speed in m/s.

Pitot Tubes:

Pitot tubes work as flow sensors to measure the speed and pressure of air, liquid or gas.
These readings allow pilots to gauge airspeed and altitude and have various applications in
other equipment. The tubes are usually beneath the cockpit on the front fuselage.
Alternatively, they can also be found along the wing

Bernoulli’s Equation:

Bernoulli's principle is a key concept in fluid dynamics that relates pressure, speed and
height. Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs
simultaneously with a decrease in static pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy

• Procedure
 • Prepare the manometer by adding water in the tank through cock ‘1’

• Set the measuring scale at position ‘B’ to achieve a magnification of 2.

• Start the fan with the help of starting switch located on the panel.

• Allow the running fan for about 5 to 10 minutes to make the system streamlined.

LAB REPORT (LAB NO. 04 )

Course Code ME-436L Reg. No. Student Name
Course Title Gas Dynamics Lab UW-19-ME-BSC-002 Muhammad Abdullah
Lab Engr. Mr. Muhammad Suleman UW-19-ME-BSC-008 Abdul Wahab
GA / Lab Asst. / Att. Mr. Muhammad Zahid UW-19-ME-BSC-020 Hamza Ahmed
Group No. 01 UW-19-ME-BSC-024 Muhammad Noman

Objective:
Determine the pressure and velocity variation along the converging diverging duct on venturi
meter.

Theory:

Venturi Meter:
The venturi meter is a flow meter that used where high-pressure recovery is required. Used
in the Medical industry like measuring the flow rate of blood in arteries. It can also be used
for measuring flow rates (Discharge) at several places such as gases, water, suspended solids,
slurries, and dirty liquids

Venturi Meter Construction or Parts:

Venturi meter has been divided into three parts

 such as:

 Converging Part
 Throat Diameter and
 Diverging Side
Converging Part:
First, the water is flowing through the pipe then The water is enetered into converging parts.
In this the cross sectional area is decresing

Throat Diameter:
The throat diameter is an in-between converging and diverging parts. The cross-sectional
area of the throat is smaller than the converging and diverging parts. Here the velocity is
increases and pressure decreases.

Diverging Side:
In this part, the water is moving outside from the diverging side and again it flows to the
pipe. The cross-sectional area is increasing here so the pressure starts increasing.

Venturi Meter Working Principle:

The venturi meter is placed in a pipe carrying the fluid. To measure the flow rate that is
discharged, a pressure drop occurs between the entrance and throat of the venturi meter.
 With the use of differential pressure, we use the pressure drop, and when the pressure drop is
calibrated then that produces flow rate (Discharge) measurement

Volumetric Bench:
Volumetric of relating to, or involving the measurement of volume

Volumetric apparatus is an essential requirement for quantitative estimations. Different types

of glassware are used in quantitative chemistry to measure the volume of liquids. The reason
why only glass equipment is used in chemistry is due to their negligible reactivity, high
durability, and lesser costs.

Stopwatch:
The device is used when time periods need to be measured precisely and with minimum
complications. Laboratory experiments and sports events like sprints are classic examples of
its application. The stopwatch function is also present in many electronic devices such as
wristwatches, computers, cell phones, and portable music players
• Procedure
•Set the Venturi Meter apparatus on the volumetric bench and level it with adjusting screws at
the bottom.
•Open the air valve of manifold to ensure atmosphere pressure in piezometer tubes.
•Connect the pipes to venturi’s inlet and outlet section with clamps.
•Switch on the water supply from pump and gradually increase the discharge with the help of
control valve at the end of venturi tube.
•Now maintain a constant discharge through the venturi in order to remove the air bubbles
from the piezometer tubes and settle the water level in tubes.
•After the flow is maintained and water level is kept steady, note down water level in piezo-
meters attached at various locations of venturi meter.
•Fill the tank of volumetric bench up to 5 liters and measure the time taken.
•Change the flow rate through control valve and repeat the same procedure. Take up to six
readings.

LAB REPORT (LAB NO. 05 )

Course Code ME-436L Reg. No. Student Name
Course Title Gas Dynamics Lab UW-19-ME-BSC-002 Muhammad Abdullah
Lab Engr. Mr. Muhammad Suleman UW-19-ME-BSC-008 Abdul Wahab
GA / Lab Asst. / Att. Mr. Muhammad Zahid UW-19-ME-BSC-020 Hamza Ahmed
Group No. 01 UW-19-ME-BSC-024 Muhammad Noman

Objective:
Visualization of fluid flow around the model and van.

Theory:

Fl ow Visuali zati on Wi nd Tunnel :

A vertical, suction-type wind tunnel with smoke visualization. Allows demonstrations and
student investigations into the flow of air around a wide variety of differently shaped models.

Ideal for small group experiments or classroom demonstrations, the apparatus is floor
standing. A variable-speed fan mounted on top of the wind tunnel produces the air flow
through the working section. Air flow is vertically upwards.

z
A smoke generator connects to a comb mounted in the wind tunnel below the working
section. Students can move the comb from side to side to aid investigations into the
aerodynamic properties of a test model. Smoke is produced by the vaporization of a high-
quality food-grade oil. A filter helps provide uniform air flow. The smoke is non toxic

Variable speed fan:

When the air conditioner compressor first comes on, a variable speed fan is running at a slow
speed. That catches the latent (humidity) load and really pulls moisture from the air. At the
same time, the cold air conditioning coil reduces the temperature of the air going over it.
According to the Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, a variable-speed motor
running continuously at a half speed may use up to 75% less power that a single-stage
motor uses to move the same amount of air.

Flexible Duct:
Flexible duct is quality duct and has become the most popular type of duct used in HVAC
systems. Flex ducts can be used for heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems in both
residential and commercial applications. They are light-weight, fully insulated and easy to
install

Contraction Cone:
The contraction cone's purpose is to take a large volume of low velocity air and reduce it to a
small volume of high velocity air without creating turbulence. The size of the large end,
nearest the settling chamber was set at 3.5' x 3.5'. Many of the ratios the design team used
were selected with the guidance of the book "Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Testing" by William
Rae, Jr and Alan Pope.

Smoke Generator:
When a fuel is heated to high temperatures in the absence of sufficient oxygen to permit
combustion, decomposition occurs and the equilibrium products are graphite and hydrogen:
high
-x C+y/2H,. 'xHy
Equilibrium is not reached in practice, and the amorphous (turbostratic) carbon contains
aromatic hydrocarbons of high molecular weight

Procedure
• Switch on the power of the Wind tunnel.
• Switch on the power switch of the smoke generator its display will go on and its
heater will start to warm until it reaches 316 degrees.
• Fully open the valves at the top of the gas bottle (turn anticlockwise).
• Use pressure adjustment control to set the output gas pressure (1-1.3bar).
• Now the apparatus is ready to use switch on the lights and fan.
• Allow the smoke tail to stabilize and observe the boundary layer, flow separation and
wake region of different objects.

LAB REPORT (LAB NO. 06 )

Course Code ME-436L Reg. No. Student Name
Course Title Gas Dynamics Lab UW-19-ME-BSC-002 Muhammad Abdullah
Lab Engr. Mr. Muhammad Suleman UW-19-ME-BSC-008 Abdul Wahab
GA / Lab Asst. / Att. Mr. Muhammad Zahid UW-19-ME-BSC-020 Hamza Ahmed
Group No. 01 UW-19-ME-BSC-024 Muhammad Noman

Objective:
Determine the isentropic flow through a converging nozzle. and determine the throat
conditions at varying flow rate on air flow bench and also plot graph between throat pressure
and flow rate.

Theory:

Mult i-Tub e Man omet er:

A 36-tube tilting manometer for measuring pressure on models in subsonic wind tunnels and
fan test sets, including Equipment’s Subsonic Wind Tunnel series. A backboard with
graduated scale holds each manometer tube. For safety and convenience, the manometer uses
water as the manometer fluid. This is via an adjustable reservoir with fine-adjust hand-wheel
held at the side of the equipment. Water coloring is included to aid visibility.

The top of each manometer tube has a connection

piece for tubing to connect to pressure tapings on
the equipment being monitored. The whole
manometer tube assembly is mounted on a swivel.
This allows it to be tilted in pre-set increments to
increase the sensitivity of measurement. Adjustable
feet enable the whole apparatus to be precisely
levelled before use. The manometer is supplied
with operating instructions, a filling funnel and a
spirit level

Compressibility flow:
Compressible flow (or gas dynamics) is the branch
of fluid mechanics that deals with flows having
significant changes in fluid density. While all flows
are compressible, flows are usually treated as being
incompressible when the Mach number (the ratio
of the speed of the flow to the speed of sound) is smaller than 0.3 (since the density change
due to velocity is about 5% in that case)

Isentropic Flow:
 Compressible flow (or gas dynamics) is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with flows
having significant changes in fluid density. While all flows are compressible, flows are
usually treated as being incompressible when the Mach number (the ratio of the speed of the
flow to the speed of sound) is smaller than 0.3 (since the density change due to velocity is
about 5% in that case)

Stagnation Pressure:
In fluid dynamics, stagnation pressure is the static pressure at a stagnation point in a fluid
flow. At a stagnation point the fluid velocity is zero. In an incompressible flow, stagnation
pressure is equal to the sum of the free-stream static pressure and the free-stream dynamic
pressure
Static Pressure:

In general, pressure is a measure of the force exerted per unit area on the boundaries of a

substance. In fluid dynamics, many authors use the term static pressure in preference to just
pressure to avoid ambiguity. The term static pressure is identical to the term pressure, and
can be identified for every point in a fluid flow field.

Dynamic Pressure:
Dynamic pressure is simply the pressure you would measure when the fluid has some
orthogonal velocity component relative to the pressure probe (i.e. the fluid is moving relative
to the pressure gauge). It has the units of pressure. It's measurable and not a fictitious number

• Procedure
• Attach the air box pressure tube and throat pressure tube to manometer.

• Note down the reference point of multi-tube manometer.

• Start the air flow from start button.

• Close the flow control valve completely allowing the air to flow.

• Also open the flow valve to let the air out from delivery duct.

• Now increase the air flow by air flow valve and note down the readings of stagnation
pressure and throat pressure from manometer.

• Keep on increasing the air flow and note down the manometer readings.

• Now calculate the value of velocity and flow rate.