JAIN
1

CERTIFICATE

This is to Certify that Shivam  and  of  Class  XII-A

has Successfully Completed this Chemistry Project on the
Topic “Surface Chemistry Of Colloidal Solutions”
prescribed by Mrs. Shetal mam, During Academic
Session 2023-24 As Per The Guidelines Issued by Central
Board Of Secondary Education (C.B.S.E).

Mr.  External Examiner

(P.G.T CHEMISTRY)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Success And Final Outcome Of This Project

Required A Lot Of Guidance And Assistance From
Many People And I Am Extremely Privileged
1
To Thank Mr. Gaurav khatana For Providing Me
An Opportunity To Do The Project Work And
Givin9 Me All Support And Guidance Which
Made Me Complete The Project Appropriately. I
Am Also Extremely
Thankful To All My Friends For Providing Me 
Support And Guidance.

Shivam
Class:

CONTENTS
1. Colloids
2. Classification Of Colloids
3. Seperation Of Colloids
4. Purification Of Colloids
5. Properties Of Colloids.
6.  Advantages Of Colloids

COLLOIDS

A colloid is a substance microscopically disperse

throughout anothersubstance.The word colloid
comes from a Greekword 'kolla', whichmeans
glue thus colloidal particles are glue like
substances.Theseparticles pass through a filter
paperbut not through a
semipermeablemembrane.Colloids can be made
settle by the processof centrifugation

The colloidal system consist of two phases:

A dispersed phase A discontinuous phase )
 
A dispersion medium A continuous phase )
 
The dispersed-phase particles have a
diameter of between approximately 1nm -
100nm. Such particles are normally
invisible in an optical, though their presence
can be confirmed with thense of an
ultramicroscope or an electron
Microscope.
TRUE SOLUTiONS
Made up of particles or solutes and a solvent
The solvent part of the solution is usually
A liquid, but can be a gas. The particles are
atoms,ions, or molecules that are very small
in diameter.
COLLOiDAL MiXTURE
Has particles that are not as small as a
solution and not as large as a suspension.
The particles are intermediate in size
SUSPENSiONS
Made up of particles and a solvent its
particles are larger than those found in a
solution.The particles in a suspension can be
distributed throughout the suspension
evenly by shaking the mixture.
 

Examples of colloids are milk

syntheticpolymers, fog,blood, jam,
shoepolish, smoke, etc

CLASSIFICTION OF COLLOIDS
Lyophilic Colloids :
Colloidal solution in which the dispersed phase has a great affinity for the dispersion medium. They are also termed
as
intrinsic colloids. Such substances have tendency to pass into colloidal solution when brought in contact with
dispersion medium .If the dispersion medium is water, they are called hydrophilic oremulsoids .The lyophilic colloids
are generally self stabilized .Reversible in nature and are heavily hydrated.Example of lyophilic colloids are starch,
gelatin ,rubber, proteinetc

Lyophobic Colloids
Colloidal solutions in which the dispersed phase has noaffinity to the dispersion medium.
These are also referred as e x t r i n s i c c o l l o i d s . Such substances have no tendency to pass into
colloidal solution when brought in contact with dispersion medium.The lyophobic colloids are
relatively unstable.They are irreversible by nature and are stabilized by addings mall amount
of electrolyte.They are poorlyhydrated.  If the dispersion medium is water,  the
lyophobic colloids are calledhyrophobic orsuspenoids.
Examples: sols of metals likeAu, Ag,sols of metal
hyroxides and sols of metal sulphides.

Based On Molecular Size in The Dispersed Phase

 
Multimolecular Colloids
Individual particles of the dispersed phase consists of aggregates of atoms or small molecules having diameter less than
10^-7cm .The particles are held by weak vandercwaal’s forces. Example; gold sol, sulphur sol

Macromolecular Colloids
The particles of dispersed phase are sufficiently large in size enough to be of colloidal solution. These are
called Natural Polymers

Associated Colloids
 
These colloids behave as normal electrolytesat low concentrations but behave as colloidsat
higher concentrations.These associated colloids are also referred toas micelles.Sodium
stearate (C18H35NaO2)behave as electrolyte in dilute solution but colloid in higher
concentrations.Examples:Soaps , higher alkyl sulphonates ,polythene oxide.

HOW DOES SOAP WORK ?

 
When greasy dirt is mixed with soapy water, the soap molecules arrange themselves into
tiny clusters called micelles .The water-loving (hydrophilic) part of the soap molecules
sticks to the water and points outwards, forming the outer surface of the micelle .The oil-
loving(hydrophobic) parts stick to the oil and trap oil in the center where it can't come into
contact with the water
.

SOLS
 
When a colloidal solution appears asfluid.The sols are
generally named as dispersion medium.When the
dispersionmedium is water, the sol is known ashydrosol or
aquosol.Whenthe dispersion medium is
alcohol or benzene it is calledalcosoland benzosolrespectively

GELS
 
When a colloidal solution appear assolid.The rigidity
of gelvaries from substance to substance.Examples:
jelly, butter, cheese, curd
.
.
 
Based On Electrical Charge On DispersionPhase+

Positive Colloids
When dispersed phase in a colloidalsolution
carriesa positivecharge.Examples : Metal
hyroxideslike Fe(OH)
3
,Al(OH)
2
, methyleneblue sol etc.

Negative Colloids
 
When dispersed phase in acolloidalsolution carriesa
negativecharge.Examples :Ag sol, Cu sol 

SEPERATION OF COLLOIDS
Mechanical Dispersion :
In this method,The substance is first ground to coarse
particles.It is then mixed with the dispersion medium
to get
a suspension.
The suspension is then grinded in colloidal mill.
It consists oftwo metallic discs nearly touching each other
and rotating inopposite directions at a
very highspeed about7000 revolution perminute.
 
The space between the discs of themill is so
adjusted thatcoarsen suspension is subjected togreat
shearing force giving rise toparticles of colloidal
size.Colloidal solutions ofblack ink, paints,
varnishes,
dyes etc. are obtained by this method.

By Electrical Dispersion Or Bredig’sArc

Method:
 
This method is used to prepare sols of
platinum, silver, copper orgold.
The metal whose sol is to be prepared is
madeas two electrodeswhich immerge in
dispersion
medium such as water etc.
The dispersion medium is kept cooled by
ice.An electric arc isstruck between the
electrodes.
 
The tremendous heat generated bythis
method give colloidalsolution.The colloidal
solution prepared isstabilized by
adding a small

amount ofKOH to it.

 
By Peptisation :
 
The process of converting a freshly prepared
precipitate intocolloidal form
bythe addition of suitable electrolyteis
calledpeptisation.
Cause of peptisation is the adsorption of the
ions of theelectrolyte by the
particles of the precipitate.
 The electrolyte used for this purpose is
called peptizing agent orStabilizing
agent.
Important peptizing agents aresugar,
gum,gelatin and electrolytes.
Condensation Method :
 
In condensation method, the smaller particles of
the dispersedphase areaggregated to form larger
particles of colloidaldimensions.
Some important condensation methods
are describedbelow:
1. Solutions
 of substances like mercury and sulphur are
preparedby passing
their vapours through a cold water
containing asuitable stabilizer such as
ammonium salt or citrate.
2.
By Excessive Cooling
 :
A colloidal solution of ice in an organic
solvent like etherorchloroform can be
prepared by freezing a solution of waterin
solvent.
The molecules of water which can no longer
be held insolution,
separately combine to form particles of colloidal
size.
 
.
 
3
. By exchange of solvent :
Colloidal solution of certain substances
such as sulphur, phosphoruswhich are
soluble in alcohol but insoluble in water can
be preparedby pouring their alcoholic solution
in
excess of water.
For examplealcoholic solution of sulphur on
pouring into water gives milkycolloidal
solution of sulphur.
4.
 
Chemical methods :
Colloids can be prepared by followingchemicals
methods..Oxidation :
Addition of oxygen and removal of hydrogen
iscalled oxidation.For example: Colloidal
solution of sulphur canbe prepared by
oxidizing an aqueous
solution of H2S with asuitable oxidizing agent
such as bromine water.
 
H
2
S + Br
2
 
→
 2HBr + S2H
2
S + SO
2
 
→
 2H
2
O + 3SReduction :Addition of hydrogen and
removal of oxygen iscalled reduction. For
example: Gold sol can be obtained byreducing
adilute aqueous solution of gold with
stannouschloride.2AuCl3+ 3SnCl2
→
 3SnCl4+ 2AuHydrolysis :It is the break down
of water.Sols of ferrichydroxide and aluminium
hydroxide can be prepared by boilingthe aqueous
solution of the correspondingchlorides. For
example.FeCl3 + 3H
2
S
→
 Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl Double Decompostion :The
sols of inorganic insoluble saltssuch as arsenous
sulphide, silver halideetc may be prepared
byusing double decomposition reaction.For
example: Arsenoussulphide sol can be prepared
by passing H2S gasthrough a diluteaqueous
solution of arsenous oxide.As2O3+ 3H2S
→
 As2S3(OH)3+ 3H2O

Purification of colloids
There are three common methods used
for purification of colloids :
Dialysis :
The process of separating the particles of
colloid from those ofcrystalloid, by means
of
diffusion through a suitable membrane.
It’s
 principle is thatcolloidal particles can
not pass through acellophane membrane while
the ions of the electrolyte can passthrough
it.
 
The impurities slowly diffused out of the
bag leaving behindpure colloidal solution.The
distilled water is changed frequently
to avoidaccumulation of the crystalloids
otherwise they may startdiffusing back into
the bag.Dialysis can be used for
removing HCl from the ferric hydroxidesol.
Electro Dialysis :
 
The process of dialysis is very slow

The process is speeded up by application of

electrical potential.This is called electro
dialysis.
Application of electro dialysis : Artificial kidney
machine make use ofelectro dialysis
.
Ultra filtration :
 
Ultra filtration is a process ofhighpressure
filtration through
asemipermeable membrane in which colloidal par
ticles are retainedwhilethe small sized solutes
and the solvent areforced to
moveacross the membrane byhydrostatic
pressure forces.Application of ultra filtration :
Ultra filtration is a vital processthat
takes place in the
kidneys.
PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS
Physical Properties Of Colloids
 
1. Heterogeneity :
 
Colloidal solutions consist of two phasesdispersed
phaseand dispersion medium.
2. Visibility Of Dispersed Particles :
 
The dispersed particlespresent in themare not
visible to the naked eye and they
appearhomogenous.
3. Filterability :
The colloidal particles pass through an
ordinaryfilter paper. However, they can
be retained by animal membranes,cellophane
membrane and ultrafilters.
4. Stability :
Lyophilic sols in general and lyophobic sols in
theabsence of substantial concentrations of
electrolytes are quitestable.
5. Colour :
The colour of a colloidal solution depends upon
thesize of Colloidal particles present in it. Larger
particles absorbthe light of longer
wavelength and therefore transmit
light ofshorter wavelength.
Optical Properties Of Colloids
 
Tyndall Effect
When an intense converging beam of light is
passed through a colloidal solution kept
in dark, the path of the beam getsilluminated
with a bluish light.This phenomenon is called
Tyndall effect and the illuminatedpath is known
as 
Tyndall cone
.The Tyndall effect is due to thescattering of
light bycolloidalparticles.Tyndall effect is not
exhibited by true solutions. This isbecause
the particles present in a true solution are
too small toscatter light.Tyndall effect can be
used to distinguish a colloidal solutionfrom a true
solution.The phenomenon has also been used to
devise an instrumentknown asultra
microscope. The instrument is used for
thedetection of the particles of colloidal
dimensions.
Mechanical Properties Of Colloids
 
Brownian Movement
Thecontinuous zigzag movementof the colloidal
particles in thedispersion medium in a
colloidal solution is called
Brownianmovement.Brownian movement is due to
theunequal bombardments of themoving
molecules of dispersionmedium on colloidal
particles.The Brownian movement decreases with
an increase in the size ofcolloidal particle.
This is why suspensions do not
exhibit this type ofmovement.
Electrical Properties Of Colloids
1.
Electrophoresis :
 The movement of colloidal particles towards a
particularelectrode underthe influence of an
electric field.
 
If the colloidal particlescarrypositive charge,
they movetowards cathode
whensubjected to an electric field andvice
versa..
2.
 
Electrosmosis :
The movement of dispersion medium under the
influence of anelectric field in the situation
when the movement of
colloidalparticles is prevented with thehelpof a
suitable membrane.During electrosmosis,
colloidalparticles are checked and it isthe
dispersion medium thatmoves towardsthe
oppositelycharged electrode.
 
3. Coagulation Or Flocculation :
Coagulation may bedefined as thephenomenon
involving theprecipitation of a colloidal
solution on addition of an electrolyte.

Hardy-Schulze rule
The greater is the valence of the oppositely ch
arged ion ofelectrolyte added to a colloidal s
olution:

Flocculation value:
The coagulating power of an electrolyte
isusually expressed in terms of its
flocculation value which may bedefined as
the minimum concentration (in millimoles
per litre) of anelectrolyte required to
cause the coagulation of a sol.
A smallerflocculation value indicates the
greater coagulating power of the
electrolyte. Thus

The coagulation of colloidal solution can also

be achieved by any of the
following methods :
1.  By electrophoresis
2.  By mixing two oppositely sols

ADVANTAGES OF COLLOIDS
Colloids allow the dispersion of normally
insoluble
materials
, such as metallic gold or fats. These can
then beused more easily, or absorbed more
easily.
Colloidal gold
, for example, can be used in
medicine tocarry drugs and antibiotics,
because it is
highly non-reactive andnon-toxic.
 
Pharmaceutical industry
 makes use of colloidal solutionpreparation in
many medicines. A wide variety of medicines
areemulsions.An example isCod Liver Oil.
Paint industry
 also usescolloids in the preparation
of paints.
In milk
, the colloidal suspension ofthe fats
prevents
the milk from being thick, and allows for
easyabsorption of the nutrients.
 
Sewage water
 contains particles of dirt, mud etc. which
are
colloidal in nature and carry some electrical 
charge. Theseparticles may be removed by
using the
phenomenon ofelectrophoresis.
The sky
 is the empty space around earth
and as such has nocolour. It appears blue
due to the scattering of
light by thecolloidal dust particles present in
air (Tyndall effect).
Asphalt
 emulsified in water and is used for building
roads.
The sugar present in milk
 produces lactic acid onfermentation. Ions
produced by acid, destroy the
charge on thecolloidal particles present in
milk, which then coagulate andseparate as
curd.
Soap solution
 is colloidal in nature. It removes the
dirtparticles either by adsorption or by
emulsifying
the greasy mattersticking to the cloth.
Large numbers of food articles
 which we use in our dailylife are colloidal in
nature.Example:Milk, butter, & ice
cream etc