CAMACHO RHEA ANGELICA J.

/ BS PSYCH 1-1

MAY 05, 2023

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY / GROUP 6

EXPERIMENT 1 – PROPERTIES THAT DISTINGUISH ORGANIC CHEMISTRY FROM INORGANIC

CHEMISTRY COMPOUNDS

I. Observation and Results

1. Ignition Tests
a.) Flammability
 Ethyl alcohol
- Flammable
- The flame’s color was blue and no smoke
 Water
- Non-flammable
- There’s no flame, and white smoke was produced
b.) Charring
 Sucrose
- The substance melted, turned black and burnt, and was surrounded with green flames.
- Released a burnt caramel odor.
 Sodium chloride
- The substance became more compressed but wasn’t charred at all.
- It produced slight smoke, and popping sounds.
2. Solubility Tests
a.) In distilled water:
 Naphthalene – The substance did not dissolve at all.
 Urea – The substance dissolves after a few shakes.
 NaNO3 – The substance dissolved quickly.
b.) In ether:
 Naphthalene – The substance dissolved quickly.
 Urea – The substance did not dissolve at all.
 NaNO3 – The substance did not dissolve at all.
3. Electrical Conductivity
a.) 1M Sucrose – 286
b.) 1M NaCl – 3446
c.) n-hexane – 0
d.) 95% Ethyl alcohol – 8
II. Explanation and Results
1. Ignition Tests
a.) Flammability – Ethyl alcohol is an organic compound that contains hydrocarbon chains and has the
property of being highly flammable, which aren’t present in water.
b.) Charring – Sucrose is an organic compound which caused it to melt in a short period of time, while
sodium chloride is an inorganic compound causing it to have a higher melting point.
2. Solubility – Naphthalene is an organic compound which makes it insoluble in water but soluble in organic
solvents, like the one used in the experiment (ether). While Urea, despite being an organic compound, still
dissolved in water and did not in ether due to the difference in its structure and hydrogen bonding. And NaCl
is an inorganic compound, which due to its property, makes it soluble in water but insoluble in ether (organic
solvent).
3. Electrical Conductivity – 1M sucrose, n-hexane, and 95% ethyl alcohol resulted least in the conductivity
test since these are organic compounds that have the property of being poor conductors of electricity in
aqueous solutions. Sodium chloride, on the other hand, resulted the most in the conductivity test due to it
being an inorganic compound, which gives it the property of being a better conductor of electricity in
aqueous solutions.
III. Questions
1. What elements is indicated by the residue formed in the charring test?
- Carbon
2. How do you account for the observed solubility of naphthalene and sodium chloride in water and in ether
based on the nature of the bonds that exist in them?
- Naphthalene can be dissolved in ether but not in water due to its polarity. Since naphthalene is non-
polar, only a non-polar molecule is able to dissolve it. While sodium chloride is soluble in water but
not in ether because its constituent parts can interact with polar molecules, through ion-dipole
interactions, sodium chloride can interact well with water molecules, and since ether is non-polar,
NaCl can't dissolve in it.
3. How does the voltage reading relate to the nature of chemical bonding present in the sucrose and ethyl
alcohol? Justify your answer.

- Sucrose has a very strong covalent bond, and because a covalent molecule does not ionize in water,
it does not produce ions capable of conducting electricity. As shown by the observation, it has a low
result of just 286, indicating that it is a weak conductor of electricity. In ethyl alcohol, its -OH group
is also bonded to a carbon atom by a covalent bond, making it a poor conductor of electricity, as seen
by its voltage result of 8; both organic compounds establish that molecules with covalent bonds that
don't dissociate ions in water or aqueous solutions are indeed poor conductors of electricity.

4. Write generalizations stating the observed properties of organic compounds.

- Any chemical substance that has carbon-hydrogen or carbon-carbon bonds is considered an organic
compound. Organic substances undergo full combustion and have low melting and boiling points.
Additionally, they are insoluble in polar solvents like water. Finally, because they from covalent
bonds and lack the free electrons needed for conducting electricity, they are poor conductors of
electricity.
PAGANAS, ROSETTE A. / BS PSYCH 1-1 MAY 05, 2023
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY / GROUP 6

EXPERIMENT 2 – QUALITATIVE TEST FOR ELEMENTS IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

I. Observation and Results

1.) Nitrogen
Name of Test: Soda-Lime Test for Amide Nitrogen
Test Compound: Urea, Soda lime
Observations:
- After heating, it released a pungent urine color.
- The wet red litmus paper immediately turned blue when exposed with its vapors.
2.) Halogen
a.) Name of Test: Beilstein Test
Test Compound: Copper oxide
Observations:
- As the copper wire was placed over the flame, the flame immediately turned brighter for a very short
period of time before turning back to its normal state and color.
b.) Name of Test: Silver nitrate Test
Test Compound: Monochloroacetic acid, Silver nitrate, Nitric acid
Observations:
- The solution turned blue as drops of silver nitrate were added, and afterwards it immediately bubbled
up even more, and appeared to be cloudier than before.
3.) Sulfur
Name of Test: Lead acetate Test
Test Compound: Albumin, NaOH, Lead acetate
Observations:
- The solution’s color turned brownish-black and darker than before as the water bath heats up.
II. Interpretation of Results
(Do the test samples contain the elements tested for?)
1. Test for Nitrogen – The Soda-Lime Test did contain the element nitrogen tested for; it is confirmed by
the release of ammonia gas which gives the solution its strong pungent urine odor after being heated.
And the change in color of the wet litmus paper form red to blue further verifies the presence of
nitrogen.
2. Test for Halogen – The halogen chloride that is tested for, is proven to be present by the silver nitrate test
owing to the solution becoming bubblier and changing color due to the added solution of silver nitrate,
and primarily due to its appearance becoming cloudy, making all observations highly proving the
presence of a halogen within the solution.

3. Test for Sulfur – When the solutions are combined together and put in a water bath, the presence of
sulfur is recognized by the formation of brownish-black lead sulfide. As the water bath heats up, the
color’s darkening gradually emerges, confirming the element sulfur was in it.
III. Questions
1. What is the role of CuO in the reaction?

- The role of copper oxide (CuO) that formed from the copper wire is to react with the halogens to
form a cuprous halide, which makes the flame’s color brighter for a short period of time.

2. Write the structural formula of hexane, naphthalene, butanol, and benzoic acid.

Hexane – C6H14 Naphthalene – C10H8

OH OH

Butanol – C4H10O Benzoic acid – C7H6O2

3. What chemical reactions are involved in the soda-lime test?

- When a pinch of urea was heated together with the small amount of soda lime, it created ammonia
gas as a chemical reaction, and when the red litmus paper was exposed to ammonia gas, it results to
discoloration (from red to blue), which is an indicator for the presence of nitrogen.

4. What compounds are responsible for the results in the:

a.) Beilstein Test?
- The compound responsible for the result in beilstein test is copper oxide.
b.) Silver nitrate Test?
- The compounds responsible for the result in silver nitrate test are monochloroacetic acid, silver
nitrate, and nitric acid.
c.) Lead acetate Test?
- The compounds responsible for the result in lead acetate test are albumin, NaOH, and lead acetate.