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PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A: CENTRAL AFRICAN HISTORY

30 MARKS

Answer all the questions in this section

1. a Study the pictures of the Early man below and answer the
questions that follow

Questions Picture one Picture two

(i) Name the tool in picture one above. [1]

- Hand axe
(ii) What was its use? [1]
- Digging and cutting
(iii) The typical man in picture two used the tool in picture one. To what
Stone Age Period did he belong? [1]
- Early Stone Age
(iv) Name the typical man shown in picture two above [1]
- Homo Habilis
(v) Why was the typical man in picture two referred to as the first true
man? [1]
- He used his brain to make and manipulate tools using his
hands
(vi) Apart from the stone and wooden tools, what important discovery was
made at Kalambo Falls? [1]
- Discovery of fire
(vii) Some of the tools of the typical man above have been found at
Kalambo, Victoria Falls and the Lower Zambezi. Give three reasons
why this typical man lived near sources of water? [3]
- He wanted to drink water
- He wanted to catch fish
- He wanted to hunt and easily kill the animals that came to
drink water
(viii) What name is given to the theory which states that man changed
over time from being primitive to being a more advanced one as

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we know him today? [1]

- Evolution
[10 Marks]

 b Study the following names in the diagram and answer the

questions that follow.

SEBITWANE
MULAMBWA
MWAMBWA
MBUYA WAMWAMBWA
MBOO MUYUNDA

Questions

i Which kingdom is associated with the names in the diagram above? [1]
- Lozi Kingdom
ii From the diagram above, identify the name of the leader who led them
from the Katanga? [1]
- Mwambwa
iii State the original name of the people who were led by the leader in
question ii above. [1]
- Luyi or Aluyana
iv Which kingdom in the Katanga did the people led by the leader
mentioned in question (ii) come from? [1]
- Mwanta yamvo’s Kingdom
v Mention the title given to their leaders. [1]
- Litunga
v identify the leader referred to as the greatest of all their leaders. [1]
- Mulambwa, the 10th Litunga
vi Why was the leader in question v considered to be the greatest? [2]

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- He expanded the kingdom

- Never sold his people into slavery but used them to develop
the kingdom
- He was a law reformer which contributed to peace and
stability in the kingdom
- He welcomed new comers and used them to advantage of the
kingdom e.g the Mbunda people any two
vii Mention the name of the leader who did not come from Katanga. [1]
- Sebitwane
viii What name was given by the Colonialists to the territory occupied by
these people? [1]
- Barotseland
[10 Marks]

(c) Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow

In February 1949 a conference was held at Victoria Falls to work out a federal
scheme. The Southern Rhodesian delegation was led by Sir Godfrey Huggins.
The delegation from Northern Rhodesia was led by Sir Roy Welensky. Sir Stewart
Gore-Browne also sat to represent African opinions, but no Africans were
represented.

Questions

(i) What name was given to the Federation whose formation is described in
the passage? [1]
- Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland or Central African
Federation
(ii) What is the current name for Southern Rhodesia? [1]

- Zimbabwe
(iii) When was the federation in the passage formed? [1]
- 1953
(iv) Who was the first Prime minister of the federation above? [1]

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- Sir Godfrey Huggins

(v) The federation above lasted for 10 years, what was its main economic
achievement? [1]
- The construction of the Kariba Dam
(vi) Who was the last prime minister of the federation above? [1]
- Sir Roy Welensky
(vii) Of the three countries in the federation, which one was the main supplier

of labour? [1]
- Nyasaland or Malawi
viii Give two reasons why Africans in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland
campaigned against the federation? [2]
- They did not want to be joined to Southern Rhodesia where
there were racial segregation against Africans
- They feared a domination controlled by white settlers
- They thought that federation would slow the advancement of
African majority rule
- They feared losing their tribal land and tradition rights
- They were used to the policy of African Paramouncy and not
partnership between races any two
ix Name the Federal Capital. [1]
- Salisbury now Harare
[10 Marks]

SECTION B: SOUTHERN AFRICAN HISTORY 30 MARKS

Answer all questions in this section
2. a Study the map below and then answer the questions that follow

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Questions
i What does the term ‘Great Trek’ refer to? [1]
- Movement of the Boers from the Cape into the interior of
South Africa
ii Give any three reasons which led to the Great Trek. [3]
- Introduction of English as official language
- Introduction of circuit courts
- Introduction of British Currency
- Introduction of 50th Ordinance
- Land reforms
- Emancipation Act any three
iii Name the leader of the trekkers who forced the Ndebele of Mzilikazi
from Mosega in 1887. [1]
- Potgietre
iv Name the Zulu king who treacherously killed a group of trekkers in
1938 [1]
- Dingaan
v What role did the Mfecane play in the Great Trek? [1]
- Created empty spaces
vi Mention three republics which were established by the trekkers. [3]

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- Orange Free State

- Transvaal
- Natal
[10 Marks]

b Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.

The Bausto Nation was founded by Moshesh son of Mokhachane a minor chief of
the Mokoteli. At the age of 34 he formed his own clan and became chief. He and
his followers settled at Butha Buthe but later moved to Thaba Bosiu where he
progressed in his career until his death.

Questions
i Moshesh second settlement was on Mount Thaba Boshiu shown in the
picture above. Mention two advantages Thaba Bosiu offered. [2]
- It was easy to see enemies advance.
- Fertile land

ii State the year when he shifted to Thaba Bosiu. [1]

- 1824

iii Give the meaning of Thaba Bosiu. [1]

- Hill of the Night
iv Moshesh attracted a large following to Thaba Bosiu. Give one reason why
people were attracted to Thaba Bosiu. [1]
- His intelligence and good leadership qualities
- He was kind and generous

v What nation did Moshesh establish? [1]

- Basuto/Lesotho
vi Mention any two groups of people who threatened the safety of Thaba
Bosiu. [2]
- Shaka Zulu

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- Ndwandwe

- Ngwane
vii State two ways in which Moshesh ensured the survival of the kingdom
up to the time of his death. [2]
- Protecting of those running away from wars.
- Paying tribute to powerful neighbours like Shaka.
- Polygamy.

[10 Marks]

c Study the picture below about the aims and ambitions of
John Cecil Rhodes and answer the Questions that follow.

Questions

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i Why did John Cecil Rhodes come to South Africa? [1]
- To recover from a lung infection

ii Mention two landmark discoveries in South Arica that made Rhodes to
make a big money fortune. [2]
- Discovery of diamonds
- Discovery of gold

iii Mention two companies which Rhodes cotrolled which gave him a lot of
wealth. [2]
- De beers
- BSA Company

iv State two Rhodes’aims that the image depicts. [2]

- Build a railway/road from the Cape to Cairo
- extend British influence from the Cape to Cairo

v Name one State that stood against Rhodes imperialistic ambitions in
South Africa. [1]
- Transvaal

vi Who was Rhodes’bitter rival from the state you have mentioned above
in question v? [1]
- Paul Kruger

vii What was the Jameson Raid? [1]

- It was an attempt by John Cecil Rhodes to invade and take

over the Transvaal to realise extra ordinary aims and
ambitions

[10 Marks]

SECTION C: CENTRAL AFRICAN HISTORY 20 MARKS

Answer one question from this section
3. Explain why and how the Bantu people migrated from the Luba-Lunda
Kingdoms to Central Africa. What were the effects of their settlement in
Central Africa? [8:6:6]

CAUSES WHY [8]

- Population increase and shortage of arable land due the result of the introduction

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of new crops by the Portuguese on the west coast, maize, cassava, ground nuts.
The crops were more demanding on land. This increased pressure on land and
need to migrate
- Disputed successions were common. Disappointed candidates moved off to find
new kingdoms. Others migrated in order to escape punishment after
unsuccessful rebellions
- Family quarrels and accusation of witchcraft. Those suspected of witchcraft were
often banished
- Slave trade, injustice, heavy taxation. Many people who left did not have noble
or royal leaders but took with them ideas of kingship which they implemented in
their areas
- Some people were adventurous or hunters who found an area where people
lacked a ruler. Some people left because of the desire to do better elsewhere, e.g
trade and natural resources
- Deliberate expansion by some kings, e.g Yembe Yembe sent by Mwantayamvo
Muteba
- Bantu customs
- Tribal wars
NATURE OF MIGRATION HOW [6]
- About 14th Century groups of Luba from the Congo Basin settled west of Lake
Malawi and Shire River, established Maravi Kingdoms of Nyanja, Chewa, Nsenga
etc. early Luba groups also settled in Zambia; Bisa and Lala
- During the 16th and 18th Centuries, many more people left Kingdom of Mwanta
Yamvo to Angola; Kanongesha, Musokantandam, Chinyama of the Luvale and
settled near headwaters of Zambezi and Lozi further south
- Eastwards the Bemba crossed Luapula River in about 1650 pushing the Bisa into
Luangwa valley and finally settled near Chambeshi and Kalungu Rivers. About
1700 the kingdom of Kazembe was founded by a Lunda chief south of Lake
Mweru

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- In mid 1700s the Senga arrived from Mwanta Yamvo and established their rule
over the Tumbuka
EFFECTS [6]
- Luba and Lunda immigrants came as conquest groups who either drove away or
mixed with earlier settlers. The Senga established kingships among the Tumbuka
in this way. Theorugh co-existence ultural differences and similarities arose which
led to groups identifying themselves as tribes. This is now how the Lenje line
rulers, the Saala of bene Mukuni in Zambia came to establish themselves in
Kabwe region
- They brought centralized chieftainship. Those who remained beyonf the main
areas of settlement were unaffected e.g Tonga
- They introduced new crops- maize, cassava and groundnuts
- Some of the new kingdoms became very important in long distance trade. At first
they prospered but later declined because of external interference from traders
e.g Kazembe, Undi
- Spread of iron
- Tribes were transformed from small locally le iron age communities to politically
significant and well organized kingdoms

4. Give an account of the origins, development and decline of the Cewa’s

Undi Kingdom [6:7:7]

Origins [6]
- The kingdom had its origin from Kalonga’s Kingdom of Malawi
- Undi and his brother Kalonga were involved in succession disputes. Undi lost
and broke away, headed westwards carrying with him all important female
relatives including the perpetual queen mother Nyangu around AD1570
- He set up his capital at Mano
Reasons for expansion/development [7]

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- The kingdom was located in an area which was rich in natural resources such as
fertile soils, ivory, iron etc
- Participation and control of long distance trade as a result of natural resources.
Undi traded with Swahilis, Arabs and Portuguese
- Conquest – many non Cewa people were conquered and brought under control
- Tribute system – conquered peoples and lesser chiefs paid tribute
- Control of important rain making shrines and the operating of Makewana
encouraged unity
- Concentration of power in the Phiri clan to avoid succession disputes
Reasons for the decline [7]
- Poor communication – area had become too big to be controlled effectively
- Lack of permanent standing army
- Portuguese activities – illegal mining, hunting and acquisition of huge tracts of
land
- Weaknesses of individual Undis – subordinate chiefs trading directly with
Portuguese
- Effects of slave trade
- Destroyed by the Ngoni in 1870
5. Describe the social, economic and political effects of Christian Missionaries
in Central Africa in the 19th century. [7:7:6]
Social Effects [7]
- Spread of Christianity and Africanisation of church organisation
- Building of schools both primary and secondary
- Setting up of hospitals and clinics
- Translating the bible into local languages
- Pacifying warlike tribes; barring cruel customs and maintaining peace
- Offering shelter to refugees and protection to local people against slave raids
- Mounted Museum to help combat witchcraft by exposing the items used in
witchcraft, e.g Moto Moto
- Helped Europeans to know more about Africa

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Economic Effects [6]

- Introduction legitimate trade in goods
- Had commercial influence in the concession seeking e.g over Lobengula and
Rhodes during Moffat treaty, Rudd Concession and Lippert Concession
- Opened up vocational training centres where various skills were taught in Home
craft, Carpentry etc
- Equipped them with various skills e.g Carpentry
Political Effects [7]
- Missionaries invited their home countries to come and colonise their areas to
maintain law and order; pacify the areas
- Missionaries road led to Bechuanaland becoming a protectorate of Britain in
order to protect the road
- Some missionaries became personal advisors to the chiefs in the area of their
influence; some missionaries were made chiefs
- Some missionaries helped chiefs to apply for British protection
- Through educating Africans Missionaries helped to produce people who later
staged primary and secondary resistance to colonial rule; formed political parties,
fought for independence
- Some rules which countries use to govern their people are as a result of
missionary work

6. Give brief accounts on any three of the following [7:7:6]

a Elliot Kamwana
b Matthew Zwimba
c Charles Domingo
d John Chilembwe

ELLIOT KAMWANA [6]

- A Tonga, educated by the Livingstonia Mission at Bandawe and Overtum Institute
at Kondowe in Malawi; later left institute when it introduced fees

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- In 1900, met Joseph Booth and later was converted to Seventh Day Adventist.
- Moved from Shire Highlands to South Africa to work in the mines; met Joseph
Booth in 1907 and later joined Watch Tower
- Returned to Nyasaland in 1908; made a lot of following with his apocalyptic and
revolutionary preaching; preached the coming of a new kingdom; carried out
open air baptisms
- In June 1909 he was imprisoned and deported until 1914 after the danger period
of his prophecy had passed
- Attempted at Ethiopianism by Kamwana marked the beginning of a new type of
African reation to Europeans in Nyasaland

MATTHEW ZWIMBA [7]

- He was a son of Paramount Chief Chigaga of Zwimba Reserve; Chigaga had been
imposed on the tribe after the 1896/97 Shona Rising as a loyalist
- Studied at a Wesleyan Methodist school; became a catechist and teacher; and
later transferred to Kadoma
- Clashes with his white supervisors in Kadoma led to his dismissal as a teacher
and catechist in 1907; later clashed with colonial administrators and was
imprisoned
- 1915 returned to Zwimba; took over the station as a teacher and catechist and
later founded the church of the White Bird Shiri Chemna Church. The first of
the Shona independent church
- Considered all those killed in the 1896/97 rising in Zwimba as Saints of his new
Church

CHARLES DOMINGO [6]

- Originally, a native of Portuguese East Africa; brought to Nyasaland by William
Koyi, a pioneer native missionary to Livingstonia
- Found by Koyi helpless and homeless at Quelimane; worked as a house boy for
Robert Laws and later became the latter’s protégé

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- Showed Ethiopianism ideas as early as 1901; these ideas were counter to

missionary preaching
- Completed training as a pastor in 1902 but in 1908 broke with Livingstonia and
opened contacts with Joaeph Booth; by 1911 he became editor of the African
Sabbath Recorder
- Criticized the European Society for racial discrimination and poor conditions of
work for Africans on European farms
- 1912 the American Seventh Day Baptists withdrew support and Domingo’s
church became an African Independent Church

JOHN CHILEMBWE [7]

- A Yao from Chiradzulu region of Nyasaland; educated at Livingstonia mission and
later ordained as pastor
- 1894 came into contact with Joseph Booth; 1897 studied theology in America;
later broke direct allegiance with Booth
- Returned to Nyasaland in 1900 and formed Industrial Providence Mission
- Preached against colonial injustices e.g forced labour; ill-treatment of Africans by
plantation owners, police brutality; spoke against hut tax, forced conscription of
Africans into the army and against loss of land by Africans
- 1915 organised a rising, high-lighting grievances Strike a blow and die
- Killed at the Mozambique-Malawi border

SECTION D: SOUTHERN AFRICAN HISTORY 20 MARKS

Answer one question from this section
7. In what ways did the Dutch settlement at the Cape affect the Saan and
theKhoi-Khoi and how did the Saan and the Khoi-Khoi react? [9:9:2]

SAAN [9]

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- In 1652, Dutch East Indian Company decided to establish refreshment station at

the Cape for fresh floods, water, repairs of ships, treatment of sick sailors and
garrison to protect their trade to the Far East
- On arrival at the Cape, settlers led by Jan Van Riebeck found, west of river Kei
was inhabited by Saan Late Stone Age hunters and Khoi-Khoi nomadic
pastoralists
- Saan mainly in mountain kopjes regarding whole country as their hunting
grounds, so there were no compromise possible between their claims and those
of settlers
- As Dutch settlements extended inland encroaching upon Saans’ possessions, the
Saan retaliated by raids on farms, killing settlers and their Khoi-Khoi servants,
burning houses and driving off stock
- Cape government slow to take effective action, so settlers organized themselves
into commandos; each district under a field corporal who summoned neighbours
for service; formed a mounted troop, self-supplied with ammunition. Saan raiding
parties persued into mountains and mercilessly hunted down in a war of
extermination
- By 1774, depredations so serious that government appointed a field
commandant to coordinate isolated reprisals and defend the whole northern
province; organized a regular campaign to subdue the Saan; remaining Saan fled
to Kalahari Desert

KHOI-KHOI [9]
- Khoi-Khoi, well organized clans of pastoralist; possessing large flocks and herds
and travelling slowly round grazing grounds including Cape Peninsula; bartered
with Dutch, cattle for trinkets; alcohol and tobacco
- Some Khoi-Khoi showed resentment at permanent intrusion of settlers on their
grazing lands. They murdered a few and drove off their cattle. Twice Dutch
waged war on them, then Khoi-Khoi settled down and accepted the situation;
some took work as herdsmen and domestic servants

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- The idea of drinking, smoking and barter system spread into the interior due to
the movement of the Dutch inland in search of more cattle and grazing land
- Intermarriages took place and this resulted into the spread of European Asian
diseases. 1713 small epidemic wiped out Khoi-Khoi as an organized and self-
conscious nationality
- After this shortage of labour led to importation of slaves into South Africa,
especially for plantation work. Khoi-Khoi remained as domestic workers or
herders
REACTION [2]
- The Saan retaliated by withdrawing from the areas occupied by the Dutch further
into the interior or raided on the farms of the Dutch
- killed settlers and their Khoi-Khoi servants
- burned houses and drove off the Dutch stock
- the Khoi-Khoi bartered with Dutch, cattle for trinkets; alcohol and tobacco
- Others showed resentment at permanent intrusion of settlers on their grazing
lands.
- They murdered a few Dutch and drove off their cattle.
- Some Khoi-Khoi settled down and accepted the situation while others took work
as herdsmen and domestic servants
8. What were the military and political reforms introduced by Shaka in the
Zulu Nation? Describe how Shaka died. [10:6:4]

Military Reforms [10]

Shaka was a military genius. After assuming power, he introduced military and
political reforms that contributed to the rise of the Zulu Nation. In terms of the
military reforms Shaka introduced:

- The Assegai in place of the traditional long throwing Spear. The Assegai was a
short stabbing spear suitable for close range fighting. Shaka reasoned that
instead of throwing the spear, it could be made better use of at close range and
this required that it was short.

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- He also introduced the long shield to ensure maximum protection from toe to the
chin. He forbade his impis by the pain of death to leave the assegai on the battle
field.
- He also introduced a method of total welfare called scotched earth policy. Under
this policy, the homes of the enemy were burnt and there was nothing left for
them to recover. It was Shaka’s slogan never to leave an enemy behind.
- He also abolished the long tradition of circumcision and replaced it with age
regiments and a permanent army. Shaka thought that circumcision was a worst
of time and the time that the young men spent nursing their wounds could be
spent on constant military training.
- Young soldiers were not allowed to marry until they were in the late 40s. They
were subjected to vigorous training and strict military training and as such they
were extremely fit and always ready for war.
- Shaka discouraged his soldiers from using sandals. He encouraged them to be
fighting bare feet. According to him this made the soldiers more mobile and
aggressive.
- He also invented the cow - horn formation method of fighting where his soldiers
moved in such a way that the enemy would eventually be completely
surrounded. By this method, the enemy could not escape.

Political Reforms [6]

- The strength of the Zulu Nation did not only depend on the success of Shaka’s
military changes but also on the political ones.
- Shaka did not appoint his relatives to important positions in the Kingdom.
Instead he appointed commoners based on merit. By so doing Shaka created an
effective and efficient system of government.
- He reorganised many loose Chiefdoms into one single large centralised Kingdom
in which all authority came directly from him. Shaka ensured that his power was
absolute, his word was law. He was greatly feared.
- Shaka also had a diplomatic relation with the Europeans at the Cape. He was
careful not to deliberately provoke them. Instead he wanted to learn the
European Culture. This ensured peace and stability in the kingdom.

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- Shaka also appointed Nandi as the queen mother of the Zulu Nation. She was
highly respected and sometimes acted as Shaka’s advisor.

Shaka’s Death [4]

- The events leading to the death of Shaka started in 1825. Shaka was upset by
the death of his grandmother. In 1827 he suffered a much severe shock and
personal loss. This time it was Nandi, his mother, the only person who was really
close to him.
- Thousands of people gathered to mourn the Queen Mother and through his
favourite induna, Mbopha, Shaka announced the measures that were to be
observed throughout the mourning period which was to last for a year; There
was going to be no cultivation of any kind and milking. Throughout the mourning
period men were to abstain from sexual intercourse with their wives adding that
any woman found pregnant was to be put to death together with her husband.
- So serious were the rules that anyone found with dry eyes was instantly put to
death. Those that did not come to mourn were suspected to have wished the
death of the Queen Mother and were killed. It is estimated that not less than
7000 were killed during the mourning period.
- Many people hated these rules and towards the end of 1828 Shaka decided to
end the mourning period by a grand military campaign against the Shangane of
Soshangane in honour of his mother.
- He then made the mistake of sending away the entire army including his
personal body guards. While his army was away Shaka’s chief induna called
Mbopha together with his two half-brothers, Mhlangane and Dingane conspired
an
to kill him. Mhlangane stabbed him first and then Dingani finished him off.
Dingani then turned against Mhlangane and killed him to become the Zulu King.

9. Give the terms of the 1909 Union of South African Act. To what extent did
it affect the lives of the African groups? [12:8]

Terms of the Union of South African Act [12]

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- Union parliament given supreme authority over the four 4 colonies; four
colonies to become four provinces
- Leading executive officer to be called a governor general appointed by London;
to help him were the prime minister; an executive of ministers responsible to
parliament; a senate and house of assembly
- Senate was known as the upper house; represented the four 4 provinces with
eight 8 members per province all elected; two 2 members per province
nominated; one of the two should be familiar with the views of the Africans;
term of office for senators was ten 10 years
- Assembly was known as the lower house; each province had different franchise;
Cape Town and Natal included Coloureds and Indians; the rest did not;
Europeans in Cape Town and Natal were given provincial councils not in the
assembly
- The new state to be called a Union not Federation, provinces subordinate to
union parliament; social services and limited taxing power to be granted to the
provinces; higher education, defence, immigration, customs, ports, franchise for
non-whites and change of the constitution kept in the hands of the union
parliament
- One single supreme court with provincial and local divisions, an appellate
division, a permanent civil service and two official languages English and Dutch
- Capital divided into three 3 parts as follows: legislative powers in Cape Town;
executive powers in Pretoria and judicial powers in Bloemfontein, intensive
commuting between them
- Britain included;- Clause to include Southern Rhodesia, Basutoland,
Bechuanaland and Swaziland in the union; Afrikaners always to have an upper
hand over the non-Afrikaners
- Conclusion on the official languages and recognition of the non-white voters in
Cape Town and Natal provinces to be changed only by 2/3 majority decision of
the senate and assembly sitting together
- Britain ratified this act and it came into effect in 1910
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Effects on Africans [8]

- Franchise for the Africans deliberately postponed to a later date
- Postponement made blacks lose out completely
- The act led to discrimination and unjust laws which tormented non-whites for a
long time
- Africans have become political and social outcasts
- Some progress economically but overshadowed by lack of political rights and
diverted by Bantustan policy until independence

10. Write short accounts on the work and influence of? [10:10]
a Dr Pixley Ka Isaka Seme and
b Nelson Mandela

DR PIXLEY KA ISAKA SEME [10]

- Missionary educated in South Africa followed by university education in Britain
and United State of America. On his return to South Africa was humiliated like all
other Africans. Due to this humiliation he gave up his aim of rebuilding Zulu
nation in favour of African nationalism
- January 1912 called for a conference of all chiefs marking the beginning of South
African National Congress SANC; began a newspaper called ‘Abantu’; published
in English and three local languages
- Bought land in east Transvaal and set up African Farmers Association with aim of
introducing new methods of farming and encourage Africans to buy more land.
Alarmed with Seme activities government passed new Land Act in 1913 to limit
Africans buying land
- But Seme lacked leadership qualities e.g became individualistic, dictatorial and
failed to provide proper leardership at the time ANC needed it; opposed more
militant action like strikes, boycotts. Consequently his newspaper closed down,
the farmers’ association folded up. Joined two Boer parties causing Africans to
lose confidence in him. 1940 Africans replaced him with AB Xuma; died in 1951

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INFLUENCE
- He was the first one to realize the need for national unity and farming, National
Party led example through buying land and starting a newspaper laid down
foundation of future political activities

NELSON MANDELA [10]

- Born 1918 at Umtata at Transkei; son of a Thembu chief graduated at Ft. Hare
University College in 1940s; joined ANC as member of Young League; took part
in 1952 defiance campaign; production of 1955 Freedom Charter; many other
campaigns like the Alexandra township bus boycott, potato boycott all to
undermine government authority
- Took over leadership of ANC from Luthuli, 1960; founded ‘Umkonto we Sizwe’
1961 after realizing the futility of Luthuli’s non-violence approach to the ruthless
policy of South African government
- Organized groups of agitators and saboteurs called guerrillas engaged in
‘controlled violence’ aimed at government installation. Took part in Sharpeville
and Langa demonstrations of ANC and PAC
- South African government reply to guerrilla activities was the passing of
Sabotage Act 1962 which enabled authorities to order house arrest for suspicion
of subversive activities without proof or court processing
- Mandela tracked down by secret police; sentenced to life imprisonment on
Robben Island after Rivonia trial in 1964-5; ANC was banned
- Mandela released on 11th February 1990 led his country to majority rule in 1994;
became first president with his party ANC; 1999 refused to stand again so Thabo
Mbeki took over
- Mandela represented African recourse to violent and positive resistance to
government policy

History/2167/1/2018/NWP Mock Examination Marking Scheme