Lesson 1
Brain functions
The Central Nervous System
Psychocology
State College has a comprehensive psychology program. All
students begin with the functions of the brain. Students
Will also learn about various mental processes. Later,
classes cover how these processes affect people´s
behavior. The program requires students to take several lab
course. Some labs docus on the mental effects from a
subject´s environment. Others examine the relationship
between behavior and physical states.
Students have two academic plans to choose from. One
focuses on clinical psychology. This prepares students to
assess and treat mental disorders. The second career path
is academic. Students Will learn more about research. They
Will also learn how to design experiments.
Environmet Medio, entorno
Assess evaluar
Treat tratamiento
Physical state Condición física
Behavior Comportamiento
What do students learn about in a psychology program?
In a psychology program, students learn:
 about the brain.
 about different functions of the brain.
 learn how the brain works.
 they learn about the scientific method.
 Some programs teach how to design experiments as
well.
What kind of work do psychologist do?
Psychologist do many different kinds of work:
 Some psychologist work directly with people.
 They help people who have mental disorders.
 They also help people who just want to feel better.
 Others work in labs.
 They do experiments to learn more about the mind
Ejercicio
1. What is the purpose of the website?
To describe course in the psychology program
2. Which og the following is NOT parto f the
psychology program?
Developing new medicine
3. What does the psychology program cover first?
Ejercicio 2
1. Mental -> Relating to the mind
2. Process -> a set of events that take place in a
certain order
3. Assess -> to evaluate something
4. Treat -> to try to cure a medical condition
5. Behavior ->an observable action
6. Environment -> a physical setting
7. Physical state -> the status of the body´s systems
8. Psychology -> the study of the mind
Ejercicio 3
A. Many different factors affect people´s minds
B. The brain directs many processes, so it has many
different functions
C. What are the two plans in the psychology program?
The program includes a clinical psychology plan and
an Academic plan.
Ejercicio 4
1. The man is considering enrolling in the psychology
program (T)
2. The man is especially interested in doing research
(T)
3. The woman recommends trying another major. (F)
Ejercicio 5
A. I think the human mind is really interesting
B. You´d definitely learn a lot about that
A. Yeah, and I´m also really interested in helping
people
B. You can do that with a psychology degree. Why aren
´t yo usure yet?
A. I think research is really boring
B. Research is pretty important for a psychology
degree. You´d better think about it.
Focus on:
 Processes affect people’s behavior
 Mental effects form a subject’s environment.
 Relationship between behavior and physical states.
 Clinical psychology: assess and treat mental
disorders
 Research : how to design experiments
Student and advisor
A: What do you like about it?
B: I think the human mind is really interesting.
A: I’m thinking about majoring in psychology
B: what do you like about it?
The Central Nervous System (CNS)
A: I’m interested in conducting research
B: that’s a good start. What else? The CNS is made of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS
A: I think that the human mind is really interesting. integrates sensory information from muscle and sensory
organs. The brain processes these messages. Then, the CNS
Adjectives to describe the personality directs the body´s behavior.

1. Ambitious 11. friendly The messages are transmitted through neurons. Some
2. Annoying 12. flirtatious neurons are parto f gray matter. They control cognition.
3. Bad- tempered 13. Friendly Others are parto f White matter. These are responsable
4. Brave 14. Honest for communication between parts of the brain.
5. Carefree 15. laid back
6. Careless 16. Mean Th espinal cord sends messages from the body back to the
7. Conservative 17. Naive body. Sometimes, however, messages bypass the brain
8. Charming 18. Polite altogether. This is the case with reflexes. Th espinal cord
9. Cheerful 19. Trustworthy 20. weird directs these behaviors with no input from the brain
10. Hard working
Vocabulary

1. Brain -> the organ in the body responsable for

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
The CNS consist of the brain and spinal cord. It is referred
to as “central” because it combines information from the
entire body and coordinates activity across the whole
organism.
1. What are the parts of the Central nervous System?
The CNS has two main parts. These are the brain and
the spinal cord. The brain is the large organ in the skull.
The spinal cord us a bundle of nerves that extends
down the back. The spinal cord allows the brain
communicate with the rest of the body.
2. What does the center nervous system control?
The CNS controls a lot of the body´s behavior. The
spinal cord sends the brain sensory information from
the environment. The, the brain integrates and
processes this information. It uses the information to
direct behavior. Much of the behavior of humans is
directed by the CNS
Ejercicios
1. Wht is the chapter mainly about?
The process of sending messages through the body.
2. Which of the following is NOT a function of the
brain?
Controlling reflexes
3. What is the difference between White matter
and gray matter?
The part presence of nerve cells
thinking
2. Neuron -> a nerve cell
3. Process -> to take in and understand something
4. White matter -> a parto f the CNS that does not
contrain nerve cell bodies
5. Gray matter -> a parto of the CNS that contains
nerve cell
6. Sensory information -> information that comes from
the sense organs
Ejercicio
1. Th espinal cord is located in a person´s back
2. The brain has to integrate sensory information from
different áreas of the body
3. A fast, uncontrollable response is a(n) reflex
4. The CNS sends and receives messages to and from
the body
What is the relationship between reflexes and the
brain?
Reflexes do not go through the brain. The behavior takes
place without any input from the brain.
Ejercicio
 The woman confuses the two main structures of the
CNS. (F)
 The man reviews the different parts of the brain
(F)
  The man identifies the source of sensory
information (T)

Ejercicio

A. Okay. Let´s go over it again. What are two main

structure
B. The brain and spinal cord
A. That´s right. Now, do you know what the brain
does?
B. It receives information right? SESIÓN N° 02
A. That´s right. Where does it receive that
information from?
THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM THE
B. Um, I´m not sure BRAIN ( PART 1)
Ejercico Temas:

1. The CNS is made of brainand spinal cord
2. The CNS integrates sensory information from muscles
and sensory organs.
3. The messages are transmitted trough neurons.
4. The spinal cord sends messages from the body to the
brain.
Resumen
 The nervous system control sour movement emotions,
thoughts, and even the actions that we don´t think about
 The nervous system is divided into two parts: the central
nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
 The central nervous system consists of the brain and
spinal cord. It is the control centre of the entire nervous
system
 The brain is divided into three parts: the forebrain,
midbrain and hindbrain.
 The forebrain is the largest section of the brain. It
consists of three main parts: the cerebrum, thalamus and
hypothalamus. It control sour actions and sensory
functions
 The midbrain is the smallest part of the brain and is
located below the cerebrum
 The Peripheral Nervous System
 Autonomic nervous system
 Parasympathetic
 The Brain –Part 1
1. The CNS is made of the brain and spinal cord.
2. The PNS, on the other hand, is made of all the nerves
outside of the brain and spinal cord.
3. The PNS´s main purpose is to connect the body to the
CNS. The nerves of the PNS do not have any protection, but
the CNS is protected.
4. It is helpful do divide up the nervous system into smaller
systems : It make easier to study, It can help scientists
understand disorders of the Nervous System more easily
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
 The PNS is divided into two separate systems. Both rely
on sensory nerves and motor nerves. They send messages
to and from the brain.
 The somatic nervous system- This controls the body’s
voluntary movements.
 The automatic nervous system- This controls the body’s
involuntary responses, like respiration.
 The automatic nervous system is further divided.
 The sympathetic division- This system is more active
when something threatens the body. It increases heart
rate, for example.
 The parasympathetic division- This system is more active
when the body is at rest. It is responsible for lowering
the heart rate

Ejercicio

1. What is the purpose of the poster?

To outline the functions of different systems
 2. Which of the following is NOT a division of the
PNS?
The involuntary nervous system
3. What is true about automatic nervous system?
It has one division that lowers the heart rate.
Ejercicio
1. The peripheral nervous system contains all the
nerves outside od the brain and spinal cord.
2. Something is involuntary if a person cannot control
it.
3. Internal processes, like digestion, are a part of
autonomic nervous system.
4. A(n) voluntary action is one that a person can
control
What is the difference between the sympathetic and
parasympathetic divisions?
 The sympathetic division is most active when the
body is under stress.
 The parasympathetic division is most active when
the body is resting.
Ejercicio
 The speaker are reviewing for a quiz (T)
 The woman incorrectly identifies the autonomic
nervous system. (F)
 The woman confuses the sympathetic división with
psrasympathetic división. (T)
Ejercicio
A. Let´s review for the quiz. What parto f the PNS
control voluntary movements?
B. That would be the somatic nervous system, Ithink
A. You´re right. Now, what controls involuntary
behavior
B. The, um, autonomic system?
A. Right again. So that´s what´s in control when you
´re under stress.
B. Yeah. More specifically, it´s the parasympathy
división. No, wait. It´s the sympathetic división.
The Brain ( part 1 )
The brain only makes up a small percentage of the body, it
plays a crucial role in the body's functions and overall well-
being.
1. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. And it has
smaller parts, too. It has five main lobes.
2. These are the occipital, frontal, insular, parietal, and
temporal lobes. The cerebellum is also divided in halves,
called hemispheres.
3. Brain have different functions.
4. Some parts of the brain are responsible for talking,
Reading and understanding speech.
5. Others are responsible for interpreting visual stimuli.
6. Others parts of the brain control problem solving and
critical thinking
THE CEREBRUM
The cerebrum is the largest divison of the human brain. It
has two identical hemispheres. These are on the left and
right. The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres.
The cerebrum is further divided into lobes. They are the
frontal lobe, the occipital lobe, the parietal lobe, the
temporal lobe, and the insular lobe. Each of these lobes has
a different function. For example, the auditory corte xis in
the temporal lobe. The occipital lobe is home to the visual
cortex. The somatosensory cortex and motor cortex are
near each other. They are located where the parietal,
temporal, and frontal lobes meet.
Ejercicio
1. What is the chapter mainly about?
The different división of the cerebrum
2. Which of the following is NOT true of the
cerebrum?
It has hundreds of lobes
3. Which of the following is parto f the occipital
lobe?
The visual cortex
Ejercicio
 Visual cortex -> the part of the brain that
interprets information seen by the eyes
 Frontal lobe -> the front parto f the cerebrum
 Insular lobe -> A part of thecerebrum that controls
consciousness and emotion-
 Temporal lobe -> the bottom middie part os the
cerebrum
 Parietal lobe -> The top middie parto f the
cerebrum
 Occipital lobe -> the rear parto f the cerebrum
 Corpus callosum -> a group of fibers that connects
the two halves of the cerebrum
 Hemisphere -> one half of somting round
Ejercicio

 The scientist the largest divison of the human brain

->cerebrum
 The part of the brain that interprets sounds is
located in the temporal lobe -> auditory cortex
 Damage to the parto f the brain that controls
movements can lead to trouble walking -> motor
cortex
 The parto f the brain that senses the body´s
position and movement is near the parietal lobe ->
somatosensory cortex

What connects the cerebrum´s hemispheres?

SESIÓN N° 03
The corpus callosum is what connects the left and right
hemispheres THE BRAIN ( PART 2)
The brain is the most complex organ in the human body Agenda:

The cerebrum controls higher functions such as learning, 1. The Brain part 02
reasoning, and speech, plus senses like sight and hearing 2. Amigdala, brain stem, cerebellum
3. Hyphotalamus, limbic system
The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating muscle
4. Medula
movements, particularly those that help maintain the body's
balance and posture Apuntes:

The thalamus, which processes and transmits information 1. The CNS is made of the brain and spinal cord.
from all senses except smell, and the hypothalamus and 2. The PNS, on the other hand, is made of all the
pituitary gland, which work together to produce and nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord.
regulate neurochemicals. These structures help govern 3. The PNS´s main purpose is to connect the body to
sensations, weight regulation, energy, and instinctual the CNS. The nerves of the PNS do not have any
behaviors, such as eating, drinking, and having sex. protection, but the CNS is protected.
4. It is helpful do divide up the nervous system into
Ejercicio
smaller systems : It make easier to study, It can
 The patient suffered a head injury (T) help scientists understand disorders of the Nervous
 The doctors suspect that the man´s temporal lobe System more easily.
is damaged (F) 5. the brain coordinates all of the body's function
 The patient´s condition could lead to visión
What parts of the brain help control the body´s senses?
problems (T)
Various parts of the brain help control the body´s
Ejercicio
different sense. For instance, the brain stem´s midbrain
1. How is the patient today? Psichologist helps control vision and hearing. In contrast, one of the
2. No changes. We still don’t know the extent of his functions of the limbic system´s amygdalae is to help
brain damage. control the sense of smell.
1. Where was he injured again?
What are the differences between the brain stem and
2. Right on the back of his head. The occipital lobe may
the cerebellum?
be damaged.
1. ¡Oh no! that could lead to vision problems, right? The brain stern and the cerebellum are two different part
Psychologist of the brain, with different functions. Part of the brain
2. Yes. An injury like this could cause blindness stem control senses such as vision and hearing. Others
control involuntary functions, such as breathing and blood
pressure. The Cerebellum, however, mostly controls the
body´s voluntary movements.
THE LOWE BRAIN
The lower brain is the área of the brain below the
cerebrum. One major part is the brain stem. Its midbrain
controls certain senses. It also controls the body´s
involuntary funtions in the medulla. The pons connects the
medulla to other parts of the brain. Another major part is
the cerebellum. This is at the very bottom of the brain. It
is largely responsable for the body´s movement. In another
parto d the brain, hormones control behavior and emotions.
There, the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary and gland
regulate these hormones. The amydgalae also govern
emotions. These are parto f the limbic system.
Ejercicio
 The pons is parto f the system that controls
emotions (F)
 The brain stem and the medulla are in the same are
of the brain (T)
 Hormonal functions occur within the cerebellum
Ejercicio
1. Pons ->The students identified the part that send
signals from the medulla to the thalamus
2. Limbic sytem -> The amygdalae are in the part that
controls emotions
3. Brain stem -> a number of senses are governed by
the part that contains the medulla and midbrain
4. Hypothalamus -> some emotional responses are
affected by the part that creates and releases
hormones.
Ejercicio
 Each amigdala helps control certain emotions
 The midbrain helps control vision and hearing
 The cerebelum helps control the body´s movements
 The pituitary gland releases hormones that perform
various functions
 Breathing and heartbeat are controlled in the
medula
 The thalamus regulares the body´s alertness
Which parts of the brain control involuntary functions?
The parts of the brain that control involuntary functions
are the midbrain, medulla, and pons. These make up the
brain stem.
Ejercicio
1. What area of the brain are the speakers mainly
discussiong?
The brain stem
2. What part did the woman identify incorrectly?
The pons
Ejercicio
A. Excuse me. I´m having trouble understanding the
parts of the brain stem.
B. All right. Do you remember what the parts are?
A. Let´s see. There´r the medulla, pons, and midbrain,
right?
B. Exactly. Now the midbrain governs severa log the
senses
A. Okay, so the medulla must be the one that controls
involuntary functions
B. Right. Now, do you remember what the pons does?
A. Does it run between the midbrain and medulla?
B. Actually, no. It connects the cerebrum and the
medulla. Then it continues on to the thalamus
Ejercicio
1. What is the conversation about ?
The parts of the brain
2. What does the medulla control?
Involuntary functions
3. What does the pons do?
It connects the cerebrum and the medulla
Correcting a misconception
 How to ask or think of phrases for correcting a
misconception.
 Misconception = idea equivocada
 That’s not right
 I think you’ll find you are wrong there.
 That (just) isn’t true • No, that’s wrong.
 That´s not (quite) right.
 Actually right, but…not quite
Ejercicio
A. Excuse me. I´m having trouble understanding the
part that release hormones
B. Do you remember What the parts are?
A. Let´s see. There´s the Thalamus, hypothalamus and
Pituitary gland, right?
B. Exactly. Now, the thalamus controls sleep and
consciousness.
A. So. The hypothalamus must be the one that controls
hunger and thirst.
 B. Right. Now, Do you remember What the pituitary
gland does?
A. Does it run between the thalamus and the
hypothalamus?
B. Actually, no. It´s a gland below the brain that
controls growth and other functions.

Parts of the Brain : The brain stem´s parts include : The

medulla, pons, and midbrain

Functions include regulation of movement and involuntary

functions.

Part of the brain: Pituitary gland

Function: This is a gland below the brain. It controls growth

SESIÓN N° 04
and other functions

Perception and sensation

SENSATION:

 Hearing a song on the radio.

 Tasting broccoli
 Seeing your friend’s new jacket
 Sound waves enter your ear
 Chemical substances enter reception in tongue
 Light waves through you eyes
 Feeling happy because you remember the time you
were with your friend and you heard that song
 Spitting it back out because you hate broccoli
 Thinking how much you like the sweater

Objective:

Students are going to learn about perception and sensation;

making a prediction.

Concepts of Perception and sensation

Perception and sensation are two separate processes that

are very closely related.

Sensation in input about the physical word obtained by our

sensory receptors, and perception is the process by which
brain selects, organizes, and interprets these sensations.

PERCEPTION

The process of interpreting the information received by the

sensation process. The source is the information sent to the
brain through sensation Perception is a more psychological
process because information that is already stored within
your brain affects the outcome.

(La forma en que el cerebro procesa y comunica estos

sentidos al resto del cuerpo)
SENSATION
The process of receiving information through your senses,
which can be interpreted by your brain. The source is the
stimuli received by your senses. Sensation is a general
biological process.
(La capacidad para detector sentidos como el tacto, dolor, la
vision o el movimiento y posicionamiento de nuestro cuerpo.)
READING
State University –Psychology Department
Current experiments
Students in the psychology department perform a variety
of experiments. Their current focus is psychophysics. This
examines perception through the transduction of
sensations. In other words, it studies the senses. One
recent experiment studied the effects of sensory
adaptation. Volunteers were exposed to different levels of
color variation. Students examined effects on color
perception. Now, they are testing effects of sensory
deprivation
Another experiment studied absolute thresholds. Students
measured how well volunteers heard quiet sounds. They also
measured barely noticeable difference thresholds. This
involved the change from quiet sounds to louder sounds
Next: students are now designing an experiments to test
selective attention. Subjects will focus on one image from a
group
What is the difference between alpha waves and delta
waves? Alpha waves and delta waves are both types of
brain waves.
 They are associated with different part of a person
´s day.
 Alpha waves occur when someone is awake and
relaxed.
 Alpha waves are relatively slow and large.
 In contrast, delta waves are short and regular.
 They occur when someone is in deep sleep.
Ejercicio
1. What is the purpose of the brochure?
2. Which of the following causes a person to sleep?
3. What is true about waves?
CHEMICAL MESSENGERS
A. Excuse me. I´m having trouble understanding the
part that reléase hormones
B. Do you remember. That the parts are?
A. Lest´see. There´s thalamus, hypothalamus and
pituitary gland, right?
B. Exactly. Now, the thalamus controls sleep and
consciousness
A. So. The hypothalamus must be the one that controls
hunger and thirst
B. Right. Now, do you remember that the pituitary
gland does?
A. Does it run between the thalamus and
hypothalamus?
B. Actually, no. It´s gland below the brain that
controls growth and other functions
Endocrine system: this is a series of glands throughout the
body. These regulate the body by releasing hormones
Hormones: these chemicals make the body´s cells perform
specific actions. Examples: insuline is one type of hormone.
It regulates the amount of sugar in the blood
Neurotransmitters: these chemical transmit signals from
neurons to other cells. Example: norepinephrine is a
neurotransmitter and hormone released in the brain. It
regulates the functions of certain bodily organs.
Neuromodulators: these are groups of neurotransmitters.
Example: acetylcholine is one type neuromodulator that
controls muscle movement
What is the difference between neurotransmitters and
neuromodulators?
Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are both
responsable for transmitting signals from neurons to other
cells in the body. However, a neurotransmitter is a simple
process that transmits a single signal to one are of the
body. A neuromodulator, on the other hand, transmits
information using multiple neurotransmitter. So it sends a
complex network of signals to different áreas at once.
What is an example of a hormone and its functions?
One example of a hormone is insulina. It regulates the body
´s blood sugar levels. An organ called the pancrear produces
and releases insulin. Then, the hormone travels through the
bloodstream. If insulin is present, cells Will not absorb and
store sugar. Instead, the sugar Will leave the body.
Ejercicio
  The endocrine system is located throughout the
entire body (T)
 Hormones can affect the chemicals in the blood (T)
 Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators (F)

Ejercicio

1. The glands of the endocrine system exist in various

places around the body.
2. The spinal cord releases acetylcholine and causes
the muscles to move
3. The body uses hormones to regulate many functions
4. Insulin in the blood affects sugar levels
5. When the brain is under stress, it releases
norepinephrine
6. The brain can control pain sensations by releasing

Ejercicio

1. The gland released a hormone to regulate the body OTRA CLASE

´s blood sugar
2. A neuromodulator carries signals to many neurons at
once
3. The skin contains a gland that creates a specific
hormone
4. A specific neurotrasmitter sends signals to muscle
tissue.
What do norepinephrine and endorphin have in common?
Norepinephrine and endorphins are both hormones and
neurotransmitters that are released in the brain
Ejercicio
 I´m cofused about endorphins. Can you explain them
to me?
 They´re neurotrasmitters in the brain. They send
signals about pain and emotions
 See, i thought that endorphins were hormones
 Well, actually, they are. Endorphins are both
hormones and neurotransmitters
 Really? But don´t hormones need multiple
neurotransmitters?
 No, you´re thinking off neuromodulatos.
Sleep is important because it affects biological rhythms.
Appropriate rhythms are essential to healthy bodily
function. The body uses melatonin to regulate these
important processes.
The sleep cycle itself is a circadian rhythm. It should occur
once a day. If it doesn´t, the body could experience
internal desynchronization.
The sleep cycle includes several ultradian rhythms. These
are known as sleep stage. (they should not be confused with
infradian rhythms. Those occur much les frequently)
The most important sleep stage is REM sleep. This is when
the sleeping brain differs most from the waking brain.
During wakefulness, the brain produces Alpha waves. During
REM sleep, it produces delta waves instead.
What is the difference between Alpha waves and delta
waves? Alpha waves and deslta waves are both types of
brain waves.
 They are associated with different parto f a person´s
day.
 Alpha waves occur when someone is awake and relaxed
 Alpha waves are relatively slow and large
 In contrast, delta waves are short and regular
 They occur when someone is in Deep sleep.

What are the different types of biological rhythms?

Three basic types of biological rhythm are:
 Circadian, infradian and ultradian rhytms
 Circadian rhytms are biological rhytms that last for
about twenty – four hours.
 Infradian rhytms are biological rhytms that last longer
tan circadian rhytms.
 Ultradian rhytms, on the other hand, are shorter tan
circadian rhytms.
Ejercicio
1. What is the purpose of the brochure?
To describe a particular cicadian rhytm.
2. Which of the following causes a person to sleep?
Melatonin
3. What is true about waves?
They occur durind REM sleep.
Ejercicio
 REM sleep -> The periodo f sleep when dreams occurs
 Melatonin -> a hormone that helps regulate circadian
rhytms.
 Alpha waves -> the brainwaves that occur when a
person is relaxed but awake.
 Delta waves -> the brainwaves that occur when a
person is in Deep sleep.
 Infradian rhytm -> a biological rhytm that occurs less
tan once per day.
 Ultradian rhytm -> a biological rhytm that occurs more
tan once per day.
Ejercicio
 The first sleep stage is the shortest of the five
 People eat and digest food as parto f a BR.
 The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) CR
 When something disrupts a biological cycle, ID occurs.
Ejercicio
A. So, tim, you´re feeling tired?
B. Yes, it´s terrible. But i´m getting plenty of time
A. Are there any changes in your sleeping habits?
B. Yes, actually. It´s my new job. I only sleep for two
or three hours at time
A. Hmm. It sounds like you´re suffering from internal
desynchronization
B. Really? But i´m still sleeping the same number of
hours per day.
A. Perphaps. But your´re disrupting your ultradian
rhytms.
Ejercicio
1. The man is getting les sleep tan he did before (F)
2. According to the woman, the man´s ultradian rhytms
are disrupted. (T)
3. The woman suggest sleeping medication for the man.
(F)
LECTURA
Dear Dr. Nilsson: i´m curious about people who walk in their
sleep. Are they aware of their actions? Can they remember
what they do?
-Bob in braxton
Dear Bob: when people sleepwalk, they are in an altered
state of consciousness. In this state, they are neither
aroused nor relaxed. While asleep, they experience a shift.
They enter a state in which they perform automatic
behaviors.
When someone is awake, preconscious information easily
becomes conscious. However, a sleepwalker´s behaviors do
not leave the unconscious. They remain subconscious after
the person awakes. Therefore, most sleepwalkers are not
aware of their sleepwalking.
-Dr,N
1. What is the difference between the preconscious and
unconscious?
The preconscious and unconscious are different áreas of
the mind where thoughts exist.
In general, people are fully unaware of the thoughts in
their unconscious. And it´s similar of the thoughts in the
unconscious.
However, unlike those in the unconscious, thoughts in the
preconscious are easy to recall and become parto f the
consciousness at any time.
2. What are automatic behaviors, and what causes
them?
Automatic behaviors are actions that people perform
without being aware of them. People perform manyo f
these behaviors every day. They include normal bodily
functions, such as respiration and muscle movements.
They also include learned behaviors that so familiar
that someone no longer needs to think about them.
Ejercicio
1. People who walk in their sleep are performing automatic
behavior (T)
2. Sleepwalking is controlled by subconscious activity (T)
Ejercicio three systems are sensory memory, short-term memory,
and long-term memory.
 State -> a condition that a person is in at a particular
time The systems store memories for different durations.
 Shift -> a change in the status of something Sensory memory only last for up o thirty seconds. However,
 Preconscious -> a parto f the mind wherer subconscious information rehearsal can extend short-term memories.
thoufhts are easily recalled from Finally long-term memory stores information for retrieval
 Unconscious -> a parto f the mind where Deep indefinitely
subconscious thoughts exist.
How long is information stored in different types of
 Automatic behavior -> actions that people perform
memory?
without being aware of them
 Consciousness -> an awareness that people have of  The mind can store memories for three types of
themselves and their surroundings. durations. These are long-term, short-term, and
sensory memory.
Ejercicio
 Long term memory stores information indefinitely,
1. The man´s hunger started as a(n) subconscious sometimes for the rest of a person´s life
2. Some diseases cause people to enter a(n) altered state  Short-term memory, however, only stores information
of consciouness. for about thrity seconds.
3. While the woman slept, she was not aware on her
How does the brain store and process memory?
surroundings
4. The patient´s mind became aroused as he awoke There are three basic in the information processing model
5. The human mind enters a(n) relaxed state as it fall of memory
asleep
 The first step is encoding in the information
Ejercicio processing modelo f memory
 The next step is enconding. This changes
A. I´m having trouble staying awake?
information so that the mind can store it
B. Hmm.. do you become relaxed at night?
 The next step is retention. This is the step where
A. Yes, in fact I sleep about eight hours per night. But I
the mind actually stores the information
wake up feeling tired
 Finally, the last is retrieval. This is when the mind
B. So you sleep normally at night. But during the day, you
recalls the memory.
cannot stay aroused?
A. Exactly. What do you think my problema Ejercicio
B. Hmm… something in your unconscious might be
 The first step of information processing is
disturbing you.
enconding (T)
Ejercicio  Short-term memory is the system with the shortest
duration (f)
1. What is the conversation mostly about?
 The duration of short-term memory can be
Why the woman is feeling tired
lengthened (T)
2. What the man think the woman´s problema is?
Her unconscious is causing a disturbance Ejercicio

 Retrieval -> the ability to recall information from

MEMORY 
memory
Encoding -> the change of information into a
Memory is the ability to store and recall information. There storable form
are various types of memory. The mind stores memories  Rehearsal -> the acto f repeating information to
using information processing. This begins with encoding. keep it in memory
Enconding prepares information for retention. Then, the  Long-term -> ocurring for an extenden periodo f
mind stores it in one of three systems of memory. The time
 Sensory memory -> a system that stores sensory
information for a very short time.
Ejercicio
1. Without information people´s thoughts would not
make sense.
2. The patient´s memory stores information for an
unusually long time
3. Many people remenber childhood for the duration of
their entire lives
4. The patient undestands ideas, but she has trouble
with retention over time.
Ejercicio
A. Do you remember the steps of information
processing?
B. Um, it begins with encoding, i think
A. And that prepares the memory for storage right?
B. Exactly. Do you remember what happens next?
A. Well, next is retrieval in the brain. That´s when it´s
stored
B. Actually, that´s not it. Think again
A. Oh you´re right retention is the storage process.
Ejercicio
1. What is the conversation mostly about?
The steps in the process of storing memory
2. What concept does the man identify incorrectly?
Retrieval
 Iconic memory
You look around the room, quickly surveying objects that
you see on the floor, end tables, dresser, and bed,
before quickly shutting your eyes. The memory of what
your room looked like during your observation is an
example of iconic memory.
 Echoic memory
- Listening to a song: when we listen to music our
brains briefly recall each note and connects it to the
ensuing note. Consequently, the brain recognizes the
sequences of notes as a song
- Conversing with another person: when we hear spoken
language, our echoic memories retain every individual
syllable. Our brains comprehend words by associating
each syllable with the preceding one.
IMPROVING YOUR MEMORY
There are many methods of improving memory. One method
is chunking. This splits information into small groups. That
way, it is easier to remember. It´s often used with
sequences of digits, like pone numbers
Rote rehearsal is another method. It Works because
repetition helps store information. Then mind creates
acoustic codes. Then, echoic memory repeats them in a
phonetic loop. The mind retains images for a long time
This maintains it in the visuo-spatial sketchpad. Then, it
stays int he iconic memory longer. These methods improve a
person´s conscious, explicit memory. Implicit memory, on
the other hand, ish arder to control.
1. What is the difference between echoic memory and
iconic memory?
Echoic memory and iconic memory both refer to
information that is retained for a short period. However,
they are each associated with different senses. Echoic
memory is the brief retention of information that a
person Heard. It repeats this information in a phonetic
loop.
2. What is the Benefit of chinking?
Chunking is a method od remenber groups of
information. It involves splitting a large group into
smaller groups. For instance, a person can use chinking
to remember a pone number, such as 1234567890. The
person would Split this into three sections, making it
123-456-7890. Each división of the pone number is
easier to remember tan the whole
Ejercicio
1. Chunking -> smaller groups of information are easier to
remember
2. Rote rehearsal -> repetition helps store information
3. Whatching something for a long time -> staring at an
image maintains it in iconic memory.
Ejercicio
 The mind briefly stored the sight of the Fireworks on
a(n) visuo-spatial sketchpad
 Chunking information into groups makes it easier to
remember
 The mind repeated the song in a(n) phonetic loop
 The echoic memory stores information as a(n) acoustic
code
 By repeating information through rote rehearsal, a
person can memorize it.
Ejercicio

 The man had a conscious explicit memory of the party a

day earlier
 Early childhood events are more likely to remain in
implicit memory
 The sound repeated in the woman´s echoic memory
 The man´s iconic memory stored the image of the
painting.

Ejercicio

A. So, Doctor. Am I losing my memory?

B. Yes and no. Your implicit memory is fine. You easily
perform normal tasks such as driving
A. Yes. But i can´t remember dates and pones numbers
B. Right. That´s common at your age. It´s your short-
term explicit memory
A. Is there any way to improve it?
B. Yes. I recommend rote rehearsal
A. That´s repeating information over and over, right?
B. Yes, and it´s best to do it out loud. That Will help
you retain details in your memory.