P R A C T IC A L

A CO LL ECTI ON OF ARTI C LE S CONTR I B UTED A T D IFFERENT TI M ES x

S KI LL ED \VO R K M E N T O T H E C O L U M N S OF f TH E B L C KSMITH
‘
. A

A N D W H E EL W R I G HT A N D C OVER I N G N E RL Y T H E A

W H OL E R N GE O F B LAC KS M ITH I NG F ROM

A

TH E S I M PL ES T J O B OF W ORK T O
S OM E O T E M OST C O M
F H
F LE X F ORG I N G S .

C mpil
o ed and Ed i t e d b y

M . T . R IC H A R D S O N J
Ed i to r o f “
TH E B LA C K s m rH'
AN D WH E L
E WR I G H T"
.

IL L U S T R A T E D .

V OL U ME I .

N EW Y OR K
M . T . R I C H A R D S O N P U B L I S H ER
, .

1 88 9 .
 C OP Y R I G H T 1 889 ,

BY M . T . IH
R C A RDSON .
 P REFA CE .

Alt h o u gh t he re are n u m ero u s l ege n dar y acc ou n ts

o f th e i m p o rtan t p osi t io n occu pied by th e black
s mi th an d th e h o n ors acc orded h i m eve n at a per i od
,

as re m ote i n th e w orl d s h istory as th e t i me o f K i n g

’

S ol o m o n strange to rel ate th ere is n o s i ngl e wor k i n

,

th e l angu age devoted sol ely t o th e p racti ce of the

bl ac k s m i th s art O ccasi o n al chapters o n th e subj ect
’
.

m ay b e fou n d h oweve r i n m ech an ical b oo ks as wel l

, , ,

as b rief essays i n en cycl oped i as W h i le frag me n tary

.

allu si o n s t o th i s i mp ortant t rade h ave fro m t i m e t o

ti me appeared i n n ewsp ape rs an d m aga zi nes n o ,

on e has eve r atte mp ted anyth i n g l i ke a n exh au st i ve

wor k o n th e su b j ect perh ap s n on e i s po ssi b l e T h i s
.

pau c i ty o f l i terat u re c on cern i ng a b ra n ch of the

mechan i c arts W ith ou t wh i ch oth e r t rades w oul d
,

cease t o ex i st fro m l ac k o f p roper t ool s can n o t b e

,

attrib u ted t o a wan t of i n tel l ige n ce o n th e part o f

the d isc iples o f V u l can I t is perfectl y safe t o
.

assert that i n th i s respect b l acksm i th s ca n h old th ei r

,

own w i th mech a n i cs i n an y othe r b ran ch of i n d u st ry .

F ro m the i r ran k s h ave spru n g m an y d ist i ngu i sh ed

m en A m o n g th e n u mber may b e me n ti o n ed E l i h u
.
iv PRE F AC E .

B urr i tt k n own far an d w i de as th e learn ed b lac k

,

smi th .
”
T h e R e v R o b t C ol yer pasto r o f the
. .
,

leadi ng U n itarian C h u rch i n N ew Y ork C i ty started ,

i n l i fe as a bl acksm ith an d wh i l e l abo ri ng at th e

,

forge began the st u dies wh ich h ave si n ce made h i m

,

famous .

E xactly why n o attempt has eve r bee n m ade t o

write a b ook o n blacksm ith i ng i t wou l d be d i f fi c u lt ,

t o explai n I t i s n ot c o n tend ed th at i n th e follow

.

i ng pages anyth i n g l i ke a co mpl ete consideratio n of

the subj ect will b e u nderta k e n Fo r th e m ost part .

the m atter has bee n take n f ro m the col um n s of 771 6

B la c ks mzZ /z a n d Wfi ee/w r zgfi t to wh i ch i t w , a s co n

trib uted by practi cal m en fro m all part s o f the

A meri can c o nt i n e n t Tfi e B la c ks m z t /z a n d W/z eel
'

20 7
n 1 i t
, may be observed i s at p rese ,nt the o n ly
j o u rn al i n th e world w h i ch m akes the art o f blac k
sm i th i ng an essen t ial featu re
'
.

I n the n a t u re o f th i ngs the m ost th at can be do ne

,

by the ed ito r a n d co mpile r of these fragme n tary

articles is to grou p th e d i fferen t subj ects togethe r
,

an d p rese n t th em wi th as m u ch syste m as p ossible .

T he ed i to r does n ot h old h i msel f respon si b le fo r

th e subj e ct m atter or the t reatm en t wh i ch each
,

topi c receives at the h an d s of i ts au thor The re .

may be someti mes a better way o f doi n g a j ob

, ,

o f work th an the o n e described herei n bu t i t i s ,

bel ieved that th e average bl acksm i th m ay obtai n

m uch i n formation fro m these pages even i f o c ,
 PRE F A CE .

c a si o n a som e o f the m eth ods g i ve n are i n fer i o r

lly
to those wi th wh i ch h e i s fam il iar T he edi tor has
.

en deav ored so far as pos s i bl e to p reserve the e x act

, ,

language O f each co n tri b u to r .

Wh i le a ski l l fu l blac k s m ith of exte n ded e x perien ce ,

with a tu rn for l i terat u re m ight be a b le to wri te a

,

book arranged m ore s y stemati call y an d possi b l y,

treati n g o f m ore su b j ects certa i n i t i s that n o o n e u p

,

to the prese n t ti me has eve r m ade th e attem pt an d ,

i t is do ubtfu l i f su ch a work wou l d co n tai n th e

same variety of p racti cal i n format i o n that w i ll be
fou n d i n these pages formed of co n tri b u t io n s fro m
,

hu ndreds of able wor k me n scattered over a w i de

area .

T H E E D I TOR .
 IN T RO D U CTIO N .

S o me t i me s i n ce M r G H B i rch read a pape r

, . . .

b efore th e B r i t i sh A rch i te ct u ral A ssoc i at i o n e n t i t led :

The A rt of th e B lac k s m i th .
”
T h e esse n tial p or
ti o n s of th i s ad m i ra b l e essa y are re p rodu ce d h ere
as a fi tt i ng i ntrodu ct i o n to th i s v ol u m e :
I t is n ot the i n ten t i o n o f th e p rese n t pa p e r t o
endeav or to trace th e actu al wo rki n g O f i ro n f ro m
prim eval t i mes from th ose rem ote ages whe n the
,

ever b us y an d i n v en t i ve m i n d of m an fi rst co n ce i ved

-

the i dea of separat i ng th e m etal fro m th e ore an d ,

i mpress i n g u po n the shapel ess m ass th ose form s o f

o ffe nse o r de f e ns e or o f do m esti c u se wh i ch o c
, ,

cas i on re q u i red o r fan cy d i ctate d .

L ege n ds b oth sacre d a n d p ro fan e p o i n t retro

, ,

sp e c t i v e ly
, th e form er t o a T u bal C a i n an d th e ,

latter to f ou r su ccess i ve ages of gol d a n d s i l v e r ,

b rass an d i ro n I n q u i ry stops o n th e v e ry edge o f

.

th at vagu e an d d i m h or iz o n of cou n tl ess ages n or ,

wo ul d i t b e p ro fi table to u n ravel m yth s o r lege nds ,

or to i n dulge i n specu lat i on u po n a subj ect so u n

fath oma b le A b u n dan t ev i de n ce i s forthco m i n g n o t
.

o nl y of i ts u se i n t h e wea p o n s ut e ns i ls an d t ool s o f
,
 I N T ROD UC T I O N .

remote times bu t al so of its u se i n decorati v e art ;

,

u n fortu n ately u n l i ke bro n z e wh ich can resist th e

, ,

destru ctive i n flu e n ce o f cl im ate and mo i stu re i ro n ,

whether i n the m ore tempered form of steel o r i n

—
its own origi n al state readily oxidi z es an d leaves ,

l ittl e trace O f i ts actu al su bstan ce beh i n d so that ,

rel ics O f very great anti qu ity are but few an d far
between I t remai n s for ou r age to call i n s ci en ce
. ,

an d protect by a lately discovered process the works

of art i n th i s metal an d to tran smi t them u n i nj u red
,

to futu re ages I n the .

RETRO S PE C T I VE H I S TOR Y OF TH E B LA C K S M I T H ’
S A RT

n o peri od was r i cher i n i nven tive fan cy than that

p eriod of th e s o called M iddle A ges
-
E nglan d .
,

Fran ce I taly an d m ore espe cial ly G ermany vie d

, , ,

with each other i n p roduci ng wo n ders o f art T h e .

anv i l an d th e hammer were ever at work an d the glow ,

of the forge w ith i ts stream O f upward sparks seemed

to i mpart P rometheus l ike l i fe an d en ergy to the
,
-

i nert mass O f metal subm itted to i ts fi erce h eat .

N owhere at any peri od were th e tech n ical ities O f iro n

so thoroughl y u nderstood an d u nder th e stalwart ,

arm of the sm i th brought to such perfection both O f ,

form an d work mansh ip as i n E u rope du ri ng th i s

,

peri od of the M iddle A ges .

Th e commo n arti cles of domesti c u se sh ared the

i nfl uen ce of art al ike wi th th e m ore costl y work
desti n ed for th e serv i ce of rel igio n ; th e h omely
 I N T ROD U CT I O N . 1X

grid i ro n an d pot hook could com pare wi th the

-

el aborate hi nge of th e ch u rch doo r or th e grill e

wh i ch scree ned the to m b o r chapel T he v er y n ai l .

head was a th i n g o f beau ty .

O f articles for do mes ti c u se O f a v ery early peri od

‘

handed d ow n to ou r ti mes w e h ave bu t few spec i

men s an d t h i s c a n easily b e acco u n ted f o r T he
'

.
,

ord i n ary wear an d tear a n d freque n t cha n ge o f

propr i eto rsh ip an d fash i on i n add it i on to th e i n ,

t ri n s i c valu e O f th e met al co ntribu ted to th e i r d i s

,

appearan c e . N ew l am ps fo r ol d on es i s a ce ase ,
”

less u n changi ng cry fro m a g e to a g e I n e c c le s i

, .

a s t i c a l metal wor k of cou rse the spe ci m e n s are mo re

, ,

n u merou s an d m ore perfectly pr ese rved ; thei r co n

n e c t i o n wi th th e sacre d edi fi ces wh i ch the y adorn e d

an d stre n gthe n ed p roved th eir sal vat i o n .

I RO N TO PROTE C T TH E H U M A N F OR M .

W i tho u t go i ng ve ry m i n u tel y i n to the su b j ect o f

arms an d arm or i t i s absol u tely n ecessary to re fer
,

briefl y t o th e u se of i ro n i n th at m ost i mportan t

elemen t i n the p ro tect io n O f th e h u man form b efore
, ,

the i n trodu ctio n o f more deadl y w e a p o n s i n th e art of

slay i ng rendere d su ch protect i o n u seless I n th e .

H omeric age su ch coveri ngs see m t o have bee n O f

the m ost ela b o rate an d h ighly Wro ugh t characte r ,

for al th ou gh A ch illes m ay b e pu rely a h y p o t h e t

,

ical perso nage H ome r i n d es crib i ng h i s arm or

, , ,

pro b a b ly o n ly descri b ed su ch as was act ually i n u se

x I N TROD UC T I O N .

i n h i s ow n day an d may h ave sl ightly en rich ed i t

,

with h i s own poeti c fan cy From the pai n ti ngs o n .

vases we kn ow that someti mes ri ngs O f metal were

u sed sew n o n to a tu n ic of leather T h ey may have
,
.

be e n bro n z e b u t the re i s also every reaso n to

,

bel i eve that th e y were som etim es made O f i ro n .

r
P o ly b i us a ss e rt s that t h e R om an soldiers wore ch ai n
‘

mail w h ich i s someti m e s d escribed as mo/[i [0m m

,
“

a t t en d an d we fi n d i n n u mera b le i nstances o n
” ’

sculptu red sl abs of th i s use an d i n L o n don among , ,

s o m e Ro m a n rem a i n s di scovered i n Eastcheap an d

‘

M oor L ane actu al sp e ci m en s of t h ls ri nged arm or

‘

occu rred i n wh ich the ri n gs did n ot i n terlace as i n

,
!

l ater specimen s b ut were welded togeth er at the

,

edge Fro m th is t i me there i s au the n ti c evi dence of

.

its con stan t use The A nglo Saxo ns wore i t as i t i s

.
-

f requen tly described i n man uscripts O f th i s peri od .

L ater on the B ayeux tapestry rep resen ts i t beyo n d

,

the shadow O f a doubt both i n the man n er as before ,

described and also i n scales overlapp i ng o n e an other

wh il e the helmet of a co n ical sh ape with a stra i gh t ,

bar i n fron t to p rotect the n ose i s also very a c ,

~

c u ra t e ly figu red What we call .

C H AI N M AI L
-

proper did n ot appear before Stephen s re i gn an d ’

its i n trodu ctio n fol lowed cl osely after the fi rst

C rusade an d was dou btl ess derived from the E ast
, ,

where the art of worki ng i n m etals had long b een

 I N TROD UC T I O N .

kn own an d pract i sed T he v ery te rm

. m ail “

mean s h am mered an d from Steph e n s t i me u n t i l that

,
’

o f E dward 1 1 1 i t was u n iversall y used ; bu t l o n g

.

before th e l ast m en ti o n ed peri od m an y i m pro v e

m e n ts su ggested by a practical experie n ce had
, ,

m od i fied t he c o mplete c oat of chai n m ail L i ttl e by -

l i ttle sm al l plates O f i ro n fasten ed by s traps an d

bu ckles to th e ch a i n mail to give additi o n al safety t o
-

exposed p o rti o n s of th e perso n gradual ly ch anged ,

the appearan ce an d de v elop ed at l ast i n to co m plete

,

plate arm or su ch as i s fam il i ar to u s by th e man y

,

mo n u me n tal brasses a n d e f fig i e s stil l extan t ; th e

chai n mai l be i ng o nl y u sed as a s ort O f fri nge t o th e
-

h el met cover i ng th e n ec k an d as an apro n u n ti l

, , ,

eve n th is d isappeare d alth ough i t was n ear th e,

—
e n d O f the si xtee n th cen tu ry s o far as E u rope i s
—
co n cern ed before th e chai n m a i l fi nal ly van ish ed -

A fter th is date arm or became m ore elabo rately

decorated by othe r processes b es i des th ose O f the
‘

armorer s or sm ith s i n ve n t i ve ge n i u s D a ma s c e n
’ ’
.

i ng gildi n g an d pai n ti ng were exten s i vel y e m pl oyed

, ,

an d more especiall y engrav i ng or chas i ng ; an d th e

—
col lectio n s at th e T ower an d mo re part i c ularly th e
rich col lectio n f ormed by h er I m perial M aj esty th e ,

ex E mpress of the F ren ch at P ierrefon ds n ow at

-

, ,

—
the H otel des l n val ides sh ow us to wh at a won de rfu l
e x ten t th is orn am e n tatio n of arm or cou l d b e carried .

T he seventeen th an d eightee n th ce n tu ries still

ga v e em p l o y m e n t t o th e s m i th u n t i l th e u tte r i n ,
x ii I N TROD U C T I O N .

abil i ty O f s uch a p rotecti o n aga i n st th e deadly

bullet re ndered i ts fu rther u se ri d i c ul ou s and i n
.

, ,

th ese days i t o nly appears i n E ngl an d i n th e m odi

fi e d form O f a cu i rass i n th e showy bu t spl e ndid
u n i form of the H orse an d L ife G u ards or occasio n
ally i n t h e L ord M ayor s sh ow wh en the kn ights
’

O f O ld are represe nted by circu s s u pern u meraries as ,

u n li ke th ese an cie n t prototypes as the ti n arm or i n

wh ich they are u n co mforta b l y e n case d resem b les the
an cie n t .

W i th the arm or the weapon s u sed by i ts wearers

have bee n h an ded dow n to ou r ti m e an d magn i fi cen t ,

specim en s they are of an art wh i ch al th ough i t m ay ,

n ot be e n ti rel y dead among u s i n these days i s cer ,

t a i n ly do rm an t so far as th i s bran ch of i t i s co n

cerned T he massive sword O f th e early m e d i ee v a l

.

period wh ich depended o n i ts ow n 1 n t r1 n s 1 c weight

,

an d admirably tempere d edge rather th an o n its o r

namen t atio n ; th e m aces battle axes halberds an d
,
-

partisans sh ow a gradu al i n crease of beau ty an d

,

fin ish i n the i r work mansh ip Th e sword an d dagge r

.

hilts became m ore an d more el aborate especially i n ,

G ermany wh ere th e bl ade of the sword is O ften o f

,

most eccen tri c form an d pattern as i f i t was i n

'

te nded more t o strike terror by i ts appearan ce than

by its actu al appl i cat i on .

M an y of th e an cie n t sword h il ts preserved i n -

E ngl and at the M us é e d A rt i lle ri e i n P aris an d at

’

, ,

M adrid V ien n a D resde n an d T u ri n are O f the

, , ,
 I N TROD U CT I O N .

m ost marvelou s beau ty an d w or k man ship that i t is

possibl e to co n ceive m ore particu l arly th ose of the
,

si x tee n th cen tu ry I taly an d F ran ce v i ed w i th each

.

oth er i n produ ci ng thes e art treasu res of the craft o f .

the sm ith ; M i lan T u ri n an d T oledo we re th e p ri n

,

ci a l seats of i nd ustry an d i n A ugsbu rg i n G er

p , ,

man y th ere l i v ed an d d i e d generati o n s o f m en wh o

,

were perfect mas te rs i n th is art of the sm i th .

T he decaden ce w ith regard to the weapon was as

m arked as th at o f th e arm or ; th e h an dle of the
sword became m ore an d more e n ri ched w ith the
’ ’
prod u ctio ns of the goldsm ith s an d l ap idary s art u n til
the swo rds became rather fi tted to dangl e as gil ded
appen dages agai n st the embroidered cloaks or the
sil ke n stocki ngs of th e cou rti e r than t o clang with
,

martial sou n d agai nst the steel en cased l i mbs of the

-

warrio r .

I t would be b eyon d th e l i mi ts of th e prese n t pape r

to e n u merate th e many ex am ples o f an ci e n t wo rk i n
W E A PO N S AN D A R M OR
co nta i ned i n the pu b l i c m use u m s o f E u rope an d ,

also i n private collecti o ns A rm or i s o nly me n tio ned

.

here to give an i dea of th e e xten t to wh i ch th e art

of wor k i ng i n i ro n was carrie d o f the perfectio n i t
,

attai ned an d h ow th oro ughly th e capabil ities of

,

metal were u n de rstood n ot i ng well th at th e casti ng

,

o f th e metal i n to m olds was scarcely ever p ractised ,

that i t was e n ti rel y the work of th e h am me r an d

x iv I N TROD UC T I O N .

the anvil that the di ffere nt p i eces were welded an d

,

riveted by man ual labor of the sm ith an d th en sub ,

sequently fi n ished i n th e same man ner by the various

processes o f engravi ng chasi ng and pu n ch i ng
,
.

The n ext divisio n of th e subj ect i s the u se of

I RO N I N EC C L E S IA S T ICAL A RT,

an d th is com prises h i nges o f doors l ocks an d fasten ,

ings screens rail i ngs an d vases We h ave already

, , .

seen to what perfecti o n it coul d be bro ught i n defe n d

ing m an aga i nst h is fell ow man its n obler empl oy
me nt i n th e servi ce o f h is M aker re mai n s to b e co n
s i d e re d Th e chu rch door fi rst engages o u r atte n
.

t io n the fram i n g of th e door requ i ri ng a d d i t 1 o n a l

,

strength b eyo nd the ordi n ar y mortisi ng doveta il i ng ,

an d teno n i ng o f th e wood an d t h i s addi tio nal

.
,

strength was i mparted by th e u se of i ro n an d so ,

completely was th is attai ned th at w e have only to

t u rn t o n u m erou s examples still existi ng to p rove
, ,

the man n er i n wh ich i t was don e an d the form i t

took .The h i nge was u su ally co nstru cted i n the
followi ng man ner : a stro ng h ook was bu il t i n to the
wall with forked e n ds well bu ilt i n to the maso n ry ;
o n th is h ook was h u ng the h i nge wh ich for th e con , ,

v e n i e n c e of the illustrati on we will co ns i der as s i mply

,

a plai n strap or flat bar of wrought i ro n its orn a -

men tatio n bei ng a m atter of after co nsiderati o n ;

this strap had at o n e e n d a hollow tube or ri ng o f
metal wh ich fi tted o n to the h oo k allow i ng the ,
 I N T ROD U CT I O N . XV

h i nge to tu rn th e strap on th e o u ts i de o f th e door

was l onge r than the o n e o n the i n s i de w ith su f fi c ien t ,

space b etween th e two to all ow fo r th e fram i ng of

th e door an d i ts outsi de pl an k i n g an d th e back and ,

fro n t straps were u n ited b y b olts n a i ls o r r i vets , ,

wh ich passed th ro ugh the th i ck n ess o f th e wood ,

an d fi rml y sec u red all th e fo rm o f th e open i ng i n

,

th e maso n ry p reve n t i ng wh e n o n ce th e door was

,

fi rmly faste n ed by a l ock o r bolt i ts bei ng forced u p ,

from the hooks o n wh ich i t h u n g A ll us i o n has b ee n .

made to the plank i ng wh i ch i n vari ably covered the

,

fram i ng b eside th e secu ri ty o f th e strap th i s plan k

i ng was also faste n e d t o th e fram e by n ai l heads an d
sc rol ls o f metal som eti mes c over i n g the wh ol e of
,

the ou ts ide of th e door with v ery b eau t i fu l design s ; i n

most cases the scrol l s started from the pla i n strap ,

bu t som eti mes they were separate Th is was the .

u sual con stru ct i on i rrespect i ve o f ce n tu ry wh i ch

, ,

prevailed i n England O n the C o n ti n e n t especi al ly

.
,

i n I taly at V eron a an d R ome an d at oth er places

, , ,

the exteri ors o f doors were e n t i rel y covered w i th

plaques of bron z e A su rvi val o f th e an cien t classi c
.

ti mes that of S ai n t Z e n o V ero n a i s o n e of th e m ost

, , ,

remarkabl e an d i s proba b ly o f E astern work

, .

A lthough of bro n z e an d b eyo n d the l i m its o f the

,

presen t paper allusi on i s m ade to i t i n co nsequ en ce

,

o f the orn ame ntatio n an d n ail h eads re m i ndi n g on e ,

of some o f th e earl i est speci m e n s o f N orm an o r

twelfth centu ry metal i n E n gl an d an d F ran ce
-

.
 IN T ROD U C T I O N .

I t would be di f fi cul t t o dec i de wh i ch i s really the

earl i est

S PEC I M E N O F AN I RO N H I N GE
i n th is cou ntry B arfresto n C hu rch i n K en t has
.
, ,

some early i ro n work o n th e doors and th e C athedrals ,

of D urh am an d R ipon an d S t A lban s I t wou l d . .

be hazardous to say that th is last men ti on ed speci me n -

is absolu tel y No rman ; alth ough ge nerally acco u n ted .

su ch i t i s m ore probably twelfth ce n tu ry I t occu rs

,
-
.

o n the door leadi ng fro m th e south tran sept i nto th e

”
Slype the sai d door havi n g t wo elaborate scroll
,

hin ges more quai n t th an beaut iful the scrolls b ei ng

, ,

closely set an d t he fol i age very sti f f th e edge of

, ,

the leaves bei ng cu t i n to a conti n u ou s chevro n w i th

a sti f f cu rl at th e term i nat i o n th e m ai n part of the
band or strap before i t bran ches ou t i n to th e scrolls
,

and foliage b ei n g i nden ted with a deep l i n e i n th e

,

center From th i s th e secti o n sl opes o n each s ide

.
,

o n wh i ch are engraved deeply a z ig z ag pattern

wh ose p o i n t m e e t form s a sort of l ozen ge th e sec ,

t ion s of th e scrolls an d fol iage bei ng fl at an d

engraved with a si ngl e chevron T h e wh ole of th e .

h i nge i s studded with sm al l q u a rt re f o i l headed n ails -

at regular d istances O n th e ban d from wh ich th e

.

fol iage springs there i s a pecul iarly formed raised -

proj ectio n l ike an an i mal s h ead sl igh tly resembl i ng

’

a gril le at Westmi n ste r A bbey t o wh ich referen ce ,

wil l be made the h i nge i s either a ru de copy of a

 I N TROD U CT I O N . xvi i
th i rteen t h ce n tu ry o n e or i t m a y b e a prototype o f
-

the later an d ri ch er w ork of th e n ext era O n th e .

door of D u rh a m C athedral n a v e th e re i s a v e ry fi n e
spec i me n of a
K N OC K E R ,

called the sanctu ary k n oc k e r o f a l i o n o r cat

“
,

l ooki ng with erect ears an d su rrou n ded by a sti f f co n

,

v e n t i o n a l man e from w h i ch th e head proj ects co n

,

s i d e ra b ly ; an d fro m th e m ou th wh i ch i s well gar ,

n i s h e d with sh arp teeth depe n ds a r i ng the upper

, ,

part o f wh i ch i s fl atte n ed an d at the j u n cti o n of the

,

circu lar an d flat part o n each s i de i s th e h ead of an

an i mal fro m whose O p e n mou th the flat p art p ro
,

ceeds . I t i s a wo n derfu lly sp i r i ted co mposi ti o n wi th

an i m men se deal o f ch aracter a b ou t i t the deep ,

l i nes proceed i ng fro m th e n os e to th e two corn ers of

th e m ou th rem i n di n g o n e of som e of the A ssyri an
wo rk . T h e eyes proj ect an d are p i erced ; i t i s
su pposed th at they were fi ll ed at the b ack w i th som e
v i treou s paste b u t of th i s t h ere i s n o p roof T h i s
, ,

gri m k n oc k er played a very i mportan t part i n early

t i mes fo r D u rham C ath edral possessed th e pri vilege
,

o f san ctu ary an d man y a p oo r hu n ted fugi tive

“

m ust have fran t i cally se iz e d th e k n ocker an d woke

th e echoes o f D u rham s h oly sh ad e an d brough t b y
’

i ts startl i n g su m m on s the two B en ed icti n e m o nks

wh o kept watch an d ward by day an d n igh t i n the
Ch am b ers a b ove the porch an d at o n ce adm itted h i m,
xv ii i I N TROD U CT I O N .

i nto th e sacred prec i nct and tak i n g down th e h u r , ,

ried tale i n the presen ce of w itn esses passe d h im to ,

the chambers kept ready prepared i n the western '

towers where for the space o f th irty n i n e days h e was

,
-

sa f e from pu rsu i t and was b ou n d to be h elped beyon d

,

seas out of th e reach of danger T h e pecul iarity

, .

attached to thi s D u rham kn ocker m u st be th e

excuse fo r th i s d igressi o n .

E xampl es of th i s sort o f k n o c k ers al though n ot ,

”
n ecessaril y sanctu ary o nes are by n o mean s u n
“
,

com mon B eau tifu l exam pl es exist a t the collegiate

.

ch u rch of S t E l i z a b eth M arbu rg at th e cathedral

.
, ,

of E rfu rt i n G ermany an d at the ch u rch of S t

, , .

J u li an B ri o n d e i n A u v ergne Fran ce Th e E r f u rt
, , , .

example is j u st as gri m a m o n ster as th e D urham

one ; th e man e i n each case is very si milar bu t i t ,

has the addit i o n al attracti o n of the figu re of a m an

between i ts form idable teeth th e head an d fore part ,

of the b ody with u pl i fted arms proj ecting from the

, ,

mouth ; bu t the ri ng is plain an d i t has an additi o nal ,

twi sted cable ri m e n ci rcl i n g the m an e .

Farri ngdon C hu rch B erks possesses a very b eauti, ,

ful speci me n of early metal work i n the h i nges o n -

on e of i ts doors very m u ch ri ch er i n detai l than the

,

St A lbans exampl e a ph otograph of wh ich i s shown

.
, .

R oughly speaki ng th ere are two h i nges of n o t qu ite

,

similar design wi th fl o ri a t e d scrolls an d a v ery ri ch

,

ban d or strap b etwee n them fl o ri a t e d at each en d , ,

and at the ape x a cu riou s perpen d i cul ar b ar t e rmi n a t

 I N T ROD U C T I O N . x ix

i ng at th e l ower e n d i n th e h ead o f an a n i m al an d at ,

th e u ppe r wi th scrolls fi tti ng to t h e shape o f the arch

the whol e o f th e h i nges b an ds an d scroll s are th i ckly
,

studded with n ail s an d grotesqu e heads an d beate n

orname n ts T h e ch u rch has bee n resto red ; the sto n e
.

car v i ng wh ich i s o f t h i rtee n th cen tu r y character i s

,
-

e n t i rel y modern an d th erefo re m isl eadi ng an d mu st

, ,

n ot b e take n as th e date of th e do or w i th i ts metal

wo rk .

A t S tapl eh u rst C hu rch K en t there was formerl y , ,

o n o n e of th e do o rs a ve ry ch aracteri sti c N orm an

h i nge of a very earl y type ; bu t th i s ch u rch h as al so
,

u ndergo n e restorati o n an d a fri e n d to wh o m we are

, ,

i ndebted fo r th e pho tograph of t he Farrin gdo n

am pl e stat es that th is h i nge was n ot th ere at h is
,

l ast v is i t ; bu t i n gen eral form i t resembles o n e at

E dstasto n C h u rch Sh ropsh i re wh ich retai n s i ts orig
, ,

i n al h i nges o n th e n ort h an d so uth do ors of th e n ave .

T here are man y oth er e x amples scattered a b o ut E n g

land bu t all th ese N orman o r twelfth ce n tu ry h i nge s -

follo w m o re or les s the sam e i dea —a broad strap ter

,

m i n a t i n g i n scrolls an d wh ose e n d n e x t th e sto n e

,

work Is i n tersecte d by a n oth e r broad strap f orm i n g

n early two th i rds o f a c i rcl e w i th s crolls at th e e n ds
-

an d betwee n th e two h i nges by wh i ch th e do or i s

actu al ly h u ng th ere i s o n e o r m ore fl at bands also
, ,

fl o ri a t e d th e i ro n Wor k protect i ng th e wh ol e su rface

,
-

of the woodwor k b u t n ot s o completely as i n the

,

n e x t era .
XX I N TROD U CT I O N .

I n Fran ce the work was l i ke the arch itecture a , ,

l ittle more advan ced Fol iage was m ore exte nsively
.

u sed t he scrolls gen erally fi n ished w ith a well

,

m olded l eaf or rosette bu t the form of th e scrolls i s

still sti ff an d l acks the graceful fl ow of the thi rteen th
centu ry S o me of the best speci me n s are preserved
.

at the cathedral s of A ngers L e P uy N o y e a u P aris , , , ,

an d m any others especially at the A b b ey of St D en is

,
. .

DOOR W OR K .

I n addi tio n to th e metal work o n th e d oors i n -

many of the large c h u rches i n Fran c e of th e twelfth

cen tu ry th e l arge wheel wi n dows are fill ed w i t h
,

ornamen tal i ro n grilles N o y e a u h as a n oted ex

.

am pl e These grilles were m ore parti cularly u sed

.

when th ere was n o tracery th e ram i fi cati on s of the ,

i ro n work al m ost supplyin g th e wan t of it V i o lle t

-

le D u c i n h is D z ct z o n n a z r e R a z sson n e gives a very

’ ' ’ ’

b eauti ful example o f th is T he gril l es referred to .

are n ot the i ro n frames i n wh ich th e twel fth an d

th irteen th cen tu ry stai n ed gl as s i s co n tai n ed as at ,

C anterbu ry B ou rges an d C h artres an d i n i n n u m e r

, ,
'

able other i n s t a n c e s b u t w e re design ed especially to

'

fi ll these large ci rcul ar ope n i ngs an d th e e f f ect i s ,

v ery beau ti ful .

’
T he n ext era d u ri n g wh ich th e s m i th s art seems to
have arrived at a cul m i n ati ng po i n t i s th e th irtee n th
cen tu ry W e have an i m men se n u mber of examples
.
,

n or have w e to go far to fi n d th em th ey are as wel l

 I N T ROD U C T I O N . x x i

rep rese n ted i n E n gl a n d as o n the C o n ti n e n t T h e .

i dea is m u ch th e sam e as i n t he preced i ng ce n tu ry ,

o n ly the scroll s are easier i n th ei r c u rves th e fol i a ,

t i o n s m o re ge n e ral an d th e wood wor k al m ost e n

,
-

t i re ly covered I n the clo i ste rs of S t G eorge s

. .

C hapel W i ndso r i s a n earl y perfect exam pl e ; the

, ,
’

doo r o ccu rs i n H e n ry III s work so m e ve ry beau ti .

,

ful wal l arcad i ng st il l remai n i n g i n j u xtapositi o n .

T h e d oo r i tsel f i s o f m ore recen t d ate probabl y E d ,

ward IV s ti m e b u t th e i ro n work h as bel o nged to

.
’

,
-

an earl i er doo r I t can scarcel y b e called a h i nge ;

.

i t i s more correctl y a coveri ng o f m etal work an d a l -

th ough m u tilated i n parts th e des i gn i s exce edi ngly ,

beau t i ful E ach l eaf of th e door h as th ree po i n ted

.

”
oval s k n ow n tech n i call y as th e vesi ca shape ;
, ,
“

th ese are i n tersected i n the ce n ter perpen di cul arly by

a bar of i ro n an d fro m th i s an d th e vesi c ae spri ng very
,

beaut iful cu rves fi ll i ng u p th e wh ol e i n terstices

,
.

T he sides an d arched t o p have an outer c o n ti n u i ng

l i n e of i ron f ro m wh i ch sp ri ng li ttle b u ds of fol iage
,

at i n te r v als ; the l ower vesic ae are n o w i m perfect ,

hav i ng o n e th i rd cu t O f f an d the t O p c o n t i n u i n g li n e
-

,
-

o n the l eft i s wan ti ng B etween th e fi rst an d seco n d.

pan el s are two ci rcu l ar d i scs w i th ri ngs fo r han dles .

,

se em i ngly of l ater d ate ; th e i n tersecti ng bar is n o t

co n t i n u ou s b u t term i n ates cl ose to th e po i n t of each
,

o v al with an e m b ossed rosette th i ckly stu dded wi th

, ,

small n ail s to attach i t to th e wo od wor k an d w i th -

heads boss es an d leaves at i n ter v als

, .
xxi i I N T ROD UC T I O N .

A t Y or k M i n ster there are splen d i d spec i men s of

metal work o n t wo co pe ch ests ; these chests are of
the shape of a qu adran t of a c i rcle s o as to obvi ate ,

fold i n g the cope often st i ff with g o ld embroide ry

, .

Th e l ids open i n the cen ter m ore than o n ce a n d the ,

hi nges wi th thei r scrol ls cover the wh o le su rface ;

-

the design an d execu t io n of the work be i ng si m ilar

to the previou s example .

A t C hester C ath edral th ere i s an u prigh t vestmen t

press i n the sacristy o p e n 1 n g 1 n th ree d iv i si o n s o f
,

o n e subdiv isio n ; bu t i n th i s case as at W i n dsor the , ,

iro n work i s m ore as a protectio n than as a h i n ge fo r

-

the h i nges are separate bei ng o n ly smal l straps o f

,

metal an d n ot con n ected w ith the s crol ls T he de .

S i gn IS I rregular ,the ce nter d ivisi o n h avi ng a pe r

n d i c u la r l i n e from wh ich spring fi ve s crolls o n each
p e

side with fl o ri a t e d end s ; th e l eft han d d ivision has

,
-

on e bold scrol l i n th ree cu rves an d th e righ t hand ,

-

d ivisi on open s i n two subdi vi sions each h avi ng a ,

horiz ontal bar i n th e cente r w ith scroll s s p r1 n g 1 n g

,

from each side bu t reversed the l ower be i ng the

, ,

boldest ; the cen ter an d righ t h ave co nt i n u i ng l i n es

o n each side bu t n o n e at the top or b ottom Th is
,
.

exampl e at C heste r C ath edral is a very beau ti fu l o n e ,

an d n ot so m u ch kn own as i t sh ould be or deserves , .

A t R ipon C athed ral there i s also an other vestm en t

press bu t th e h i nges are plai n strap h i nges w ith a
,

sti f f co nve n t i o n al ser i es of cu rves o n each side m ore ,

cu ri ous perhaps th an b eau tiful Th e h andle i s a

, , .
 I N TROD U CT I O N . xx i i i
s i mp le c i rcular di sc w i th p u n ched h oles rou n d th e
,

ou te r c i rcu m fere n ce an d a drop r i n g h an dl e R i po n

,
.

C athed ral possesses also som e v er y good h i n ges o n

th e south d oo r o f th e ch oi r wh i ch m ay b e twel fth
,

ce ntu r y bu t i f n ot ,are ce rta i n l y th i rt eenth cen tu r y

, ,

an d th e y have n o bac k straps .

E ato n B ray C h u rch pre se n ts o n th e sou th door a

, ,

very fi n e spec i me n of earl y m etal wo rk H ere th e-

.

door is agai n covered w ith th e s croll s di v ergi ng fro m

th ree strap h i nges reach i ng qu ite across th e do o r ,

th e apex of th e arched head bei ng al so fi l led w i th

scrol l work ; porti o n s o f th e b an d s are also orn a
m e n t e d w i th en graved work ; th e lea v es an d rosettes
are p u n ch ed T h e ri n g an d plate are perfect Th i s
. .

speci men i s i n a very goo d state o f preservat i o n o nly ,

some of the scrolls at th e b otto m b e i ng i mperfect .

In th e same ch u rch i s an oth e r h i nge of m ore s i mpl e

character bu t of a very qu ai n t design an d p ossess i ng
, ,

the pecu l i ari ty o f b ei n g al i ke o n both th e i n n e r a n d

ou ter sides of the door I n th e C athedral C l ose at
.

N orwich there are the rem ai n s o f a beau ti fu l speci me n

of i ro n work coveri ng o n e o f th e doors b u t i t i s i n a
,

sadly mu ti lated co n d iti o n th e u pper h i nge be i n g the

,

o n ly o n e perfec t ; th i s has an outer i ron b an d follow i n g

the ou tl i n e of the doo r th ough o nl y o n e p orti o n re
,

ma i n s an d b etwee n th e two h i nges i s a ho riz o n tal b ar

,

starti n g fro m a ce n tral rai sed b oss fro m wh i ch hangs

the han dl e th e e n d s o f th e bar be i n g fl o ri a t e d
, .

T h e e x am p les e n u me rate d h ere are o n l y a f e w

 I N TROD U C T I O N .

among m any a detailed descript i o n b ecom ing m o n oto

,

n ou s for they all m ore o r less fol l ow o n e ge n eral a r

,

rangeme n t Th e Fren ch examples d i f fer sligh tly i n

.

t reatm e n t b u t t here th e strap i s rath er broader an d

,

does n ot b ranch o u t i n to scrolls u n til i t reaches

m ore than h al f across th e d oor ; th e scrol ls are sh o rte r
a n d th e fol iage ri cher th an i n the E n gl i sh ex am pl es ,

an d the scroll s d o n ot bear th e same p roporti o n t o

the st rap A very goo d h i nge i s stil l to be see n on
.

the n orth door of R ou e n C athedral P ortes de C a l ,

e n d ri e rs an d at N oyo n C athedral o n th e door of th e

, ,

stai rcase leadi ng to the treasu ry B u t h i nges were .

n ot th e onl y th i ngs u po n wh i ch th e sm i th of the M id

dle A ges exerted h i s skill an d i n ge n u ity The grilles .

wh ich protected th e t ombs i n th e i n teri o r of ch u rches

an d the open i ng i n scree n s deman ded al ike th e e x e r
cise of both a n d at Westm i n ster A bbey there i s still
,

preser v ed an d replaced z n s z t zz after h avi n g been fo r

' '

man y years th row n by On o n e s i de am o ng u seless

l u mber a speci m en wh i ch an y age o r an y cl i m e m ight
,

j u stly be prou d of A rou n d th e sh ri n e o f E dward

.

th e C o n fessor repo se m an y of h is su ccessors an d th is ,

Chapel an d sh ri n e was exceedi ngl y rich i n costly gifts .

s i l ver gol d an d j ewel s be i ng there i n great abu n

,

dan ce O rigi n ally t he o n ly en t ra n ce to th e chapel

.

was th rough th e d oo rs i n th e s cree n form i ng the

reredos of th e h igh altar an d th ough co nsid era b ly ,

el evated above th e l evel of th e pavem en t of the

su rrou nd i ng a i sle i t was n ot s u f fi cien tl y secu re t o
,
 I N T ROD UC T I O N . XXV

protect i ts p reci o u s co n te n ts an d t he re m u st have

,

bee n som e sc ree n o r rai l i ng A t th e cl ose o f t h e

.

th i rtee n t h ce n tu ry the o n ly royal to mb bes ides that

of th e royal f o u n der H en ry I I I w as th at o f h is
, .
,

daugh te r i n l aw E lean o r of C ast i l e H en ry s tomb

’
- -
.
,

was of a go od he igh t bu t E lean or s was n ot so lo fty

’

, ,

an d there was th e dread of the rob b ers m aki ng free

w i th the o f f eri ngs to t h e sh ri ne as they h ad do n e ,

on ly a short ti m e previ ously wi th the t reasu re wh ich

.

th e ki ng had amassed for h i s Scotch wars an d wh ich ,

was stole n fro m the treasu ry i n the cl o isters hard by .

A gri lle of beau ti f u l wo rkmansh i p was accord i ngly

pl aced o n th e n orth si de o f th e tomb toward the ai sle ,

th e top of the gri lle bei n g fi n i sh ed w ith a form idable

row of sp i k es or ch evau x de frise as we n ow term
,
“
,
”

th em complete ly g u ard i ng th e chapel o n that sid e

, .

T h e framework of forged bars proj ects fro m the

tomb i n a cu rve an d o n the fron t o f thes e bars i s
,

r i veted so m e exqu isite scrol lwork I t is di f ficul t t o.

—
des cri b e i n detai l th is art treasu re a photograph
only coul d d o it j usti ce ; th e wo n derfu l e nergy an d
beau ty a n d m i n u te variety th row n i n to th e l i ttle
heads of an i mal s wh i ch h old the transverse bars i n
,

their m o u t h s a n d th e beau ty of the leaves an d rosettes

, ,

scarcel y two of wh i ch are al i ke are th i n gs wh ich ,

m ust be seen to be appreciated O n th e score .

of anyth i ng very b eau ti ful att ri b u ted to fo reigners ,

th i s i ro n wor k l i ke th e beau ti fu l e f fi gy of the quee n

,

wh ose to mb i t g u ards h as b ee n at tr ib u ted to F re n c h

,
 I N TROD UC T I O N .

or I tal i an i n fl u en ce ; an d th e E ngl i sh T orel l wh o ,

m ol ded an d cast the bro n z e e f figy h as bee n I tal ian ,

i z e d i nto Torel l i a n am e wh ich h e n ever bore i n h is

,

l i fetime W ith regard t o i ts be i ng F re n ch Fran ce

.
,

has n ow n oth i ng ex isti ng resembl i ng i t i n the sl igh t

est degree ; wh ile th e w ork i n t h e Cloi ster at S t .

G eorge s C hapel W i n dsor befo re referred to does

’

, , ,

resemble i t sl igh tly i n so me p oi n ts A v ery beau t i .

fu l grill e exi sts at C anterbu ry C athedral screen i ng ,

S t A n selm s C h apel fro m th e sou th ai sl e an d the

.
’

to mb o f A rchbish op M eopham T h is grille does re .

m i n d o n e o f I tal i an o r foreign work bu t there is ,

every reason to bel ieve i t t o be E ngl ish ; i ts great

ch aracter i st i c IS It s extreme l ightness for i t i s formed ,

of a seri es of do uble scrolls o n ly i n ch wide by / é

,
I

i n ch i n th ickn ess 7% i n h igh an d 3 % i n broad

,
. .
,

placed back to back an d faste n e d together a n d to

th e con ti nu ou s scrolls by sm all fillets o r ri ban ds of
i ro n wou n d ro u n d these bei ng fi xed i n to i ro n frames ,

6 ft 6 i n h igh by abou t 2 ft 1 0 m broad Th i s e x

tre me l igh t ness m
. . . . .

akes i t resemble th e f oreign ex

amples .

TH E E F F ECT O F TH E GRE A T L O N DO N F I RE ON T H E A R T .

T here is o n e parti cu lar phase of th e sm ith s art i n ’

E ngl an d wh ich dese rves m ore than a passi ng n oti ce .

The great i mpetu s given to th e i n du stri al arts by the

u n iversal re bu ildi ng after th e g reat fi re o f L o ndo n
-

e x erc i s ed a co n s i derable i n fl u en ce o n t h e art of the

 IN T R D O U C T IO N . XX V I !

sm i t h an d there i s th e pecul iarity attach i n g t o th e

,

revi val that t h e produ cti o n s are esse n tial l y Engl ish
an d are u nl i k e th e co ntem porary wor k o n the C on ti
n e n t p reservi ng an i nd iv id ual ity pe rfe ctly mar k ed
,

an d d isti n ct O n e m ight al most call i t a scho ol

.
“

an d i t lasted fo r nearl y a h u n dred years .

S t P au l s C athedral wh i ch was co m me n ce d i n
.
’

1 675 an d th e ch oi r so far completed th at i t was

O pen ed fo r servi ce i n 1 69 7 possesses some o f th e
,

fi n est speci me n s o f th is date i n the grilles an d gates

i n cl osi ng th e choi r a n d al th o ugh on e i s b ou nd to
,

con fess th at i t was to a fo reign an d n o t to a n at i ve

artist that these are du e yet i n m any parti cu lars they
,

resem b le ge n u i n e E n g l ish work O n e h as b u t t o.

compare these gates w ith oth ers o f th e sam e date i n

Fran ce to d i rectly see th e i m m en se di fferen ce b e
twee n them as i n the i n cl osu res o f th e ch o i r o f th e
,

A bbey ch u rch of S t O u en at R o u e n an d at th e
.
, ,

cath edral at A m ien s The artist s n ame was T ij a n ’

or T i j o u for th e orthograph y i s do u btful I n add i

, .

tio n to these large gates the origi n al pos i ti o n s o f

,

wh i ch have b ee n altered s i nce th e rearrangeme n t of

the cathedral there are seve ral s m aller grill es i n
,

some o f th e O pen i ngs an d escu t ch eo n s to some o f

the i n tern al gates wi th the arm s o f th e D ean an d
C hapte r ve ry b eau t i fu lly worke d i nto th e design .

’
Th e whole of th e i ro nw o rk at S t P aul s deserves a .

close i ns p ect i o n Th e ou ter rail i n g s wh i ch are p art

.
,
xxvi i i I N TROD UC T I O N .

ly cast are ,
of S ussex i ro n an d were made at La m
b e rh u rs t .

M ost of th e ci ty ch u rches h ave v ery good i ro n

work especial ly i n the sword rests an d com mu n i on
,

rails som e of the fi n est of the former bei ng at A ll

,

hallows B ark i ng St A n drew U ndershaft an d St , .

, .

M ary at H ill an d the l atter at St M ary W o o lm o t h

, .
, .

The altars o f som e of th ese city chu rch es are

marbl e sl abs su pp orted o n a fram e of wrou g h t i ro n
work I n the ch u rch of S t M i chael Q uee nhythe
. .
, ,

n ow destroyed there was a very cu ri ou s i ro n bracket

, ,

with pulley an d ch ai n for th e fo n t cover an d some ,

wrought i ro n h at rail s Th ough th e h i nges an d l ocks

-
.

o f these ch u rches a re n o t remarkable m an y of th e ,

van es are cu riou s S t L awren ce j ewry has a gri d . .

i ro n i n allu sio n to the martyrdo m o f th e sai n t S t . .

M ildred P ou ltry an d St M ichael Q u e e n h ) the b oth

, , .
, ,

destroyed b ore sh ips i n ful l sail ; S t P eter s C orn

, .
’

h ill th e cross keys ; St M ary le B on e has a flyi ng

, .
- -

drago n ; an d S t A n thol i n B udge R o w had a very

.
, ,

fi n e van e s urm ou n ted by a crown T he destru cti on .

of th i s ch u rch an d spi re o n e of the m ost beau ti ful i n ,

the city wil l ever b e a l asti n g disgrace to th ose wh o

,

brough t i t abou t I n th e ch urch o f S t D io n is B ack

. .

ch u rch at the west en d supp orti ng th e organ gal lery

, , ,

st o od square col u m n s o f ope n work of w rou ght i ron ,

and with ve ry n icel y wrough t caps bu t the ch u rch ,

h as also bee n destroyed an d the p illars probably sold ,

f o r o ld i ro n S o me o f t h e b ra ss ch a n del iers w h ere

.
,
 I N T ROD U CT I O N .

they h ad n ot b ee n m ade away w i th to b e re placed ,

by gas stan dards or b rackets are su spe nd ed by i ro n ,

work m ore o r less orn am e nted an d gi lded a good ,

speci m e n hav i ng existed at the ch u rch of S t C ath e .

ri n e C ree an d there i s st il l o n e rem a i n i n g at S t S a

,
.

A t St A lban s W o od street a
’

v i o u r s So u thwark
’

,
. .
, ,

cu rio u s h ou r glass i s preserved i n a wrought i ro n

- -

frame a rel i c of P u rita n ti mes ; an d th o u gh hou r

,

gl asses an d thei r stan ds are n ot u n co m m o n i t i s a ,

comparati ve rari ty whe n fou n d i n a chu rch of th e

’
date o f S t A l ban s Wood street
.
, .

The s m ith also fou nd ple n ty of occu pat i o n i n m a k

i ng rail i ngs an d gates fo r publ i c bod ies an d for pri
vate h ou ses and wro ught i ro n han dra i ls to stai rcases
,
-
.

O n e of th e m ost b eaut iful speci me n s of th e art of th e

seven teen th cen tu ry i s to b e seen i n a pai r of gates '

at the en d of a passage or hall i n th e b u i ld i ng o c c u

p ied by th e man age rs an d trustees of th e B ridewel l
H osp ital B ridge street B lac k friars th e w rough t
, ,

l eaves an d scrolls are very ri ch b ei n g design ed for ,

i ntern al wo rk an d date fro m v ery s oo n after th e fi re

,

o f L o ndon .

The ho n ora b le an d l earn ed soc i et i es of G ra y s I n n ’

an d th e I n ner Te mple have fi n e scroll e n tran ce gates -

to thei r respect ive garde n s an d scatte red a b ou t i n ,

the subu r b s at C lapham C h el sea Fu l ham S toke . , ,

N ewi ngton S tratford b y B o w an d H am pstead are

,
- -

fi ne e ntran ce gates wh ose design s are dou b tless very

,

fam iliar s i n ce there is scarcel y an old bri ck man s i on

,
X XX I N TRO D UCT I O N .

with red t i led roo f a nd dormer w i ndows an d wall ed

-

garden that does n ot possess the m Th ere i s co n .

s i d e ra b le beau ty abo u t these gates ; n otably i n the

way i n wh i ch the u pright standards are a tern a t ed l

wi t h panels of scroll wor k an d t he u p pe r part e n

-

ri ched wi th scrol ls an d l eaves an d the i n i ti als of th e

own er or h is arm s worked i n some of th i s wo rk i n ,
~

deed bei ng very del i cate an d refi n ed especially with ,

regard t o the fol iage B u t th e ch ief gl ory of th e

.

E ngl ish school of th i s date is the wo n derful work u pon

t he gates n ow preserved at K e n si ngton M u se u m
, ,

fo rmerly adorn i ng t he garde n s at H ampto n C ou rt

P alace an d the work of H u n t m g d o n Shaw
,
These .

are far su peri or to the gates i n St P aul s C athedral .

’

for the latter are a l i ttl e too arch itectu ral i n thei r
treatme n t C ori n th ian p i la s t e rs be i ng freel y i n tro
,
c

d u c e d wh il e th ese H ampton C ou rt o nes are free

,

from an y approach to arch i tectu ral forms i n i ro n and

re ly f o r e f fect solely u po n th e bol d cu rves an d sweeps
of the scrolls th e rich n ess of the acan thu s l i ke fol i
,
-

a g e and th e del icacy of the ce nter medal l i o n s T he .

w reaths wh ich are su spended fro m the top are wo n

, ,

d e rf u lly modeled some o f the fl owers i n trodu ced

,

being al most as del icate as th e n atu ral o n es they

r e presen t or rathe r reproduce i n i ro n ; on e
,

medall i on i n part i cular bei ng tru ly exqu isite A t

, .

the top of each of the gates are so me fi n e m as k s i n ,

some cases su rrou n ded by f ol i age an d each gate ,

is d i f fere n t i n design al th ough the y resemble o n e

,
 I N T ROD U C T I O N .

an ot h er i n gen eral form S ou th K e ns i ngto n M u

.

—
se u m possesses six of these gates o n e w i th a rose ,

ano ther w ith th e rose of E ngl an d su rrou nded by

smal l buds and l eaves a th istl e ; th is last o n e i s s u
,

p e r b ly m odel ed the pe c
. ul i ari ty an d be n d o f th e leaf
b ei ng accu rately ren dered A n other h as the h arp
.

of I rel and b u t w ith str i ngs re n t an d broken emble m

, ,

at i c o f the p rese n t state o f that u nh appy cou n try ;

an d th ree have the i n iti al s o f W il l iam o f O range an d
M ary S tu art I f W il liam s n am e i n these days may
.
’

n ot be qu ite so p opu lar as i t o n ce was an d i f h e d id ,

bu t l i ttl e for the co u n try over wh i ch he was call ed

to govern by a do m i n an t party at l east h e w a s the ,

mean s o f call i ng i n to exi ste n ce these exqu isi te works

of art wh i ch h ol d th ei r O w n agai n st an y foreign pro
,

du cti on an d place th e s m ith H u n t i ngdo n Shaw

, , .

fore most am ong th ose wh o worki ng wi th stalwart ,

arm wi th anv i l an d h am m e r were abl e t o th row l i fe

, ,

an d e n e rgy i n to th e d ull m ass o f m etal be fo re th em .

I n th e stai rcase o f a h ou s e i n L i n col n s I n n F ields

’

at N o 3 5 there i s a w o n d e rf u l spec i me n o f a e u g h t
.
,

i ro n stai rcase A t presen t th i s wrou gh t wo rk term i

.

nates at th e fi rst fl oor b u t th ere i s ev i den ce o f i t hav

,

i ng been co n ti n u ed t o th e seco n d fl oo r a pan el h av ,

i ng bee n o nce sol d at C h ri sty s fo r £ 4 0 w h i ch p u r

’

ported t o h ave co me fro m N o 3 5 L i n col n s I n n .

’

F iel ds an d had bee n removed i n c on sequ en ce o f ex

,

ten s i ve al terati o n s i n th e i n te ri o r T he rai l is co m .

posed of separate sta n dards w ith scrolls an d leaves, ,

x xx ii I N T ROD U CT I O N .

u n ti l i t reach es the lan di ng wh ich sweeps rou n d a

,

ci rcu lar well hole ; rou n d th i s th e stan dards cease

-

an d are replaced by an extraordi n arily fi n e panel i n ,

wh ich o n e can recogn i z e th e sam e han d as i n H amp

to n C ou rt gat es There i s th e same wo n d erfully
.

m odeled m ask with fol iage proceedi ng from it th e ,

sam e sort of wreath depen di n g i n advan ce of the

oth er work the ri ch acan th u s fol i age partly maski ng
,

the b o ld ly d e s i g n e d scrolls b e n eath betrayi ng th e

’

h an d of H u nti ngdon Sh aw Or h is school T h e date .

woul d also fi t f o r th is h ou se an d the n ext are tradi

,

t i o n a lly s u pposed to have been design ed by C hri sto

pher Wren fo r th e Sol i citor a n d A ttorn ey G en eral s -

—
abou t 1 69 5 9 6 th e date of the H ampto n C ou rt work
,
.

The cen ter oval medal l i o n o f th i s pan el has u n f o rt u

n a t el gon e an d i s repl aced by so me i n itial s i n cast
y ,

i ron bu t i t p robably co ntain ed some of those beau ti

full y model ed bu n ch es of fl owers w h i ch appear o n
the H ampto n C o u rt gates .
 PRACTICAL BLACKSMITH ING .

C H A PT ER I .

A N C IE N T AN D M OD E R N H AM M E R S .

A tri te p roverb an d o n e q u ite frequ e n tl y qu oted

i n m oder n m echan ical l ite rat u re i s B y the ,
“

ham m er an d h an d al l th e arts d o stan d T h ese .

few w ords s u m u p a great deal o f i n fo rma

ELE TI
VA ON . S E TI
C ON .

F IG . l — T APP I NG H A M ER
A M OF S T ON E .

t i o n co n cern i ng el e me n tary m e chan i cs I f we .

exam i n e so m e o f the m o re elabo rate arts o f m ode rn

t i mes o r give atte n t io n t o p u rs u its i n wh i ch co m
,

pl i cated m echan i sm i s e m pl oyed we m ay at fi rst be

,

i mpressed th at h owever co rrect th i s exp ressi o n m a y

2 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

h ave bee n i n th e past i t i s n o t appl icab l e t o the

,

prese n t day B u t i f we p u rsu e o u r i nvest i gat io n

.
s

far e n o ugh an d trace th e progress o f th e i n d u str y

,

u nder co n siderat i o n
‘ wh atever m ay,
b e its n at u re

EN D ELE TI VA ON .

I
S D E E E TI
L VA ON .

S E TI
C ON .

F IG . 2 —PER F OR T ED H AM ER H EAD
A M OF S T ON E .

bac k t o its origi n we fi n d soo n er o r l ater th at

,
b ot h
h am mer an d h an d h ave h ad everyth i n g t o do w i th
establ ish i ng an d m ai n tai n i ng it If w e i nvest igate .

text il e fabrics fo r i n stan ce w e fi n d they are the

, ,
 B L A C K S M I I H IN G
’ ‘

.
3

produ cts o f l o o m s I n th e co n st ru ct i o n o f the

.

l oo m s th e ham m e r was u sed t o a ce rtai n e x te n t ,

b u t back o f th e m th e re w e re othe r m ach i n es o f

vary i n g degrees o f excel le n ce i n wh i ch th e ham me r
,

pl ayed a st ill m o re i m p o rtan t part u n t i l fi n all y we ,

reach a po i n t wh e re th e ham me r an d h an d l ai d th e
ve ry fo u n dat i o n o f th e i n d u st ry I t w o u l d be .

n ecessary t o go back t o th i s p o i n t i n o rde r t o start

an ew i n case by so m e u n acco u n tabl e m ean s o u r
p rese n t equ ip me n t o f m ach i n ery sh o u l d b e bl otted
o u t o f ex iste n ce . T h e w o n derfu l m ech an i s m o f
m odern sh o e factori es fo r an othe r example h as
, ,

’
s u perseded the cobble r s h am m e r b u t o n th e othe r ,

h an d t h e h am me r an d h an d by sl ow degree s th rou gh
vari o u s stages p rod u ced th e m ach i n e ry u p o n wh ich
we at p rese n t depe n d fo r o u r fo otwear A n d so .

i t i s i n whateve r d i rect io n w e t u rn T h e h am me r .

i n the han d s o f m an i s d iscovered t o b e at th e

b ott o m o f al l th e arts an d t rades i f w e bu t go back ,

far e n o ugh i n o u r i n vestigat i o n F ro m an i n qu i ry o f

.

th i s ki n d th e d ign i ty an d i mp o rtan ce o f th e s m ith s ’

art i s at o n ce appare n t W h il e o thers bes ides h i m

.

u se h am m ers i t i s t o th e sm i th th at th ey al l m u st
,

go fo r t h e i r h am mers T he s m i th am o n g al l
.
,

mechan ics e nj oys the d i st i n ct io n o f p rodu c i n g h i s

,

ow n tool s A co n siderat i o n o f h am mers th e re fore

.
, ,

both an c ie n t an d m odern beco m es a m atter o f

,

special i n terest t o bl acks m ith s o f the p rese n t day as

well as t o art isan s ge n eral ly .
4 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .

Th e p r o totype o f the h am mer i s fo u n d i n th e

cl i n ched fi st a tool o r w eap o n as determ i n ed by
, ,

c irc u mstan ces an d co n d i t i o n s th at m an early ,

learn ed t o u se an d wh i ch th ro ugh al l the gen era

,

t io n s h e has fo u n d extre m el y u se fu l T he fi st co n .
,

s i d e re d as a ham mer i s o n e o f th e th ree t ool s fo r

,

extern al u se w i th wh ich m an i s p rov ided by

n at u re the other two bei ng a co mp ou n d v ise an d a
, ,

scratch i ng o r scrap i n g t o ol b oth o f wh i ch are al so

,

In th e h an d F ro m u s i n g the h an d as a h am mer
.

o u r earl y i nve n tors m u s t h ave derived th e idea o f

artifi cial h am mers t ool s wh i ch sh o u l d be servi ceable
,

where th e fi st was i n s u f fi c ie n t F ro m n ot i ng th e
.

acti o n o f the m u scl es o f th e h an d th e fi rst idea o f a

v ise m u st h ave bee n obtai n ed wh il e by s i m ilar ,

reaso n i ng al l o u r scrap i ng an d scratch i ng t o ol s o u r ,

plan es an d files o u r rasps an d perhap s al so som e o f

, , , ,

o u r edged to ol s were fi rst s uggested by th e fi nger

,

n ail s U p o n a s u bstan ce so fter than i tsel f th e fi st

.

can deal an app rec iabl e bl ow b u t u p o n a substan ce

,
'

h arder than i tsel f th e react i o n tran s fers th e bl ow t o

the fl esh an d th e bl o od O f n atu re s h am m er m u ch ’

to the d isco m fo rt o f th e o n e u si ng i t A fter a few .

experi men ts o f th i s ki n d i t i s reaso n able t o su ppose

,

that th e prim it ive m an co n ceived th e idea o f re i n

for c i ng the h an d by som e hard s ubstan ce A t th e .

o u tset h e p robabl y grasped a ro u n ded sto n e an d ,

th is m ade qu i te a serv iceable t ool for the l i m ited

pu rposes o f th e t i m e H i s arm became the han dle
.
,
 B L A C K S M I I II I N G 5
’ ‘

wh ile h is fi ngers we re th e mean s o f attach i n g th e

ham me r t o th e han dl e A m o n g th e rel i cs o f th e
.

past com i n g fro m ages o f wh ich th e re i s n o w ritte n

,

h ist ory an d i n t i m e l o n g p reced i n g th e k n ow n u se

,

o f m etal s are certai n ro u n ded sto n es sh aped i t i s

, , ,

su ppo sed by th e act i o n o f the water a n d o f s u ch a

, ,

form as t o fi t th e h an d T h ese sto n es are k n ow n

.

t o an tiq u arian s by th e n am e o f m au l s an d we re , ,

u n dou btedl y the h am me rs o f o u r p reh i sto ri c a u ces

,

t o rs C e rtai n vari at i o n s i h th i s fo rm o f ham me r

.

are al s o fo u n d F o r th at tapp i ng act i o n w h ich i n

.

o u r m i n o r wan ts i s o fte n m o re requ isi te tha n bl ows ,

a sto n e spec iall y p repared fo r th i s so m ewh at del i

cate operat io n was e m pl o yed a n ill u st rati o n o f ,

wh ich i s sh ow n i n F ig I A sto n e o f th i s ki n d
. .

wo u l d o f co u rse be m u ch l igh te r than t he m au l

, ,

al ready described T h e tapp i n g ham me r a n am e

.
,

appropriate t o th e device was h el d betwee n th e ,

fi nge r an d th e th u mb the cav it ies at th e s ides be i ng

,

fo r th e co n ve n ie n ce o f h old i n g i t T h e o rigi n al .

fro m wh ich th e e ngrav i ng was m ade bears ev ide n ce

o f u se an d sh ows t races o f hav i n g bee n em pl oyed
,

agai n st a sh arp su rface .

T he m au l co u l d n o t h ave bee n a v ery sa t i s f a c

tory tool eve n fo r th e w ork i t was sp eciall y c a lc u
lated t o per fo rm an d th e desi re for so meth i ng
,

better m u st have bee n earl y fel t T o h ol d a sto n e .

i n the h oll ow o f th e h an d an d t o st rike a n obj ect

with i t so th at the react i o n o f th e bl ow sh o u l d be
 ”
6,
mL A C K S M IT H I N G .

m ai n ly m et by th e m u scu l ar react io n o f the bac k o f

th e h an d an d th e th i n n est sect io n o f th e w rist i s
n ot o nl y fatigu i ng b u t i s l i abl e to i nj u re th e del icate
,

n etwork of m u scles fo u n d i n these parts I t m ay h ave .

bee n fro m co n siderati o n s o f th i s so rt that th e

double e n ded m au l s al so fo u n d i n th e sto n e age
-

were dev i sed T h ese were hel d by th e h an d grasp

.

i ng th e m iddl e o f th e to ol an d were u n dou btedly a

,

great i mp roveme n t over t he ro u n d m aul s E x p e ri .

e n ce h owever so o n s uggested th at i n eve n th i s

, ,

form th ere was m u ch wan t i n g I t st il l lacked .

en ergy t o overc o me react i o n s th e o f fi ce wh i ch the ,

wo ode n h an dl e so su ccess fu lly perform s E x p e ri .

m e n ts were there fore ea rl y made i n the d irect i o n o f

, ,

a m o re su itabl e h an dle th an th e u n assi sted arm an d

o f a p roper co n n ecti o n betwee n th e h am me r an d
the h an dle T he fi rst atte mpts were do ubtl ess i n
.

th e u se o f withes by wh ich h an dl es were attached

,

to su ch o f th e do u ble e n ded m au l s as m ay h ave

-

seemed su itabl e fo r th e p u rp ose T h i s m ean s o f .

fasten i ng th e han dl e i s see n t o th e p rese n t day

amo ng hal f c i v il i z ed n at i o n s an d i n so m e cases i s
-

eve n pract i sed by bl acksm ith s t o wh o m are avail

able oth er an d m o re m odern m ean s E v ide n ces o f .

a stil l fu rth er advan ce are h oweve r fo u n d at al m ost

, ,

th e sam e peri od for i n th e geol ogical rec o rds o f

,

the sto n e age are m et d o ubl e m au l s w i th h ol es

th rough th e i r ce n ters f o r th e i n sert i o n o f a h an dl e
I n so me i nst an ces th ese h ol es are fo u n d co n ed an d ,
 B L A C K S M IT II I N G .
7

are al most as well adapted fo r th e recept i o n o f

h am me r h an dles as th e b est to ol s o f m odern t i mes .

A n ill u strati o n o f o n e o f these p ri m it i v e t ool s i s

prese n ted i n F ig 2 . .

F ro m th i s i t w i ll be see n th at the advan ce toward

a perfect h am me r i n the earl iest pe ri od s w as i m po r
tan t as wel l as rap id A ll th e p rel i m i n ary e x p e ri
.

m e n t i n g t o th e dev el opm e n t o f a pe rfec t t oo l was

d o n e b y m e n wh o l ived an d w o rked be fore h i story
co m me n ced t o be writte n W h at re mai n ed t o b e .

do n e b y th e fratern i ty was e n t i rel y i n th e d i rect io n

o f m ore su i tabl e m aterial an d i n th e adaptati o n of ,

form to m eet S pecial re q u i re me n ts W h il e pri n c i .

pl es were th u s clearly esta b l ished at an early d ay ,

ver y sl ow progress seem s t o have bee n m ade i n '

applyi ng the m an d i n perfecti n g th e h ammer of the

”
m odern artisan B etwee n th e m au l o f th e sav
.
“

”
age of th e ston e age an d a M a y d o le ham mer ,

wh at a gul f ! Fro m the tapp i ng h am m er o f “

sto ne i ll u strated i n Fig I t o a j eweler s ham me r o f

, .
,
’

th e presen t day what a change ! B etwee n the

,

dou b l e faced perfo rated sto n e ham m er sh ow n i n

-

F ig 2 an d the power forgi n g ham m ers of m odern

.
,

p ract i ce what a seri es of exper i m en ts wh at a record

, ,

of progress what a h ost of i n ve n tors

, I n whatever
directi o n we tu rn an d fro m wh atever stan dpoi n t we
v i ew th e h am mer there are cl ustered arou n d i t facts
an d l egen ds h i st o ri c a l n o t e s an d mech an i cal pri n c i
, ,

pl es t o th e co nsideration of so me o f wh ich a portio n

,

of o u r space m ay be wel l d evoted .

8 y B L A C K S M IT H I N G .

To trace the origi n of the ham mer com men c i ng

wi th i t s prototype the h u m
,

an fi st a n d advan ci ng
, ,

step by step th rough the sto n e age where fragm en ts ,

of rocks wer e made to do roughly the work th at better

tools afterwards performed and so down t h e ages u ntil
,

th e fi n ished h am mer o f th e presen t day i s reached ,

woul d read l ike a roman ce L i ke a pl easing story.

i t wou ld perh aps be of very l i t tl e practi cal va lu e

, , ,

however en tertai ni ng th e n arrative m igh t be and , ,

th erefore we shall n ot follow th e devel op me n t of

,

the ham mer to o m i n u tely W e desi re t o i n tere s t

.

ou r readers b u t we also hope to do m ore than

,

s i mply am u se them .

T he ham m er has been j ustly called th e ki ng

of tool s I t has bee n su ng by poets an d m ade
.
,

the ce ntral figure of graph ic sce nes by some

o f the world s m ost n oted writers S i r Walter S cott
’
.

has tu rn ed i t to good accou nt i n som e of h is stories .

T he poet of m odern h isto ry h owever i s yet t o , ,

com e bu t wh en h i s day appears the re wi ll be m u ch

o f suggestive i n ci den t fro m wh i ch h e can fash io n h i s
song S om e o f the m ost beaut i ful an d del icate
.

works that has ever been produ ced by the han d of ma n

has bee n wrough t by th e ham mer an d th e sk illfu l ,

hammerman i s well worthy o f admirati on T he .

fabled hammer of T hor i s scarcely an exaggerati on of

the gian t t ools i n actu al u se to d ay i n scores of i ron
works an d i t woul d appear th at the m yth ol ogy m akers
,

of ancien t t i mes really saw v isio n s of the com i ng ages ,

 B L A C K S M IT III N G .
9

whe n they wo v e the wo n derfu l stor i es that were a

part of the rel igio n of ou r an cestors .

W e are v e ry apt to l oo k u po n th e h am me r as a
rude i n stru m e n t W e overl oo k th e sc i e n ti fi c pr i n ci
.

ples i n vol ved i n i ts co n stru ct i o n an d u se an d pay too ,

l ittl e atte n ti o n to th e m ate rial s o f wh i ch i t i s fash

i o n e d an d the fo rm s i n wh ich i t i s m ade We f re .

qu e ntl y l oo k u po n i t m e rely as an adj u n c t to othe r

tools an d forge t that i t i s en titled t o con si derati on
,

as a sol e i ndepe n den t an d fi nal tool I n som e .

h an dicrafts an d th ese too i n volvi ng a h igh class of

, , ,

—
fi n ished wo rk t h e h am me r i s th e o n l y tool e m
pl o y ed T hat great artist i c sk il l i n the u se o f th e
.

ham mer as a fi n ish i ng tool can be acqu i red i s m an i

fest fro m th e m an y beau ti fu l speci men s o f r ép o u ssé
work to b e see n i n s i l versm ith s sh ops T h e det ails ’
.

of th e orname n tat io n are n ot o nl y m i n u te bu t th ey ,

so harm o n i z e as t o give elegan ce an d expressio n t o

the whol e excl usi ve o f the form of th e arti cles the m
,

sel ves A glan ce i n to th e art stores i n an y o f th e

.

cit ies wil l reveal speci men s o f h am mered work o f

th i s s ort o r o f d u pl i cati on s of them m ade by ele ctro
, ,

plati ng o r by stam p i ng w i th d ies T h e e x cel le n ce .

,

an d co n se q u en tl y th e val u e o f these cop ies depen ds

, ,

u po n th e close n ess o f i m i tat i o n to th e origi n al an d

as they are fo r the m ost part very cl ever speci me n s
i n th is p art i cular t hey serve as i llu strat i o n s i n po i n t
,

al m ost as well as the o rigi nals Th ose of ou r readers

.

wh o are i n terested i n t he capa b il iti es an d p oss ibi li

 o
‘
B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

ti es of the h ammer w ill be i n terested i n an e x am i n a

n ation of som e o f these pieces o f work They are .

m ostly of brass an d copper an d i n both or i gin al s ,

an d cop ies th e t ool marks a re f ai th fu l l y preserved .

The esteem i n wh i ch t h ey are h el d may b e j udge d

f rom th e statemen t that a pi ece o f work o f t h i s k i n d
’

abou t half the s i z e o f o n e o f the se pages someti m es

fetches as m u ch as $ 2 5 whi le sh i elds of a larger ,

siz e frequ en tly sel l for th ree an d fou r ti m es th i s

su m C ho ice origi n al s are cherish ed i n m u seu ms
.

an d are beyo n d th e reach of m o n ey to b uy O ther .

exampl es of ham me r work m ight be m en tioned for ,

exampl e th e an cie n t wrough t i ro n gates h i nges an d

,
-

pan els represen tat i o n s of wh i ch are frequ e n tl y m et

,

i n art b ooks Th e s ui ts o f mail an d ch o ice arm or

.
, ,

most o f wh ich the an ci en t warri ors were wo n t to

'

cl oth e th em sel ves i n are also exampl es i n poi n t , .

A s m arvel ou s as these exampl es o f an c ie n t work

may see m we th i n k there are modern appl i cation s
,

o f the hamme r that are qu ite as won derful .

H A M M ER TH E .
*

if
Th e ham mer i s ge n erally kn own as a
rude i n stru men t bu t as a matter of fact i t i s i n some
,

o f its u ses a ve ry refi n ed o n e requ i ri ng great care ,

an d skil l i n its u s e .

T ime forb ids that I sh ould refer t o more than a

’
few p rom i n ent forms of h ammers T he carpe n ter s .

[F m l ro d li v d b f
a F kl i I i b y J h R M E P h l
e c t u re e e re e o re th e ra n n n st t ut e , os ua o se , . .
, i a

d lp h i
e a .
)
 B LAC K S M I T H I N G . I I

mallet has a large rec tangul ar head because as h is , ,

tools are held i n woode n ha n dles h e m u st n o t u se a ,

hard su bstan ce to d r i ve th em w i th o r h e w il l spl i t ,

th e h an dles W ood be i ng l ight h e m u st have a

.
,

large h ead to th e m allet i n o rde r to give i t we i gh t

en ough .

TH E S TO N E -
M A SO N ’
S M ALL ET .

T h e ston e m a son u ses a woode n m allet

-

, b ecau se

F IG .
—
3 AN I U T RATI ON
LL S OF T H E PROCE S S OF W ITH
TH E H A M M ER .

i t del i vers j u st t h e ki n d of dull bl ow th at i s re q u i red .

H is mall et head i s m ade ci rcular becau se h is tools ,

are steel an d have n o woode n han dl es an d h e i s

,
,

abl e to u se th e wh ol e ci rcu mfe ren ce an d thu s pre ,

ven t th e tools fro m weari ng holes i n th e wo ode n

1 2 B L A C K S M IT III N G .

mal let face The handles of both these mal lets are
.

short because they wi l l strike a su f ficien tly powerfu l

,

blow wi th ou t bei n g u sed at a great leverage O n .

the other hand the sto n e breaker s ham mers hav e

,
-
’

l on g han dles t o avo id the n ecessity of stoopi n g

, .

The pattern maker s ham mer i s l o ng an d slen d e r ;

-
’

l ong that i t may reach down i nto recesses an d cavi

,

ties i n the wor k a n d slender becau se bei ng lo ng it h as

, , , ,

weight en ough withou t bei ng stou t N ow take th e .

,

blacksm ith s sl edge an d we fi n d the handle n earer t o

’

th e pen e or n arrow e nd th an i t is to th e broad faced

, ,
-

’
e nd wh il e th e pavi or s sledge has the h andle i n th e
,

m iddl e of its l en gth I f we seek th e reaso n for .

these di f feren ces It W lll read il y occu r to u s that th e

,

blacksm ith s helper or striker del ivers most of h i s

’

blows i n a vert i cal d irecti o n an d uses m ai nly th e ,

face an d n ot the pen e of th e h am mer a nd by hav ,

i ng th e eye an d th e refore th e han dle n earest t o

, ,

the pen e end th e face en d n atu ral ly han gs down

,

ward becau se as held by th e han dle th e face e n d i s

, , ,

th e heaviest an d as a resul t h e needs to make bu t

, , ,

l ittle i f an y e f fort to keep t he face downward T h e

, ,
.

’
pavi or s work h owever l ies n ear th e grou nd an d he
, , ,

uses both faces h is h am mer n ot requ i ri ng a pe n e

, .

H en ce th e han dl e is placed cen tral bal an cin g b oth ,

faces equ ally .

T H E M A C H IN IS T s H A M M ER
’
.

Th e mach i n ist s ham mer i s also m ad e h eav i e r o n th e

’

face than on th e pen e en d so th at th e face wh i ch h e ,

 BLA C K S M I T H I N G .
3

u ses t h e m ost w i ll han g d ownward w i th ou t any

speci al effort to keep i t so H i s ch ipp i ng h am mer
.
,

wh i ch h e also u ses for ge n e ral pu rposes weigh s i n ,

the h eavies t ki nds KM pou n d s an d th e handle should ,

be 1 5 i n ch es l o ng H e wields i t fo r heavy ch i ppi ng

.
,

w ith al l th e force he can c o m m an d obeyi n g th e la w ,

that i t is v e l oci ty rather than wei g h t that gi ves pe n e

l h u s s u pposi n g a h a m mer weigh i n g ISO
'

t ra t i o n .
,

pou nds is tra v el i ng at a vel oc i ty o f te n fee t per

seco n d an d th e power s tored u p i n i t i s
,
foot
pou n ds A n othe r ham mer we igh i ng on e pou n d an d
.
,

travel i n g feet pe r seco nd wou ld al so have ,

stored u p i n i t I OO O foot pou nds H en ce the p ower

,
-

i s equ al i n th e two bu t the e f fects of thei r blows

,

wou l d be qu ite di f feren t I f they b oth s tru ck a bl ock

.

o f i ro n we sh oul d fi n d that th e e f fects of th e

qu i ck m ov in g h am me r wou l d si n k deeper bu t w oul d ,

spread o u t l ess s idewise givi n g i t a p e w ,

qu al i ty ; wh il e th e sl ow m ovi ng o ne wou ld a ffect th e

-

i ro n ove r a wider area an d si n k less deepl y To c i te .

an i m portan t opera t i o n i n wh i ch th i s pri n ci pl e m u s t

be recogn i z ed : S u pp ose we h ave a wh eel u po n a
shaft an d th at th e key i s fi rml y l ocked betwee n th e
,

two I n d rivi n g i t o u t we k n ow that i f we take a

.
,

heavy ham me r an d strike sl ow m ovi ng bl ows we ,

sh all spread th e e n d o f th e key rivet i ng i t u p an d

maki ng i t m ore d i f fi cu l t t o d rive o u t ; so we take
a h am mer h av i n g l ess w eigh t an d m ove it qu i cke r .
I4 B LAC KS M I T H I N G .
I

HAMMER
US ES OF TH E .

I n whatever form we fi n d th e h am mer i t i s used ,

for th ree pu rposes o n ly n amely to crush to dri ve , , ,

and to st retch A n d th e m ost i n teresti ng of these

.

operatio n s are stretch ing an d drivi ng Th e gold .

beater the bl acksm i th t h e sawm aker the plat e

, , ,

straighte ner an d th e m ach i n ist as well as m any ,

others empl oy th e h amm er t o stretch ; wh ile the

,

carpen ter th e mach i n i st an d oth ers too n u m erou s

, ,

to men tion u se the ham m er to d rive A m o ng the

, .

stretchi ng operati on s there are m an y qu ite i n terest

i ng on es .H ere i n F ig 3 for exam ple i s a p iece of
.
, ,

i ron two i n ches w ide an d an i n ch th i ck ben t t o the

, , ,

shape of th e letter u T h i s pi ece o f wi re i s yo u

.
,

observe too sh ort to fi t b etween the j aws an d I wi ll

, ,

n ow ben d th e piece an d close th e j aws b y si m ply

ham meri ng the out side of the cu rved e n d w i th a
tack ham mer Th e p roo f that th e bl ows h a v e b en t
.

th e piece is eviden t becau se the p iece of w i re n ow

,

fi ts tightl y i n stead of b ei ng l oose as before th e ,

h am meri ng T h e p ri n c i ple i n volved i n th i s op era

.

t io n i s that the bl ows have stret ch ed th e ou ter su r

face o r ou tside cu rve maki ng i t l onger an d forcin g
, ,

the j aws to g ether If w e perform a si m il ar operat i on

.

u pon a straight p i ece of m etal th e si de receiv i n g ,

th e blows w il l actu al ly ri se u p becom i ng con vex ,

an d maki n g th e oth er side con cav e g i v i ng u s th e ,

seem i ng an omal y o f the m e tal m ov in g i n th e oppo

s i te direct i o n to th at i n wh i ch th e b l ows ten d t o
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G , 1 5

force i t T h i s process i s te rmed pen i ng b ecau se

. , .

u su al ly the pe n e o f th e ham mer i s u sed to perform

,

i t I t i s so met i mes resorted to i n o rd e r to straighte n

.

th e frame wo rk o f m ach i nes an d eve n to re fi t wo r k

-

that has worn l oose .

TR AI G H TE N I N G P LA TE S N
S A D S AWS .

Stra i ghte n i ng th i n metal plates an d saws f o rm

very i n terest i n g exam ples of the stretch i ng p rocess ,

an d are co n sidered very sk il lful operatio n s S om e .

few years ago I was cal led u po n t o explai n the pri n

ci l i n vol ve d i n th i s ki n d o f strai hte n i ng an d
p e s
g ,

havi ng n o kn owledge of th e su bj ect I vi si ted a l arge ,

saw factory to i n q u i re a b ou t i t I was i n trodu ced .

to o n e o f the m ost skill fu l workmen an d the obj ect ,

of my visi t was made kn own to h i m H e i n formed .

me that i t was pu rely a matter of sk i ll a n d t h a t i t

i

was i mpossibl e to expl ai n it .

“
I w il l sh ow yo u h ow it is don e said he an d , ,

tak i ng u p a ha n d saw blade he began b e n d i ng i t

-

back and forth w i th h is han ds plac ing them a b ou t ,

'

e ight i n ches apart u po n th e blade .

W hat do you d o that fo r ? I asked .

To fi nd ou t wh ere It IS bent h e repl i ed , .

96 96

I spen t two h o u rs watch i ng th i s man an d qu esti o n

i ng h i m bu t I left h i m abou t as m u ch i n the dark as
,

eve n
T he n I v i s i ted a large safe m aki ng factor y -

,
k n ow
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G
I

6 .

i ng that th e plates f o r sa f es re q u i red to b e v ery n icely

straighten ed T h e forem an seem ed very will i ng to
.

h elp me an d took me to th e best straighten er i n th e

,

sh op w h o d u l y brough t a pl ate for a sa f e doo r an d

,

straighten ed i t for me Then he b rough t an oth e r .

,

an d as soon as he stood i t o n edge an d began to

sight i t with h i s eye I asked h i m wh y he di d th at
, .

B ecause the sh ad ows o n the plate d i scl ose the

”
high an d the lo w patches .

”
I n what way ? I asked .

Wel l the l ow patches throw shad ows h e re

, ,

pl ied an d th e co n versation co n t i nu ed a b out as fol

,

l ows
Wh en you h ave t hu s fou n d a l ow pl ace what do ,

you do P
I ham mer i t out .

I sighted the plate an d made a Ch al k m ark i n c lo s

i n g the low spot an d he laid t h e plate upon th e
,

an vil and stru ck it several bl ows .

Why d i d yo u stri ke th e pl ate i n th at part i cul ar .

”
spot ? I asked .

B ecau se that is wh ere I m u st h i t i t to straighte n

W h o told you that th i s part i cu lar sp ot was th e

on e to be ham mered
O h I I learn ed so me years ago .

B u t there mu st be some reaso n i n sel ect i ng that

”
spot an d that is wh at I wan ted t o fi n d out
, .

“
Y es I suppose the re is a reaso n for it b ut i f i t
, ,
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .

had b ee n a d i f f ere n t k i n d of hol low p lace I wou ld n t

'

”
have h i t i t there at all .

W hy n ot P
B ecau se I sho uld h a v e had to h i t i t somewhe re
else.

A n d so i t went o n u n til fi n all y I got some p i eces of

twisted plate on e W i th a bulge on o n e edge an othe r
, ,

wi th a b ulge i n th e m i ddle and he straighte n ed

,

the m wh i le I kep t u p my qu estio n s B u t stil l th e .

mystery remai n ed n or d i d I seem any n earer t o a

,

sol u t i o n so I aban do n ed th e attemp t .

A bou t s i x m o nths after th is I m et b y chan ce an ,

E astern pl ate stra i ghten e r an d on relati n g th is

,

experie n ce to h i m h e o f fered to go i n to th e sh o p
an d e x pla i n the matter .

W e wen t an d taki n g u p a pl ate o ne e i ghth i n ch

,
-

th i c k two feet w i de an d fou r l o ng h e l aid o n e e nd

, ,

o n a n an v i l an d h eld u p the other wi th h is left han d ,

wh ile w ith h i s right han d h e b e n t o r rath er spru n g

th e plate u p an d down remarki ng as h e d id so :
,

N ow you j u st watch th e m i ddle of th is pl ate an d ,

you w i ll see as I sw i ng i t the m i ddle m o v es m ost ,

and th e part th at m oves m ost i s a loose p la ce T he .

metal ro u n d a b ou t i t i s t oo sh ort an d i s u n der too

m u ch ten si o n . N ow i f I h amme r th is l oose place
, ,

I shall stretch i t an d make it w i de so I h am mer the

,

p laces ro u n d a b ou t it that m ove th e least stretch i ng ,

t he m s o that they wil l pull th e l o ose pl ace ou t .

N o w wi th a very l ittle p racti ce you could take ou t

,
 y

1 8 T L A C K S M IT H I N G .

a l oose pl ace as well as I can but when i t com es to ,

a th i ck pl ate th e case i s more di f fi cu lt because you ,

can n ot ben d the plate to fi n d the tight an d l oose

places so you stan d i t o n edge an d betwee n yo u an d
, ,

th e wi n dow the l ight an d shades show the hig h an d

,

low patch es j u st as a lan dscape sh ows h i ll s an d

valleys .

'

I sel ected se v eral e x a mp le s o f tw i sted an d croo k ed

F IG .
4 -
TH E L ONG C RO S S F AC E
-
HA MM ER .

plates an d he straighten ed them for m e e x plai ni ng ,

the reason s for each step i n th e process an d as th is ,

forms o n e o f th e most i n teresti ng operation s per

formed by th e ham me r I may as wel l speak some ,

what i n detai l of h am m ers t he way they are u sed , ,

and th e con siderati on s govern i n g thei r ap pl icatio n to

th e work .

F ig 4 rep rese n ts wh at i s called the l o ng C I O S S

.
‘
~
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .
9

face ham me r u sed fo r th e fi rst part o f the process

, ,

wh ic h i s called th e s m ith i n g T h e face that is .

paral lel to th e h an dl e i s the l o n g o n e an d the o the r ,

is the cross face T hese faces are at a righ t an gl e

-
.

o n e to th e othe r so that w ith ou t ch an gi ng h i s po s i

,

t i o n th e operato r m ay str ik e bl ow s that w il l be

le ngthways i n o n e d i rec ti o n as at A i n Fi g 5 a n d , , .
,
0

by t u rn i ng th e othe r face t oward the work he m ay

stri k e a sec o n d series stan d i ng as at B N ow su p .
,

p ose we had a straigh t pl ate an d del ivered these

two series o f b l ows u po n i t a n d i t i s b e n t t o th e ,

F IG .
S
—H O W I NG
S H OW TH E CRO S S F ACE H A M M ER O PERAT E S
-
IN

T W O D I REC TI ON S .

shape sh ow n i n F ig 6 there be i n g a s t raigh t w ave

.
,

at A an d a seam al l ac ross th e plate at B b u t

, ,

ro u n d e d i n i t s l e n th s o th at th e pl at e w il l be h igh
g
’ ‘

est i n th e m iddle o r at C If w e t u rn th e pl ate

, .

o v e r a n d repeat th e bl ows agai n st th e sam e places

‘
,

i t w ill beco m e fl at aga i n .

F OR M OF HAM MER FOR S T R A I G H TE N I N G S AWS .

T o go a l ittl e deepe r i n to th e requ i re me n ts o f th e

shape o f th i s h am m er fo r st raigh te n i n g saws I m a y
, ,
 f

20 B L A C K S M IT H I N G .

say th at b oth faces are m ade al i ke be i n g ro u n ded ,

across th e w idth an d sl igh tly ro u n ded i n the le ngth ,

th e am o u n t o f th i s ro u n d i ng i n eit h er di rect io n be i ng
i mp ortan t becau se i f th e ham mer l eaves i nden ta
,

”
t io n s o r wh at are tech n ical ly cal led ch ops th ey w ill
,
“
,

appear after th e saw h as bee n gro u n d u p eve n ,

th ough th e m arks th e m selves are g ro u n d o u t b e ,

cau s e i n th e gri n d i ng th e hard ski n of th e pl ate i s

re m oved a n d i t goes back to a certai n an d m i n u te
,

exte n t toward i ts or i gi n al sh ape T h is i t w ill d o .

m ore i n th e spaces betwee n th e h am m er b l ows than

i t will where th e bl ows actu al ly fell giv i ng th e su r ,

face a sl ightl y waved appearan ce .

FIG .
—ANO TH ER I
O LL U ST R A TI ON O F T H E S I R A IG H T E N IN G
' '

PROCE S S .

T h e amo u n t o f ro u n d n ess across th e face regu

l ates the w i dth s a n d th e am ou n t o f ro u n d n ess i n
,

th e face le ngth regu l ates th e le ngth o f the h am mer

m arks u n der an y give n fo rce o f bl ow A s th e .

th icker th e plate th e m ore forc ible th e bl ow there ,

fore the l arger di me n sio n s o f th e h am mer mark .

T h i s l o n g cross face i s u sed agai n after th e

-

saws h ave bee n grou n d u p b u t the faces are m ade

,
 B L A C K S M IT II I N G .
2 1

m o re n ea 1 l y fl at so that the marks w ill n ot si n k

,

so deepl y i t be i n g bo r ne i n m i n d h oweve r that

, , ,

I n F ig 7 we h ave th e tw ist h am m e r
.
sed fo r p re , u

c i se l
y the sam e straigh te n i n g p u rp oses as th e c r s s .

face b u t o n l o ng an d heav y plates an d fo r th e fol

,

l ow i n g reaso n s
W he n the op erat o r st raigh te n i ng a S ho rt saw

F IG .
7 TH E T W IS TH AM M ER .

h e can stan d cl ose to the sp ot h e i s h am m eri ng an d ,

the arm u si ng th e ham me r m ay b e wel l be n t at th e

elbow wh ich e n able s h i m t o see th e w o rk plai nl y
, ,

an d does n o t i n terfere w ith the u se o f th e ham m e r ,

wh ile the sh ape o f th e sm ith i n g h amm er e n ables

h i m to be n d h i s elb ow an d st il l del iver th e bl ows
lengthways i n th e requ i red d i rect i o n B u t whe n a
, .

lo n g an d heav y p l ate is t o be strai g h te n ed t h e ,

 '
2 2 B L A C I< S M I T H I N G .

e n d n ot o n th e anv il m u st be s u pported wi th th e
left ha n d an d it stan ds so far away from the an vil
,

that h e co u l d n ot be n d h is elbow an d still reach the

anv il W ith th e twist h am mer however he can
.
, ,

reach h is a rm o u t straigh t forward t o the an v il ,

to reach th e w ork there wh il e st ill h old i ng u p t h e

,

oth er e n d wh i ch he co ul d n ot d o i f h i s elbow
,

b e n t B y t u rn i ng th e twi s t h am mer over h e can

.

FI G 8—TH E
. D OC H-
E A D H AM M ER .

vary th e d i re c t l o n o f th e b l ow the sam e as w i th th e

,

lo ng cross face -

B oth of these ham mers are u sed o nl y t o st raighte n

the plates an d n ot t o regul ate th e i r te n si o n for yo u
, ,

m u st u n derstan d that a plate m ay be fl at an d st il l

h ave i n i t u n equ al strai n s ; th at is to say there m ay ,

exi st i n d i f fere n t l ocat i o n s i ntern al strai n s th at are n ot

stro n g e n o u g h to b e n d the p late o u t o f t ru th as i t is , ,
 B L A C K S M I T H IN C . 23

bu t wh ich w ill te n d t o do so i f th e sl ighte st i n fl u e n ce

i s exe rted i n the i r favo r as w il l be the case whe n ,

the saw i s put t o work W he n a plate i s i n th i s .

con di tio n i t i s sa i d t o h ave u n equal ten s i o n an d i t ,

i s essen tial to i ts proper u se that th is be remed ied .

T he exi ste n ce o f u ne qu al te nsi o n i s d iscovered by

b end i n g t he pl ate wit h th e h an ds as has bee n ,

al ready m e n ti o n ed an d i t i s remed ied b y t h e use of

,

the dog hea d ham m e r sh ow n i n F ig 8 whose face

-

, .
,

F IG .
9
—
SH W I NG
O TH E D IFF ERENCE IN T E E FF EC T S H OF TW I T
S

AN D D O G H E A D H A M M ER B L O W S
-
.

is rou n ded s o that th e e f fe cts of its bl ow w il l exte n d

equ ally al l aro u n d th e spo t stru ck I t w il l read il y be .

u ndersto od that t h e e ffects o f th e bl ow del ivere d

b y the sm i th i n g or by the twist ham mer w il l be
, ,

d i stri b u te d as i n F ig 7 at A B wh ile th ose of th e

.
, ,

dog head w il l be d i stribu ted as i n F ig 9 at C grad u

-
. , ,

al ly d im i n i sh i ng as th ey pass ou tward fro m the

spot stru ck ; h e n ce the dog h ead exerts the more -

equ al i z i ng effect .

U SE OF TH E D OG -
H E A D H A M M ER .

N ow ,
wh i l e th e dog -
head i s u sed e n t i rel y for
24
”
B L AC K S M I T H I N G .

regulati ng the ten si on i t m ay also be u sed for the

,

same p u rposes as e ither th e long cross face o r the -

twi st ham mer because the smi th operates to equal iz e

,

the te nsio n at the same ti m e that he is taki ng down

the l u m ps ; hen ce h e chan ges from o n e hammer to
the oth er i n an i nstan t an d i f after regul ati n g th e
,

te nsi on with the dog head h e should h appen to re

-

qu ire to do some sm ithi ng be f ore regulati n g th e te n

,

sio n i n an other h e would go righ t on with the dog

,

h ead an d do th e i n termedi ate sm ith i ng with ou t

changi ng to th e smi th i ng ham mer O r i n some .
,

cases h e may u se the l on g cross face to produ ce a

,
-

si m i lar e f f ect to that of th e dog head by letti n g th e

-

blows cross each oth er thu s distributi ng the ham

,

m er s e ffects more equall y th an i f the bl ows al l lay i n

’

o n e d i rectio n
.
 B L A C K S M IT III N G . 2 5

C H A PT ER I I .

A N C IE N T T O OL S .

A paper th at was rece n tl y read b e fo re a scie n ti fi c

associatio n i n E nglan d gives i n terest i ng parti c ulars
,

a b ou t t ools u sed by th e arti san s wh o worked o n th e

an cie n t b u ild i ngs o f Egyp t an d o ther mori bu n d
,

c ivi li zati o n s T he subj ect p roved special ly val uabl e

.

i n sh owi ng h o w sk illed artisan s pe rformed thei r

work years ago T he great structures whose
.

ru i n s are scattered all ove r N orth A fri ca an d A si a

M in o r demo n strate that great artisan an d e ngi n eer
,

i ng skill m u st h ave bee n e x ercised i n the i r co n stru e

t i on bu t wh e n p arties i n terested i n m echan ical
,

man ip ul ati o n s tr i ed to fi n d o u t somethi ng a b ou t th e

an cie n t meth ods o f d oi ng work the y were al ways
,

an s wered by vag u e pl atitu des a b o u t l ost arts and

stu pe n dou s mech an i cal powers wh i ch had passed i n to
obl ivi o n A veil o f mystery has always bee n fou n d a
.

co n ven i en t co v er i ng fo r a su bj ec t th at wa s n ot u n d e r
stood T he ave rage l i terary traveler wh o hel ped
.

to make u s th e to n s of books th at h ave bee n wri tte n “

abou t O rie n tal ru i n s h ad n ot th e pe n etrati o n o r th e

,

t rai n e d s ki ll t o rea s o n f ro m the c h a r a c t e r a n d m ar k s

2 6 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

on work what k i n d of a to ol was employed i n fash io n

i ng i t.

A trai n ed m ech an i c Flan ders P etri e h appen ed

, ,

rou n d Egyp t lately an d h i s comm o n se n se observa

,
-

ti on s an d dedu ction s have el u cidated m an y of th e

mysteri es th at h u ng rou n d the tools an d m eth od s of
ancien t workmen From a carefu l collectio n of h alf
.

fi n ished arti cles w i th th e tool marks fresh upon th em

an d i n that dry cl i mate there seems to b e n o decay
—
i n a period o f fou r tho usand years h e proves very
con cl usively that th e hard d i ori te basalt an d gran ite , ,

were cu t with j ewel poi n ted tool s used i n th e form of

-

straight an d c i rcu lar saws so li d an d tubul ar drills

,

an d grav i ng tools wh i le the softer sto nes were

,

pi cked an d bro ugh t to tru e plan es by face p lates -

That c 1 rc u la r saws were u sed th e p ro o f i s qu ite

con cl usive for th e recurri ng cu t ci rcular m arks are
,

as disti n ctly see n o n th ese i mperishabl e sto n es as

are the s a w marks from a n ewly cu t p i ne pl an k .

T h is proof of th e exi sten ce of an ci en t circul ar saws i s

cu ri ou s for t hat form of saw i s popul arl y bel ieved to
,

be of qu i te modern i n ve nti on That an other devi ce

. ,

su pposed to be of rece nt o r1g 1 n was i n co mm o n u se

,

a m o ng P haraoh s wo rkm e n is proved b y t h e sam e

’
.

auth ority We have met several mechan ics wh o

.

asserted th at they made th e fi rst face pl ate that was -

ever u sed i n a m a chi ne sh op and we h ave read of

,

several other person s wh o made th e same clai ms al l ,

wi t hi n t h i s ce n tur y N o w t h i s p ract i cal an t i qu ary

.
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 2 7

has gon e to Egypt an d re ported th at h e fou n d th e

ochre marks o n sto nes m ade by face plates that we re -

used by th ese old t i m e w or k me n t o b r i ng the su r

-

faces tru e .

A s steel was n o t i n u se i n th ose da y s th e cu tt i ng

po i n ts fo r tool s m ust have bee n m ad e of di am on d o r
other hard am orph o u s sto n e se t i n a metal li c b ase .

Th e varied form s o f speci m en s of work do n e sh ow ,

th at th e p ri n ci pal cutti ng to ol s u sed we re l o n g

straigh t saws ci rcul ar d isc saws sol i d drill s tu bul ar
, , ,

drills h an d grai n ers an d l ath e cu tters all of these

, ,

b e i ng made o n th e pri n ci pl e o f j ewel p o i n ts wh il e ,

metall i c p i cks ham mers an d ch isel s were appl ied

,

wh ere su i tabl e M an y o f th e tool s m u st have

.

p ossesse d i n ten se rigi d i ty an d du rabi l i ty for frag ,

m en ts o f work were sh ow n where th e cu tti ng was

d o n e v ery rap i dl y o n e too l s i n k i ng i n to h ard gran i te
,

o ne te n th i n ch at each revol u ti o n A cu ri osi ty i n the

-
.

man n er of co n stru ct i n g t ubular d rill s m igh t b e worthy

of the atte n ti o n of m odern ma k ers of m i n i ng m ach i n
e ry.

T h e Egypt i an s n ot o n ly se t cu tti ng j ewel s rou n d

th e edge of the d ri l l t ube as i n m odern c rown dril ls
, ,

bu t th ey set th em i n th e sides of the tu be both i nside ,

and outside B y th i s m ean s the hol e was co n t i n u ally

.

reamed larger by the to ol an d the con e turn ed dow n,

smal ler as the cu tt i ng proceeded giv i ng the mean s ,

of w i thdrawi ng the tool m ore readil y .

A s i n d i ca t i o n s o n t h e w ork p rove that g reat p re s

28 "BLAC K S M I T H I N G .

sure must h ave bee n requ i red to keep the to ol s cu t

ti ng the deep grooves th ey m ade at every s weep the ,

i n fere n ce i s that tool s wh i ch coul d stan d the h ard

service they were subj ected t o m ust have b een mar ,

v e lo u s l well m ade
y .

A N A F R IC A N F O R G E .

I n describi ng h is A frican j o u rn ey u p th e C a m

F IG . IO —A N A F R I C A N F ORGE .

e ro o n s fro m B ell T ow n t o B u d i man M r H

R iver , . .

H J oh n sto n re fers t o a s m all s m ith y v isited at th e

.
,

l atter tow n i n wh ich he came across a c u ri ou s l ook

,
-

i n g forg e M an y variet i e s o f A f r i can fo r g es had

.
 BLAC K S M I T H I N G . 29

b ee n n oted by h i m b u t th i s d i f fe red m arkedl y fro m

,

an y h e h ad see n O rd i n aril y h e says the bell ows

.
, ,

—
are made o f l eathe r u s u all y a goat s ski n bu t i n ’

th i s case they are i nge n i o u sl y man u fact u red fro m

th e b road pl iabl e l eaves o f th e ban an a A man si ts
, .

astride o n th e sl op i n g wo ode n bl ock beh i nd the bel

,

l ows an d w or k s u p a n d dow n th ei r u p righ t handles

, ,

F IG I l —A A TH E
' ‘
. P R IM I I IV E L .

th u s d ri v i n g a c u rre n t o f ai r th r o ugh th e h oll ow

co n e o f woo d an d th e do u ble barrel ed i ro n p i pes
( fi tted with a sto n e m u z z le ) i n to the fu rn ace wh i ch ,

i s a glowi n g m ass o f charcoal betwee n two h u ge ,

slabs o f sto n e F ig I Q is an ill u strat i o n o f th is re

. .

markable spec i me n o f th e A frican sm ith s i nge n u ity ’

.
3 0 B LAC K S M I T H I N G

A N C IE N T A N D M O D E R N W OR K AN D W OR K
M EN .

Fo rgi n g i s a s ubject of i n teres t t o a ll sm i th s .

E xce lle n t wo rk was made i n th e olde n days when ,

stamps d ies an d trip h am m ers were u nkn ow n

, .

F IG . 12 —A LA TH E N O W IN AC T U A L U SE IN \ S IA .

I saw s o m e exampl es o f a n c i e n t f o rg l n g
the ex In

h ibiti on o f 1 8 5 1 m ade i n 1 700 that were si mply

, ,

b e au ti fu l b oth i n design an d exec u tio n T h ey were

, .

a pai r o f gates i n th e scroll an d ru n n i n g ve i n cl ass o f

design T h e l eaves were beau t i fully m arked an d
.

n ot a wel d was t o be see n N o w I am n ot o n e o f

.
 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .
3 1

th ose wh o th i n k w e can n o t p rod u ce s u ch w o rk n ow

adays fo r I feel s u re we can i f we co u l d spare the
,

t i m e a n d stan d th e co st b u t u nd o u btedl y bl ack ,

sm i th i n g as a n art has n ot a dvan ced i n m ode rn

t i me s a n d i n th i s respec t t he blacksm i th s are i n
,

good co mp an y as was sh own i n th e an c ie n t j apan ese

,

bro n z e vase s ( i n t h e C e n te n n ial E xh i b i t io n at P h ila

delph ia ) wh i ch b ro u gh t s u ch m arvel o u s p ri ces
, .

S o m e o f th e t u rn ed w o rks o f th e l ast ce n t u ry were

si m pl y elegan t an d i n th i s c o n n ect i o n I se n d yo u
,

tw o S ketche s o f an c ie n t l athe s F igu re 1 1 i s th at .

fro m wh ic h th e l ath e t o o k its n am e A s i m pl e wood .

fram e S an d S carr i e d a t ai l stock B an d ce n te r

, , . ,

screw C carry i n g th e w o rk W T he m ot i o n was

, , , .

o btai ne d fro m a l ath e L ( fro m w h ich the w o rd

la t / w co m es ) R i s a cord attach ed t o L w o u n d o n ce
, ,

aro u n d t h e w o r k an d attach ed t o th e treadle T , .

D ep ress i n g T c a u se d th e l ath e L t o desce n d t o L

wh il e th e w o r k rotate d fo rward O n releasi ng th e .

pressu re o n T th e l ath e ro tate s th e wo rk backwa rd

so th at c u tt i n g occ u rs o n th e d ow nward m ot i o n o f
T on ly .

A ve ry an c i e n t d ev i c e y o u m ay th i n k B u t what .

d o yo u th i n k o f F ig 1 2 a l ath e act u all y i n u se to day

.
,
-

i n A s ia an d w o rk fro m wh i ch was exh ibited at th e

,

V ie n n a exh i b i ti o n O f th i s lath e L o nd o n E n g i
.
,

n ee r i n
g said
“
A m o n g th e exh ib its we re w o od gl asses bottle s , ,

v ases etc m ade by th e H ercu l es th e re mna n ts o f

, .
,
“

,
3 2 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .

a n ol d A siatic n at i o n wh i ch h ad settled at the ti me

o f the ge n eral m igrat io n o f n a t i o n s i n th e rem otest
parts o f G al icia In the de n se forests o f th e C arpa
,

th ian M o u n t a i n s T he i r lath e ( F ig 1 2 ) h as bee n

. .

e mployed by the m fro m t i m e i m me m o rial .

W e m u st certai n l y give the m credi t fo r p rodu c i ng

an y work at a ll o n su ch a lath e ; b u t are th ey n ot a
l ittle th ick headed t o u se su ch a l athe wh en th ey
-

can get d ow n E ast l athes f o r al m ost n oth i ng ; an d

, ,

i f they k n ow e n ou gh o f th e o u tside barbarian wo rl d

to exh ib it at an exh ibi t i o n th ey su rel y m u st h ave
,

—
h eard o f th e Y an kee l ath e By F F . .
 C H A P T ER I I I .

C H IM N E Y S , F OR G E S , F IR E S , S H OP P LAN S,
W OR K B EN C H ES, ET C .

A P LA N O F A B LA C K S M I T H S H OP .

T h e pl an o n p age 3 4 sh ows th e arran g eme n t

o f m y sh op I kee p al l m y t o ol s an d stock
.

arou n d th e s i des o f th e s h O p so a s t o h ave m ore

ro o m i n the ce n te r I d o al l m y work repa i ri ng i ro n
.
, ,

o r wo o d work o n th e o n e fl o or sh own i n Fig 1 3 , . .

M y forge i s two fee t fou r i n ches h i g h a n d fou r feet ,

s u a re ; i t i s m ade o f b ric k an d sto n e M y ch im n ey

q .

has a 1 2 i n ch fl u e wh i ch g i ve s m e plen ty o f draugh t

-

, .

M y tu ye re i ro n i s set fou r i n ches bel ow the su rface o f

-

th e f o rge t h i s arrangem e n t g i ves me a g ood bed 0

coal to work o n M y v i se be n ch is two feet wide a n d
.

seve n fee t l o ng ; i t has a d rawer i n i t f o r taps an d eye s .

M y wood w o rk b e n c h i s two a n d a hal f feet w i de an d

-

ei g ht feet l on g T h e b l owe r ta k es u p a space of fou r

.

fee t te n i n ch es ; I ca n work i t wi th a lever or

cran k T he d ril l o ccu p ies two by two feet The
. .

t ool rac k i s bu il t a ro u n d th e fo rge so that i t does n ot

-

occu p y m u c h roo m a n d i s han dy to ge t at T he .

34 ELA C K S M IT H IN G .

forge i s h oll ow u ndern eath wh ich allows m e to ,

dump the fi re an d get th e ashes ou t of a h ol e l eft f o r

the p u rpose I u se a bl ower i n pre fere n ce to the
.

FI G . I3 —P L A N OF A BL AC K S M ITH S H OP
old fash io ned bel l ow s an d co n sider i t far s u peri or
-

i n every way .

I n t h e ill ustrati o n A d e n o t es t h e an vi l; B i s a
, ,
 B L AC K S M I T H I N G .
35

v i se ben ch fo r i ro n w o rk ; R R a re t oo l rac k s for ,

tap s di es an d oth e r s mal l t ool s ; C is a l arge fron t

, ,

door ; D i s an u prigh t d ril l ; E i s a t i re b ende r ; G

, , ,

is a gri n dsto n e H i s a bac k d oo r a nd m y ti re stone

, ,

i s di rectly oppos i te so I can step t o i t easily wit h a

.

l igh t ti re fro m the fo rge ; 1 is m y bl owe r ; V i s a

, ,

v ise for i ro n work ; T i s a ti re u psette r ; III is an i ro n

, ,

rack ; S a pai r of stairs ; IV i s m y wood wo rk i ng

,
/
,
-

be n ch ; R is a rack fo r bits an d ch i sels S i s a wh eel

, ,

horse for repai ri ng wh e els F i s the forge ; an d n ear i t

,

i s a rack for tongu es an d s w e d g e s T h e rou n d spot .

at the corn er of th e forge i s a tu b I have a smal l .

back attache d to my anvil block for hold i ng th e tool s

I u se wh ile at work o n any parti c ular j o b — By J J B . . .

AN I M PROVED F OR G E .

My h ood for s m oky chi m n eys shown i n a previou s ,

co m m u n icatio n i s a good o n e ge nerall y spea ki ng

, , ,

bu t th ere are so me ki n ds o f w ork that wi ll n ot go

betwee n th i s h o o d an d the bottom o f the h earth and ,

to get ove r th i s d i f fi cu l ty I have devi sed th e arrange

me n t sh ow n i n th e accompan yi n g illu st rat io n F ig 1 4 , . .

I derive d th e lead i ng idea fro m a fo rge i n D u n dee ,

bu t i n maki ng m i n e I dev i ated fro m th i s p attern to

su i t mysel f T h e great secret i n h avi n g a good fi re
.

is to have a go od d raft an d t o h ave a good d raft i t

,

m ust be bu il t aft e r sci en ti fi c pri n ci ples F i rst a . ,

v acu u m m ust b e mad e so larg e t h at w h e n y ou r fi re i s

3 6 BL AC K S M I T H I N G .

b u ilt th e bla z e i m m ediately b u rn s the ai r thereby

, ,

form i ng a draft wh ich acts after the b all oo n pri n ciple ,

havi ng an upward tenden cy The ch i m n ey shou ld be

.

at least sixteen f eet i n height N ow for th e forge

.
,

F IG . I4 — I PROVED F ORGE
AN M .

I tore th e ol d o ne away clear down t o th e fl oor an d ,

bu ilt a n ew on e wi th bri ck,mak i ng i t o n the s i de fou r

feet an d two i n ch es ( th at i s fro m th e back part of th e
,

ch i m ney ) three feet an d si x i n ches i n width an d two

,
 B L A C K S M IT II I N C .
37

f ee t an d e ight i nches i n he i gh t I pl aced m y tuyere .

fou r i n ches l ower than th e su rface o f the hearth ,

l eav i ng a fire box n early se m i c i rcular i n shape a b ou t

- -

fou rtee n i n ches across th e longest way and te n i n ches

the other way I the n fi n ished th e hearth mak i ng i t
.
,

as l evel as I co uld co n ve n ien tly I the n pu t a .

straigh t edge o n th e face of the ch i m ney fou r i n ch es

-

fro m each co rn er marked i t an d c u t al l o f the fro n t

, ,

away for the d i stan ce o f fou r feet a n d si x i nches ,

leavi ng th e heavy si des u nd istu rbed l t h e n com .

m e n c e d lay i ng bri ck o n th e su rface begi n n i ng at the .

edge of the ch i m n ey ; the f ro n t p a rt o f th e exten si on

ch im n ey w a s a llo w e d to co me with i n th ree i n ches of
'

th e h ole i n th e tuye re I l ai d th ree cou rses o f bri c k

.

an d l e ft d i re ctly over the tu ye re an ope n i ng fo u r i n ches

—
by eigh t i n ches th i s i s large e n ough f o r a d ra f t ope n
i ng I the n co m pleted th e ch i mn ey u p as h igh a s I ha d
.

the old ch i m n ey d rawi ng i n at the top an d th e j ob

, ,

was co mplete an d a b et ter drawi ng forge can n ot be

,

fou nd T h e n oise i t makes i n d raw i ng rem i n d s on e

.
,

of the d i stan t ru m bl i n g o f a cycl on e .

N ow I w o u ld l ike to say j u st a li t t le i n refe re n ce

to the tu yere I am u si n g I t i s m an u f actu red .

by J W C ogswell an d I th i n k i t i s the fi nest

. .
,

worki ng tuyere I ever had th e pleasu re o f u si ng .

I t i s made o n th e rotary pri n ci ple the t op tu rn i ng ,

o n e qu arter arou n d I t su its al m ost an y ki n d o f

.

work . B y open i ng th e d raft a large fi re can be

obtai ned an d by closi ng i t you have a l i g h t o n e .
3 8 WB L A C K S M IT H IN G .

Y ou can ha v e a l on g blast l engthwise crossw i se or , ,

at an y angle an d for wel d in g l igh t o r heavy work

, ,

I can say the C ogswell tu yere i s hard t o beat .

I n th e illu strati o n ( F ig I 4 ) A sh ows th e pos it i o n

.
, ,

of the tuye re th ree i n ches fro m th e face o f th e

Ch im n e y F is th e face of th e ch i mney G i s th e
.
, .
,

u pper secti o n o f the hearth B is the draft rod C .

, .
,

is the rod that lengthen s or shorten s th e bl ast E .

,

F D co n sti tute the n ew part o f the c h im n ey

, ,
f is .
,

th e old ch i m ney f f i s th e draft w h ich i s fou r i n ches

.
, ,

FI G . I s
—T H E F ORGE T -
S A ND .

by eight i n ches i n th e cl ear an d i s si x i n ch es a b ove

,

the hearth . i s th e c i nder b o x — By L S R . . .

A S I M P L E F OR G E .

T he illu strat io n h erew ith sh ows a s i mpl e forge

at wh ich m ay be performed so me o f the m ost d i f fi
c ul t forgi ngs .
 B L A C R S M IT U IN G .
9

T he forge stan d as sh ow n i n the ill ustrat i on i s

-

, ,

s q u are i n shape bu t may be m ade rou n d o r an y

,

othe r shap e to s u i t A F ig 1 5 i s the tuyere .

, .
,
.

T he Si z e o f th e fo rge mu st be made t o su i t the work .

O n e that wou ld an swe r fo r ave rage pu rpose s sh oul d

b e abou t t we n ty fou r i n ches squ are an d abou t
-

twen ty or twen ty two i n ches h igh an d detached

-

FI G .
—T H E
16 SM OKE -
S T A C K AN D B ONNET .

fro m the wall s so as to allow o f getti n g al l

aro u n d i t F ig 1 6 shows the sm oke stack and bon net
. .
-
.

A i s th e bo n n e t ; B the smoke stack ; C is a dotted

, ,
-

l i n e showi n g th e n ext j o i n t of p ipe as tel escope d .

D D are ch ai n s ru n n i n g over the p u lle y s E E w h i ch

, , ,

are secu red to th e wal l o r cei l i ng F F are co u nter .

,
4 0 BL AC K S M I T H I N G .

weights wh ich balan ce the b on n e t whe n rai sed o r

,

l owered to accom modate the wor k i n han d B y I D .

-

. .

C U RI N G A SM OKY CHIM N EY .

I h ad a ch i m ney i n wh ich the draught was bad an d

’

i t m ay be o f i n terest to m any to l earn h ow I rem e

d ied the trouble I d i d so by maki ng a h ood o f
.

b oil er i ro n .

I fi rst cu t th e h ood t o th e shape shown i n F ig . 1 7

FI G . 1 —
7 TH E H OOD .

of th e acco m pany i ng en grav i ng T he d i stan ce fro m .

A to C i s two feet an d fro m A to B t he d istan ce i s

,

fou r feet e igh t i n ches From C to D i t i s two feet

, .
,

fi ve i n ches I then c u t away all proj ecti ng parts o f

.

the ch i m n ey an d n ext b en t the h oo d t o fi t the ch i m

,

n ey as cl osel y as p ossible I the n pu t the h ood u p .

 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .
4 I

w h ere I wanted i t t o b e th at was a b o u t fi fteen ,

i nches abo ve the t u yere i ro n an d mar k ed o u t the ,

o u tl i n e o f th e ch i m n e y I the n rem o ved al l th e b ricks

,

i n side th e mar k an d riveted two st raps each eigh t ,

i nch es l on g o n the h ood at t he p oi n ts A an d B

, I .

al so p u n che d a h ole at th e top at C I n e x t d rove a .

twe n ty pe n n y spi ke th rough the h ole C to the m i d

-

dle o f the ch i m n ey b ei ng care fu l to se t th e na i l i n

,

the m o rtar b etwe e n th e b ricks I the n n ai led t h e .

stra p s to th e ch i m ne y an d ta ki n g a stro ng w i re drew

FI G . I8 —TH E C I NDER CAT C H .

th e slac k at A an d B so th at i t fi tted s n u gl y 1 .

ne x t plastered i t aro u n d the edge a n d gave i t two

c oats o f wh itewash T he j ob was the n fi n ish ed and
.

i t i s the best arrangeme n t for a sm oky ch i m ney I

ha v e e v er seen .

I have a very good ci n der catch al so m ade o f ,

b oiler i ron i n th e form show n i n F ig 1 8 o f the ill us

, .

t ra t i o n s
. I t was made by taki ng a pi ece e ight i n ches
wide and l on g e n o ugh to reach across o n the i nside
of the ch i m n ey an d be n di n g the piece as sh ow n i n
,

t h e sketch Th e catch S ho u l d fi t i n tigh tl y

. .
4 2 BL A C K SM I T H I N G .

Fig . 1 9 repre se n ts the ch i mn ey wi t h t h e h ood at

tache d .
—By L S R
. . .

A B L AC K S M I T H ’
S CH I M N EY .

T he il lu st rat i o n F ig 2 0 sh ow s my m eth od of
,
‘

.
,

m aki n g a blac ksm i t h s ch i m n ey s o that i t w ill draw

’

F IG I g —S H O W I N G TH E H OOD TT C H ED
A A TO TH E C HI M NE Y .
.

well I kn ow what i t i s to h ave a sm oky ch i m ney

.
.

I had m y ch i m n ey torn d o wn a n d bu i l t u p agai n fo u r

ti mes i n two years T h e l ast t i me i t was b u ilt I th i n k
.
 BLA C K S M I T H I N G .
43

I stru c k o n th e righ t plan T h e forge i s b u i l t o f

.

sto n e I u se a b otto m b l ast t u yere T h e space B

.
. ,

i n th e i ll u strat io n i s l e ft o pe n to receive th e h an dle

,

o f the val v e an d to al l ow the escape o f th e ashe s

,
.

T he fro n t o f the ch i m n ey F i s b u i l t straigh t o r p e r

, ,

e n d i c u la r fro m th e hearth H C de n otes the o p e n

p
.
,

F IG . 20 —A BL AC K SM ITH S C HI M N E Y
’
TH AT W I LL NO T SM OKE .

i ng for the sm oke T h e d i stan ce fro m H t o C i s

.

abou t fo u r i n ch es o r the th ick ne ss o f two b ri cks

,
.

L e t me say here that the m o u th s o f m o st all fl u e s are .

too h igh u p from th e fi re an d th is all ows th e sm oke

,

t o spread be fo re i t reach es th e d rau gh t T h e fi re .

sh ou l d be b u ilt as cl ose t o th e fl u e as p oss ibl e an d ,

44
“

0 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .

th e top o f the ch im n ey sh o u l d be a l ittl e l arger than

the th roat .

I th i n k th is i s th e h an d iest fl u e that can b e b u ilt

—
fo r gen eral bl acksm i th i n g By J M B . . .

A N OT H E R C H I M N E Y .

As there are a great m an y wh o do n ot kn ow how

FI G . 2 1 —
A B L AC K S M ITH S C HI M NE Y
’
TH AT W I LL DRAW .

to b u il d a ch i m n ey th at will draw wel l I se n d yo u a ,

s ketch F ig 2 1 o f a ch i m n e y that I have been

, .
,
 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .
45

u si n g fo r fi ftee n years an d that h as gi v e n m e pe rfect

sat i s facti o n .

I t i s made o f b rick o r sto n e and i s j o i n ed to the

ROO F

FI G . 22 —ANO TH ER BL AC K S M ITH S C HI M NE Y TH AT W I L L DRAW

'

hearth th e l atter be i ng si x b ricks bel ow th e j am b

,
.

T h e rou n d h o le i n th e bott o m s ide i s th e bellows

h ole an d th e squ are h ole i n t h e e n d o f th e j am b i s
, .
4 6 BL AC K S M I T H I N G .

very c o nve n ie n t fo r s mall t o ol s etc Th e hearth , .

an d j amb ca n be b u il t i n s iz e an d height to s u i t th e
—
bu ilder By J K s . .
’

S T I LL A N OT H E R C H I M N E Y .

Th e ill u strati o n o n p age 4 5 , Fi g . 2 2 , rep rese n ts

F IG . 23 -
S TI LL A NO TH E R C HI M NE Y TH AT W I L L N OT SM OKE .

my m eth od o f b u ildi ng a b lacksm ith s ch i m ney s o

’

t h a t i t w i ll draw wel l an d w ill n o t s mo k e The .

 B L A C K S M IT II I N G .
47

orig i n al ch i m n ey fro m wh ich th i s s k etc h i s ta k e n h as

bee n i n u se i n m y shop fo r fo u r years an d i s as free ,

from soot an d C i nders as i t w as the fi rst day i t was

used I t s pecu li ar co n stru ct io n i s d ue t o th e fac t
.

that th e maso n w h o b ui l t i t m ade a m i stake o f e i gh t

i n ches i n l ocat i n g the fo rge a n d there fo re h e had , , ,

to give th e ch i m n ey a j og o f eigh t i n ches t o get i t

ou t at th e place i n te n ded fo r i t I n m aki n g o n e i t .

i s b e st to ru n i t o u t th ree feet a n d i f o n the s id e ru n ,

two feet above th e co m b By J S H— . . .

A N O T H ER F OR M OF CH I N EY M .

My way o f u n a b i ld i g b l ac k sm i th s ch i mn ey an d ’

o n e that w ill take u p t he s mo k e a n d soot i s show n ,

i n th e accomp an y i n g e n g ra v m g F ig 2 3 , . .

I t wi ll be see n th at the re are fi ve b ri c ks across the

b ase u p to a h ei gh t o f fi ve b ri cks th e n a gradu al
-

t aper t o fou r bricks an d the n two brick s an d a h al f

,

by o n e an d a h al f T h e fl u e o r smoke h ol e i s te n
.

i n ches i n di amete r T h i s ch im ney w i l l dra m By

.
— .

G C C
. . .

AN A R K A N S A S F ORGE .

T he accompan yi n g sketch F ig 2 4 wi th brief , .

,

descri pti o n w i ll gi ve a good id e a o f the forge I u se

, .

T he S hell of the fo rge i s a secti o n o f i ro n sm oke

stack fou r feet i n d iameter fi lled i n w i th san d an d
, ,

bri ck I u s e a water tu yere an d fi n d i t the best I

.
‘

ever t ri ed I u s c a bl o w e r i n p l ac e o f a bell ows a n d

.
,
48 BL AC K S M I T H I N G .

co ul d n ot be h i red to retu rn to th e bell ows M y forge .

i s at l east six feet from an y wall T he water keg rests

.

on a bracket f astened to th e wall an d as shown i n th e

, ,

i llu strati on the pipes exte n d dow nward an d along the

,

grou n d to th e forge an d th e n b eyo nd i t T h e p ipes

, .

ha v e cap s o n the e nds I use an angle valve as sh ow n

.
, ,

FI G . 24 —A N A R K AN SAS F ORGE .

for sh utt i ng o f f water fro m the p ipes A rack for to ngs.

i s fasten ed to th e back of th e fo rge A stati on ary .

p ipe extends from a few feet above the forge

 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .
49

th ro ugh th e ro o f A small e r p i p e wi th a h o o d o n
.

th e l ower e n d exte nd s u p i n to th e large pi pe an d ,

th is i s su spe n ded b y we igh ts s o as to be raise d or

—
l owered at w ill By E C . . .

S ETT I N G A T U Y ERE .

D roppi n g i n to a small sm i th y o n the west side

o f N ew Y or k C ity a short t im e ago I fou n d the
, ,

F IG . 2 —
5 S H O W I NG TH E F ORGE AN D B AC K W ALL .

proprietor m u ch perplexed H e was tryi n g t o ra i se

.

a wel di n g heat o n th e ce nter bar o f a ph aeto n dash

wh i ch had dog ears o r p roj ect i o n s o n each sid e A
-

do z en attem p ts were made wh ile I l oo k ed o n an d al l ,

5 0 BL AC K S M I T H I N G .

I ll h ave to se n d th is j ob ou t t o my
’
were fail u res .

n eighbor sai d the s m ith T hen I sugge sted that

, .

there was n o n ecessity o f d oing s o Th e trouble was .

owi n g to th e fac t th at th e t u yere was abou t eigh t

i n ch es ou t from th e back wall of the forge an d t he
dog ears o n the dash p roj ect ed abou t fou rteen i n ches
-

W i th th e old fash io ned back blast th e sm i th co u1d

-

h ave banked ou t a bl ow h ol e wi th we t coal the whol e -

l e ngth of h i s forge an d th u s have acco m pl i sh ed h is

,

wel d i n S h ort order bu t th e re wou l d have bee n m ore

,

or less waste of c Oa l H is t u yere was a bottom blast .

-

on e an d to h i m th ere was apparen tl y n o way o u t of

,

th e d i f fi cu lty .

I asked th e pr i v i lege o f t ryi ng my h an d at the j ob

an d was give n perm i ssi on M y fi rst t rick was t o .

locate th e O bj ecti o nabl e bri ck an d rem ove it T he n .

o n e of t h e dog ears of the dash c oul d e n ter I raised

-
.

the heat m ade th e weld an d suggested t o my frien d

, ,

that a handfu l of cem e n t wou ld repai r the breach .

S i n ce then i t has occu rred to m e that a sh ort ch apte r

o n setti ng tuyeres Would n ot be am iss an d I n ow ,

presen t m y i deas i n type an d ill u strated .

I n F ig 2 5 A rep resen ts a se cti o n o f th e back

.
,

wal l o f a bri ck forge ; B i s th e worki ng side ; C ,

th e face ; D th e to p ; F the ce n ter of th e

, ,

t uyere ; O t h e rod h ole of th e tuyere ; an d E

, ,

the ash pi t M easu ri ng fro m A an d B th e ce nte r

.
,

of th e tu yere i s as sh o w n by th e l i n e d rawn a ,

a n d H ; th e d istan c e s h o u ld n o t b e le s s than ei g htee n

 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .
5 1

i n ch es o r m ore T he di stan ce w i ll be s u f fi cien t fo r

.

m ost o f the work that i s d o n e by the average wago n

o r car riage sm i th S e t th e t uyere t op fro m fou r
.

i n ches t o s i x i n ch es bel ow th e l evel o f th e fo rge .

T he h eavier th e i ro n s to be m an i pul ated t he deeper

m ust th e top o f th e tu yere b e set .

I n bu ild i ng a n e w forge i t i s a w ise p recau tio n to

bu il d a recess i n t h e b ack o f the forge o r fo rge wal l
as deep as the co nstru cti o n o f the ch i m n ey will al l ow .

I f the wall be sixtee n i n che s th i ck le t t he re cess b e

FI G . 26 .
—S H O W I NG H ow TH E RECE S S Is M ADE .

n ot les s than e igh t i n ches deep an d twe n ty fou r -

i nches h igh an d at l east twe n ty fou r i n ches o r m ore -

wi d e ; th en w ith th e tu yeres set e igh tee n o r m ore

,

i n ch es o ut t h e m ost i n tri cate fo rgi n g can be h an dled

,

with care T h e sparks an d ash es wh i ch ascen d part

.

of th e way an d the n retu rn settl e i n t h e recess an d

,

th us keep the fi re cl ean an d clear F ig 2 6 shows . .

the man n er of con stru cti n g the recess A A bei n g ,

,
—
the b ac k wall an d B t h e r e ces s By I D . .
 B L A C K SM I I H IN G
' ‘

5 2 .

A M ODER N V I L A GE
L C A RR I A G E S H OP -
.

P ri ze Ess a y wr i t te n f or T h e Ca r r i a ge -
B u z ld e rs
’
N a ti on a l A sso c i a t i on b y WM . W .

WE TH ER H OL D , of R ea d i n g, P a

I n bu il di ng a carri age sh op roo m l igh t an d ve n , ,

t i la t i o n are th e th re e great po i n ts t o attai n and the ,

bu ilder wh o d oes at t ai n these p oi n ts an d at th e same

t im e h as e v eryth i n g co n ve n i en t w i ll h av e a perfect
S h op I n selecti ng a s i te I h ave t ake n a c o rn er l ot
.

an d h ave arran ged m y p l an s to ru n back t o th e te n

foot al ley u s ing m y ful l l e ngth of pl ot an d getti ng
,

l igh t fro m th ree s ides S ize o f l ot I l o x 65 ft .

,
.

( H eigh t of st o ries : fi r s t 1 2 f t ; seco n d an d th ird , .

,

1 0 ft F o r s i z e an d arrange m e n t o f ro o m see fl o or
.
,

p l an ) T he o f fi ce i s fro n t i n g t h e m ai n street a d
.
,

j oi n i n g th e wareroo m a n d i s fi tted w ith desks for ,

cl erks an d a fi re a n d b u rg la r p ro o f safe a tabl e at

f
,

s ide w i n do w at w h ich t o tak e th e t i m e o f th e h an ds

i n go i n g t o an d fro m w ork a l etter p ress a stat io n ,
-

ary wash s t an d she l ves , speaki n g tub es t o th e di ffer

,

en t dep art me nts an d a private desk fo r th e u se o f

,

th e p rop rieto r T here i s a door l ead i n g t o t he ware

.

roo m o n e t o th e stoc k room an d i s c o n v e n Ie n t to

, ,

th e el evato r an d s t a Ir wa y leadi ng u pstai rs T he .

wal ls are p lastered an d kal som i n ed T he wareroom .

adj oi n s th e o f fi ce fac i ng th e m ai n street T h e el e

,
.

v a t o r O pe n s i n to i t an d there are sl idi n g doors co n

,

n ecti n i t w ith the woo d shop T h e wall s a n d ceil

g .

i ngs are co ver e d w i th cyp ress wai nscot i n g two ,

i n ch es w i de pl owed a n d grooved an d fi n i shed i n

, ,

o i l a n d t h e w i nd o w s h a ve i ns id e sh u tte rs
, ,
 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .
S3

Y
1 0 FT A LLE
.

OT lRON

WOO D S H O P

S L IDING DOOR

W AR RE OO M
T
BOL S 5 CH 8 .

GOO DS

WAT !
ER E

F IG 2 7
. .
—P AN O F TH E FI R T F OOR
L S L .
54 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .

T h e stock ro o m i s n ext t o th e o f fi ce an d i s fi tted ,

w i th sh el v es an d r a cks for p rop e r sto ri n g an d a c

cou n t i n g o f sto ck There i s a d o or t o th e el evato r
.

an d a stai r way leadi n g u p stai rs al so a d oo r to th e

y ard for th e u n l o a di n g o f goods w i t h o u t d n t e rf e ri n g
with t h e workm en T h e u ppe r h al f of th e p artit i o n s
.

are ash w ith glass t o adm i t l ight T h e el evato r i s .

n ext t o th e sto ck ro o m a n d i s 5 0 arranged t hat t h e

wor k o f th e sm ith sh op can be p u t o n an d h o i sted
w ith o u t go i ng ou t s i de i n u n pleas a n t weathe r .

Th e wo o d sh op i s at th e rear o f th e m ai n b u i ldi ng ,

adj o i n i ng th e sm ith sh o p an d i s fi tted w i th fi ve ben ch

,

es I t i s n ext t o th e el evato r an d h as a stai rway

.

leadi ng t o th e seco n d fl oor T h e seco n d fl oor i s

.

u sed e n ti rel y for th e p ai n t d epartmen t G oing f ro m .

th e w o od sh o p w e get i n t o th e p a In t ro o m w h i c h ,

h as a p a In t b e n ch w i th m i ll an d sto n e t o m i x colo rs ,

et c S hel ves are arra nge d fo r th e p r o pe r keep i ng o f

.

cu p s an d b ru sh es T here 1 3 al s o a v ise b en ch i n
.

th is room w i th to ols b ol ts screws oil wash ers e tc

, , , , , ,

for th e taki ng apart a n d p u tt i ng togeth er o f work .

T here are two spaces w ith ce me n t fl oo r o n e for ,

gears an d th e oth e r fo r b odi es T h e el evator an d .

stai r w ay are i n th is ro om T he fro n t o f t h e seco n d

.

fl o or i s parti ti o n ed o f f for v a rn ish roo ms I h ave

.
.

u sed th e fro n t so as to be re m oved from t h e s mi th

an d wood departm e n ts as far as p ossibl e The wi n .

dows a re d oubl e an d the cei li ngs an d wall s fi n i sh ed

wi th cyp r e ss th e sam e a s th e ware room These “
‘

room s h ave i n si de sh u tters al so .

 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .
55

T he t r i m mer roo m i s o n th e th i rd fl oor b ack a n d ,

i s fi tted w i th be n che s fo r th ree m e n T h e fl oor .

pl an s wi l l sh o w p os i ti o n o f shelves c l oset s an d sew ,

i ng m ach i n e I h ave a s mal l roo m co n n ected w i th

.

th e t ri m m in g roo m t o be u sed e n t i rel y fo r t h e st u ff

i ng of c u sh io n s etc I t i s o f great h el p i n k eepi ng
, .

the tri m m in g roo m an d a ll t h e w ork clean T h e .

th i rd fl o or fro n t i s i n te nde d fo r th e s torage o f

, ,

bod ie s i n stock i ro ned an d i n t he r o ugh a n d fo r a

, ,

warero o m for seco n d han d work afte r i t i s rebu ilt -

H ere al so I have s hel ves for al l c u sh i o n s carpets

, , , ,

cu rtai n s e tc bel o ngi ng t o an y j ob wh ich i s bei n g

, .
,

rebu il t a n d repai n ted .

I n case o f m y pai n ters b e i n g c rowded w i t h work ,

I ca n have al l n ew b odi es b rough t u pstai rs an d take n

ah ea d i n pai n t th u s giv i ng t h em m o re roo m o n th e
'

sec o n d fl oo r T h e s m i th sh o p I h ave pl aced i n a n

.

an n ex s o as t o re mov e al l d i rt a n d d u st as m u ch as
,

possibl e fro m th e m ai n b u ild in g I t i s m ad e t o ru n .

fou r fi res Th e w i nd ows o n t h e s i de are placed h igh

.

t o p reve n t l o ok i n g i n to th e n ext yard b u t th e l arge ,

fro n t a n d back w i nd ows all ow pl en ty o f l ight T he .

seco n d fl o o r o f th i s an n ex wi ll b e u sed fo r sto rage

of l u mber wh e el s whe el s to ck sh afts e t c fo r t h e
, , , , .
,

wood workers the d oor i n th e y ard c a n b e u sed t o

-

u nl oad l u mber an d I h ave al so o n e o f th e re ar wi n

,

d ows arranged w ith a rol l e r b y wh i c h t o t ake i n l u m

ber T h e t rap d o o r i n t h e fl oo r ca n b e u se d t o sl ide
.

l u mbe r down i n to th e w o o d sh op a s i t i s o n a l i n e ,
5 6 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .

with th e sl i d i ng doors c o n n ecti ng th e wood an d

sm ith depart men ts .

I h ave arranged a heat er i n th e cell ar o f th e s m i th

S h op an d w il l h eat the wh ole sh op w ith steam ge n
,

e ra t e d by it .

I t w i ll wor k au tom ati cal ly an d w i l l re qu i re a t ,

ten ti o n o nl y twi c e dail y ex cept i n extre mely c old

weather w h e n m o re atte n t io n w ill b e n ee ded
, ,

T o stock a sh op o f th i s k i n d completel y at o n ce
w ou l d be a very d i f fi c ul t m atter I sh o u ld pr oceed as .

follows : I w o u l d o rder f e et o f l u mbe r asso rted ,

i n to 5 0 0 feet — i n ch p opl ar s urfaced o n both

5
F
3 -

s i de s fe et ig i n ch p opl ar su rfaced o n b oth s i des ;

-

5 0 0 feet ash i n ch ; ,
feet-
ash I } to 2 i n ch ; ,

I 0 0 0 feet h ickory I }z; t o 2 i n ch I w o u ld order w heel

, , .

stoc k for 2 5 sets o f wheel s as follow s : 5 set s fo r ,

g i n ch t ire I O set s fo r
-

,
i n ch tire 5 sets for i n ch -

,
-

—
t i re an d 5 sets for lé i n ch ti re ; 2 doze n pai r shafts 2
,
-

d oz e n p ai r d rop perches wo o d S crews n ails gl u e etc ; , , , , .

2 5 sets of axles to su i t wheel st ock ; 2 5 sets of s p ri ngs ,

bolts an d cl ips i n assorte d si z es a n d pai n ts a n d varn ,

ishes B ows an d tri m m i n g goods I w o u ld n o t o rder

.

at o n ce as I wo ul d n ow O pe n u p sh op an d try t o b ook
, ,

a f e w o rde rs an d see what qu al i ty o f w ork was

,

w an ted t o su i t m y n ew cu stomers .

I bel i eve that I n o rderi n g a l ittl e s pari n gl y at fi rst

I co ul d d o better i n th e e n d b y watch i ng the ru n o f
m y t rade as I co ul d t he n ch ange my stock i f n e c e s
, ,

sary w i tho u t any l oss

, .
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .
57

S
I T O RAG E ROO M

PA INT ROOM

EE T
L VA OR

YARD

'
as x 3 0 ai
f
. x ao
‘

5 8 B L A C K S M IT III N G .

T he fl oo r pl an s o f th e sh ops are sh o w n i n t h e
accompan yi ng il lu strat i o n s i n wh ic h F ig 2 7 re p re , .

se n ts th e fi rst fl oo r F ig 2 8 the secon d fl oor an d, .

,

F ig 2 9 the th i rd fl o or T he d rawi ngs are o n th e

. .

scal e o f 2 4 feet t o th e i nch .

B E S T ROO F F OR A BL AC K S M I T H S H OP .

I n an swer t o y ou r correspon de n ts G H S on , . .
,

wh o i n q u ire ab ou t t h e bes t ro o f for a b lacks m ith

sh op le t me say th at I p re fer a c o rr ug a t e d sh eet i ro n
,
-

ro o f m ad e o f the best gal van i zed N u mber 2 0 i ro n

, ,

fastened dow n w i th copp e r wire s wrap p e d a rO IIn d th e

rafters N ail s wil l work o u t w i th th e ch anges i n th e
.

w eathe r — By J B H . . .

H O LL O W F I RE VS . OPE N F I RE .

Fo r weldi n g steel t o i ro n I always u se an open

fi re o r I sh oul d say for th e l ast te n y e a rs h ave do n e
,

so F orm erly I u sed a h oll ow fi re b u t as I becam e

.
,

m ore expe ri e n ced i n weldi n g d ies I b e cam e c o n

v i n c e d that a h ol l ow fi re was n ot t h e be s t o r ch eapest

for t h at p u rp ose .

I have see n a great d e a l o f w o rk welde d i n a h oll ow

fi re a n d h ave s e e n m u ch o f i t b u rn t an d re n dered
e n t Ire ly w o rthless I n weld i n g a steel pl a t e to an
.

i ro n o n e I wan t m y i ro n m u c h h o t t er than I c an
,

get It In a h ol low fi re with o u t bu rn i n g th e s teel .

A S a h ol l o w fi re h eats al m ost as fast at th e t op as It

doe s a t th e bottom i t w ill be see n that i n o rder t o
.
,
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .
59

F IG . 29 .
—P L A N
v
OF T H E THI RD F L OOR .
60 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

get a weldi ng h eat o n th e i ro n yo u are p retty su re -

t o get the steel to o ho t a n d i f yo u d o n ot ge t a wel d

,

i ng heat o n th e i ro n o f co u rse th e steel w ill n o t weld .

I t m ay see m t o b e welded a great man y t i mes wh e n

i t i s o nl y s tu c k i n o n e o r t wo places an d i f i t is n ot ,

th o ro ughl y welded i t i s s ure t o start o ff wh e n i t i s

be i n g h arde ne d o r u sed .
.

I h ave n ot u sed a h ol l ow fi re for several years for

wel di n g steel t o i ro n fo r m any reason s amo ng w h i ch
, ,

I m ay men t i o n th e foll ow i n g : F i rst becau se i t ta k es ,

m ore t i m e an d o f c ou rse i s m ore expen sive ; an d

‘

, , ,

seco n d b ecau se I c an n o t d o t h e w ork as well M y

, .

way o f bu ildi n g a fi re i s t h i s I p u t o n pl e n ty o f c oal

t o m ake a fi re o f s u f fi cie n t s i z e f o r th e w ork I h ave
to do an d w i th resp ect t o t h i s p art o f th e O p erati o n
,

each m a n m u st b e h i s o wn j udge I b u il d u p t he . .

si des o f m y fi re pretty wel l a n d l et th e m id dl e b u rn

,

o u t ; th e n I fi l l th e m iddle w ith goo d h ard coke an d ,

my fi re i s ready T he n I p u t i n m y w o rk an d cover
.

i t w it h s mal l p ieces o f coke an d gi ve th e fi r e a sl o w

,

blast i n creasi n g i t as t h e h eat co m e s u p I n th is

, .

way I can bri ng m y h eat u p fro m th e bottom getti ng ,

a go od wel d i ng h eat o n m y i ro n wh e n th e t op o f th e
steel i s at a n o rd i n ary w o rki ng h eat I n th i s ki n d o f a.

fi re y o u can see y o u r h eat better th an y o u can i n a

holl ow fi re an d t el l wh en y ou r steel i s at th e right
heat I t i s clai me d th at there are several ways t o
.

tell whe n th e h eat i s righ t oth e r th a n by l ooki ng at

yo u r i ro n b u t I a m satisfied to tru st to m y eyes t o
,
 B LAC K S M I T H I N G . 61

i n fo rm me whe n th e p ro pe r resu l t h as bee n reached .

—
By G . B .
J .

A PO I N T AB O U T BL AC K S M I T H S F I RE S
’
.

A co m mo n t ro uble i n cou n t ry blacksm i th sh op s

is the go i ng ou t of the fi re wh ile th e sm ith i s d oi ng
-

work a way fro m it T h i s an n oyan ce can be p re .

ve n te d by k e e p i n g at han d a bo x co ntai n i ng saw

l

du st W h e n th e fi re seems to b e o u t th row a h and

.
,

ful o f sawdu st o n th e coal s an d a good b laz e wi ll

qu i ckl y fol l ow Th i s m ay see m a smal l m atte r bu t
.
,

there are ma ny wh o will fi n d my suggest i o n a u se

—
fu l o n e By D P . .

To K EEP A B L A C K S M I T II S
’
F I RE I N A SM A LL C O M P A S S .

I f cl ay or m ortar so o n b u rn ou t m i x the m w i th ,

stro ng sal t b ri n e an d the t ro ubl e w il l b e avo ided

whe n an i n te n se h eat i s requ i red u se fi n e coal wet
wi th b rin e U s e a th i n coatin g o n top an d arou n d
.

th e fi re Sal t an d san d m ixed an d th rown o n top of

.

th e fi re al so serves a goo d p u rpose .

B LAC K S M I T H ’
S F I RE F OR G E .

W i th re fere n ce t o th e man n er o f m an agi n g a

blacksm ith s fi re so as t o acco m pl ish the bes t resu l ts
’
.

I wi l l describe th e forge I am u si ng I t i s 2 feet 6

’

i n ches h igh ; t he be d is 3 feet 1 0 i n ches l on g an d 3

feet wide and i n con stru cti o n i s a box T he legs
,
.

are made o f 4 x 4 stu ff T h e t u yere i s placed 5 i n ches .

b e lo w t h e s urf a c e I us e a c o mmo n bel l o ws si z e 3 2

.
,
 "
62 BL AC K S M I T H I N G .

i n ches W i th th i s forge I have n o d i f fi cul ty i n

.

weld ing a 2 % i n ch axle or faci n g a I O pou n d sledge

- -

ham mer T h e ch i m n ey i s a n i nverted fu n n el an d

.
,

is m ade o f S heet i ron A t th e b otto m i t i s 2 f e et 5

-
.

i n ches i n di ameter I t j o i n s a 7 i n ch p ip e at the .

-

to p —By H B . .

C EM E N T I N G A F I RE P LAC E
-

To ceme n t a fi pl ace s o t h a t the ci n ders w ill n ot

'

re -

sti ck I u se ol d ax es i n stead of bricks I p u t the

, .

pol l s o f th e axes o u t at t h e f ro n t o f the b reast of th e

‘ "
“

fo rg e I u se fro m 1 2 t o 1 5 axes i n o n e fo rge p utti n g

.
'

two axes b el ow th e p ipe an d two o n each s ide a n d as ,

man y above as are n eeded I u se what i s cal led yel .

lo w cl ay fo r m or t ar pu tti ng a h an d f ul o f salt i n the ,

-

clay an d the n h e a t i n g i t th oroughl y so t hat there wi l l

,

be n o l u mps In th e m ortar I p u t the axes an d m or .

tar i n a s I wo u l d b ri cks and m ortar The fi re place .

-

1 8 l e ft d ee p e n ough t o h ave a bed o f dust i n th e bot

tom . A fi re place fi x e d i n th i s way wi l l l ast for

-

twelve mo n ths T he ci n d ers are l ifted wh il e h ot

. .

By F M G . . .

CEM E N T I N G A SM ITH ’
S F I RE .

y way o f ceme n t i ng a bl acksmith s fi re so th at ’

th e ci nders wi ll n ot stick i s as follows I u se P ower s ’

pate n t fi re pot I h ave u sed th i s fi re pot n i n e years

-
.
-

an d i t i s as good n o w as i t w as th e d ay I put i t i n m y
sh o p .T he re i s n o st i cki n g of ci n ders a n d n o c e ,
 B LAC K S MI T H I N G .
3

me n t i n g o r fi tt i ng u p o f th e fi re i s n ece ssary an d th e ,

sav i n g i n m y coal b il l fo r o n e m o nth a mo u n ts t o m o re

-

tha n the cos t o f the fi re po t By J M C L -

.
-

. .

B LAC K S M I T H C O A L .

T ho ugh l i ttl e is said regard i n g th e coal u sed i n

a b la c k s m i t h shop th e subj ect i s o n e wel l wo rth y th e

atten ti o n o f a ll i n terested i n th e wor k i n g o f i ro n T h e .

th ree coal s i n u se are ch arc oal an th rac i te an d b i ,

t umi n o us . F o r all pu rp oses ch arcoal i s th e best .

bu t its d rawbacks are su ch as to c u rtai l i ts u se .

These are th e c o St an d th e ti m e n eeded t o sec u re the

prope r co mb u sti on E xcept i n extre m e cases i t i s
.
,

n ot l i kel y to com e i n u se aga i n an d th e b l acksm i th ,

'

mu st therefore d epen d u po n th e m i n eral c oal s .

B i tu m i n ou s coal possesses m ore o f the e sse n ti al s

req u isite than the a n th racite b u t the qu al ity i s an ,

i mpo rtan t matter S ome i s m ore gaseou s than

.

others ; th e n to o there i s the o il y co al an d th at

, , ,

ch arged w i th an excess of sul phu r ; i n oth ers t he re i s

a great deal o f earthy matter A ll these fau lts ex ist .
,

an d th ey d o m u ch to ward retard i n g th e work o f th e

blacks m ith i f they are n ot guarded again st I t i s n ot .

man y years ago wh e n all b lacks m ith coal was i mp o rt

ed bu t th e C u mberl an d c oal o f th i s c ou n try is w ith
,

ou t d oubt th e b est that can b e procu red I t i s re .

m a rk a b ly free fro m earthy m atte r ign ites q u ickl y ,

”
and gives a p owerfu l h eat A n th raci te du st as
. ,

t he fin e s i ftin g s are design ated wo rks wel l i f t h e b l a st

,
64
"
BLA C K SM I T H I N G .

is all r i gh t b u t n o matte r h ow fi n e i t is i t does n ot

, , ,

ru n togethe r a n d make th e cl o se fi re of th e C u mber

land It al so c o n tai n s greater quan t i t i es o f su l ph u r
.
,

wh i ch operates to th e 1 n j u ry o f the i ro n C o k e h a s .

FI G —P L AN O F S H OP CO NT R I B UT ED B Y D F H
.
3 o . . . .

bee n u se d t o a goo d advan tage wh ere t he fi re bed -

i s l arge an d the b last stro n g b ut i t d oes n ot l ie cl ose

, ,

a n d u nl es s t h e b l ast is ke p t u p i t s mo u lde rs a n d foul s .

 B L A C K S M IT III N G . 6 "

P LA N O F A S IIO P .

I i n close y o u a s k etch F ig 3 0 o f
m y sh op wh ich , .
, ,

I th i n k a ve ry go od o n e fo r a c o u n t ry pl ace T he .

forge i s a h o me m ade art i cl e o f tan k i ro n 3 % feet i n

- -

d i amete r the bed be i ng fi lled w ith b r i c k an d san d

, .

Th e b ell ows are h u ng o v erhe ad an d are c on n ected ,

wi th th e forge by a t i n tu be A place i s m ade i n .

fro n t fo r coal I h ave a fi re al arm t hat I am i n te n d

.

i ng t o co n n ect w i th the h o u se a b o u t 3 0 feet awa y , .

D . F H
. .

P LA N O F SM ITH S H OP IN A N EW Y O R K C I T Y C A R R I A GE
F AC TOR Y .

F i g 3 1 m a k es t h e arrange me n t o f fo r g es an v i ls
.
, ,

b e n ch es etc qu i te pl ai n
, .
, .

T he s tyl e of fo rge u sed i n th is sh op i s show n i n F ig .

3 2
. I t co n si sts esse n ti ally o f an o bl o n g i ro n pa n ,

a h ole i n th e b otto m o f wh ich co mmu n icates wi th the

tu yere co n tai n ed i n th e b o x l i k e appe ndage cl earl y
,
-

sh ow n i n th e e ngravi n g T he e n t i re s tru ctu re i s .

su pported o n fou r le g s m ade i n the shape o f angle

i ro n A l o ng n arrow co m partme n t at th e e nd o f
.
,

th e fo rge c o n tai ns fu el wh il e a seco n d co m part me n t ,

o f a b o u t th e sam e shape a n d s i ze co n tai n s wate r ,

thu s putt i n g i t i n a m uch m o re d es i rable pos i t i o n an d

i n mo re co nve n ie n t sh ape fo r u se tha n th e ol d tu b
so c ommo n i n cou n try S h ops A ttach ed to th e ou t .

s id e o f the water tro ugh i s a s mal l square b e nch to

-

, ,
66 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .

L
B OWER

FIG . 3 I. —SM I T H SH OP IN A N EW Y OR K C AR RI AC T ORY

AGE F .
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 67

wh i ch i s f aste ne d an o rd i n ary m ach i n i st s v ise as ’

m ay be see n by t he e ngrav i ng .

Th i s forge possesses i mporta n t advan tages ove r

the com m o n brick forge I t occ u p i es co n s ide ra b ly
.

less space w i thou t lesse n i ng th e capac i t y fo r w o rk

, .

F IG .
32 .
—I M PROVED T Y E
S L OF F ORGE .

I ts co n s t ru cti o n ad m its o f th e sh op clean b e i n g k ept

aro u n d i t wh ich al o n e i s a featu re o f su ffi ci e n t i m
,

portance t o warran t it s i n trodu ct i o n I ts p ro b a b le .

cost is abou t th e sam e as that o f a b rick fo rge T h e .

fact that i t i s p ortabl e h owever gi ves i t a cl ai m fo r

, ,

prefere n ce i n t h is p articu l a r I t i s asserted by

.
68 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .

th ose wh o h ave u sed th i s f orge an d who h ave also ,

wo rke d at th e com mo n bri ck forge th at it w ill save ,

its own c ost i n a si ngl e year i n co nve n ie n ce over the

,

l atter Th e p o s i t i o n of th e water tro ugh i s a n i m

.
-

po rtan t featu re I t i s t ru e that a water trou gh of

.
-

si m il ar co n st ru ct i o n an d arran ge me n t m i gh t be a t
t a c h e d to a b ri ck fo rge bu t n o t w ith th e same fac ili ty
, .

T he ch aracter of t h e m aterial b ri ck w ou l d n e c e s s i , ,

tat e a th i ck su rrou n di n g wall wh ich wou l d re n d e r t h e

,

arrangeme n t at o n ce s o m ewh at awkward i n appear

an ce an d i n co mpariso n wi th th e i ro n forge q u ite
,

i n co nven i e n t .

A rack fo r su pp o rt i ng th e e n ds o f bars o f i ro n i n
th e p rocess o f he at i ng i s so arranged as t o sw i ng
clear u n der t h e forge an d yet t o b e ready when e v e r
, ,

requ i red T h e b race o r l eg show n i n th e e ngrav i ng

.

i s l o n g en ough t o su pport th i s rack i n an y p ositio n

th at m ay b e requ i red .

The tool b e n ch e mpl oyed i n th i s sh op c o n si sts o f

a h eavy w oode n fram e proporti o n e d so mewhat to
,

th e load i t i s to carry an d th e u se th at i s to be m ade

o f i t S ee Fig 3 3 A sh el f i n th e l ower p ar t lo
. . .
,

c a t e d b u t a few i nches abo v e th e fl oo r i s u sed as a

”

receptacl e fo r odd tool s b i ts of i ro n a n d the ge n eral

, ,

accu mu l at io n t o be m et w i th aro u n d an y b la c k s mIt h s ’

fi re Th e sides o n th e u pper p art are carried several

.

i n ch es ab ove th e top an d are su rmou n ted by an i ro n

gu ard wh ich exte n d s ou tward an d is co n ti n u ed three
,

qu arte rs of th e way aro u nd t h e b e n ch th u s form i n g ,

 BLA C K S M I T H I N G . 69

an o pe n i ng t h rough wh ich th e h an dles o f the vari ou s

tools m a y be dropped B y re f erri ng to F i g 3 2 al l
. .

these parti c u lars w il l be m ade cl ear .

T h e t op of th e be n ch is al so perforated b y two
sl ots an d by su ndry odd h ol es i n to wh i ch tool s are
,

FI G .
33.
—I M PROVED T OO L B ENC H .

dropped A sm al l gu ard exte n ds ac ross the f ron t of

.

th e be nch o n a level wi th th e top an swe r i ng a si m i

, ,
’

lar p u rpose .

T o a i d those wh o may w ish to co n stru ct a s i m il ar

be nch a top vi e w i s s ho w n i n F ig 3 4 an d an oth er .
,

o n e o f th e si de o r e n d as shown i n Fig 3 5 u po n each . ,

 B LA C K SM I T H I N G
'

7o .

o f wh ich di me n s i o n s are give n i n su ch a wa y as to

e nable an y o n e to wor k fro m them i f d esi red .

F IG .
34 .
—
T OP V I EW OF W OR K B ENC H .

FI G .
3 5
.
—EN D V I E W O F W OR K B ENC H .
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .
71

F i g 3 6 sh ows a sty l e o f sm o o th i ng plate or s m ooth

.
-

i ng bench i n use i n th i s sh op wh ich i t i s cl ai m ed , , ,

an s wers a very sat i s facto ry p u rp ose an d would co n ,

s t i t u t e a m ost u sefu l adj u n ct fo r any bl acksm ith s s h O p

’
.

A hea v y woode n fram e s u p p o rt s a cast i ro n pl ate a -

FI G .
36 .
—M OO THI NG ENC H
S B .

sect i o n o f wh i ch i s show n i n F ig 3 7 wh i ch i s .
,

som eth i ng l ike a n i nch an d a h a lf o r two i n ch es th i ck .

Th i s pl ate i s made qu i te sm ooth o n i ts u ppe r su rface .

For straigh te n i ng u p vari ou s l igh t i ro ns u sed i n

F IG .
37
.
—EC TI
S O N A L V I EW O F SM OO THI NG P LAT E .

wagon an d carr i age work i t se rv es a u se fu l p u r ,

po se .

Fi g 3 8 sh ows a n adj u sta b l e trestl e u sed fo r su p

.

po rt ing th e ends o f veh icl es A sc rew i n th e cen te r .

72 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .

rai ses t h e u pper bar to an y desired heigh t wh il e the ,

gu ides at th e si de by m ean s of h ol es i n them an d

, ,

p i n s to fi t gi ve i t stabil ity at whate v er heigh t i t is

'

p laced T he u pp er bar i s padded to preve n t scratch

.

i n g T h e e nti re c o n s t ru c t IO n 1 s l ight y et strong

. .

A P LA N O F A B LAC K S M I T H S H OP .

I find the arrange me nts of th e shop I am ab o u t to

FI G .
38 .
—
ADJ U TA E T RE T E
S BL S L .

descr i b e v ery co nven ie n t an d w i th the ai d o f the 1 1

, ,

l ustrati on F ig 3 9 they can be very easil y u n derstoo d

, .
, .

A de n otes the sh oei ng fl oor B i s th e fl oor for plow .

work C i s th e mach i n e an d wago n fl oor D i s the

. .

fro n t door wh i ch open s o ut wardl y E i s a s ide

, .
 BLAC K S M I T H I N G .
73

FI G .
39
.
—PLAN O F J E
. . M .
'
s
”
BLA C K S M ITH S H OP .
74 B L C KS M T H N
A I I G .

d o or that sl ides F i s an other sl idi ng door G i s a

. .

do uble forge H H are N o I R o ot b l owers [ i s a

. . .

vise post i s a bol t cu tte r K i s a drill L are

. . .

i ro n shears th at wi l l c u t I i n ch s qu are i ron M i s -

.

th e V Ise bevel N N are to ol be nch es 0 0 are

. .

anvil s P i s a man d rel Q i s th e swedge b lock

. . .

R R are wi n dows S i s an erect i n g ben ch

. T T are .

vises U i s the ch i m ney

. V V V V V are p i n s for .

iro n X i s the ti re spri n kl er

.
.

I n th e west gab l e there are two w i n dows an d i n ,

th e east gabl e o n e T he pl atform i n fro n t o f th e

.

sh op i s 1 2 x 2 4 feet T h at o n the sou th s ide i s .

1 2 x 1 2 feet B oth are o f 2 i n ch pl an k

. Th e -
.

s ides o f th e sh op are 9 f eet h igh T h e roof i s o n e .

th i rd p i tch T h e s h O p is 2 4 feet wide an d 44 f eet

.

l o ng .

T h e forge s are op e n u n dern eath an d th e b l owers ,

t h a t s e t u n der th e m are co n n ected w i th th e t uyere b y

.

a S p i p e passi ng th ro ugh th e base o f th e ch i m n ey

g
O
.

A go od h an d W lll earn for m e a d ollar a day m ore

‘

w i th these bl owers tha n w ith th e best 3 6 i n ch bellows -

I e v er own e d — By J E M . . .

C A RE O F TH E S H OP .

T o do go od w o rk o n e mu st h a v e go od tool s a s i t ,

is i m possi ble fo r a sm ith t o fo rge h is work s mo oth

u nl ess h i s t ools are i n go od o rde r I t i s l ikewise .

n ecessary for h i m to h ave g o od coal ; b u t w ith a

 BLA C K S M I T H I N G .
75

s h o p conven i en tly arranged an d with pe rfect tool s

,

an d the be st o f c oal t here i s m u ch wh i ch d epe n d s

,

u po n th e way i n wh i ch they are u sed th at d ete rm i n es

t he character o f wo rk and the relati ve ec o n om y wi th
wh i ch wo r k i s pe rform e d T here i s n o o th er b ran ch
.

o f carr i age mak i ng that req u i res so m u ch skill as that

of th e sm i th T h is i s b ecause h e has n o pattern s

.
,

l i ke the wood workm an an d i s u n der the n ecessi ty o f

-

shap i ng al l i ron s by h is eye A sm i th has m ore t o

.

en d u re tha n an y othe r mechan i c for i f th e re i s an y

,

thi n g wrong a b ou t a j ob the sm i th i s su re to get the

blam e wh ethe r i t be h i s faul t or n ot Th e stren g th
, .

an d d urabil i ty o f a b uggy for exam pl e depends

, ,

pri n ci pall y u p o n th e blacksm ith If sm i th s w o uld .

go t o work an d wash th ei r wi n dows clean ou t b eh i n d ,

the i r bell ows p i c k u p thei r scrap that l ies p ro m i sc u

,

o u s ly abou t th e sh op gather u p the b ol ts et c

, they , .
,

wou ld b e surpri sed at the chan ge that i t w o uld m ake ,

n ot onl y i n the ge n e ral appearan ce o f th ei r s h O p bu t ,

also i n the ease and c o n ve n ie n ce o f d oi n g work O n e .

great di sad v an tage u n der wh ich m ost sm i th s la b o r i s

t h e lac k o f l igh t F reque n tly bl ac k sm i th sh ops a re
.

stu ck dow n i n a b asemen t o r i n so me rem ote co rn er of

a bu i ld i ng I t i s a fact wh eth er i t be d i sregarded o r
.
,

n ot that i t i s easie r t o d o good wo rk i n a clean well

,
'

l igh ted shop th an i n on e wh ich i s d i rty a nd dark .

A word a b ou t e co n omy i n wo rk fo r th e ben efi t of ,

the you n g er men i n th e t rade especiall y D on t t h row .

'

awa y a bol t o r cl i p becau se a n u t st ri ps bu t go t o ,

76 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .

wo rk a n d tap o u t a n e w o n e an d fi t a n e w n u t O ld .

bol ts that are sou n d an d that are o fte n t hr own i n t h e

scrap are j u st as go od fo r repairs as n e w C areful .

atte n ti o n t o these p o i n ts w ill m a k e a m aterial di ffer

H AND Y W OR K B ENC H .

en ce i n th e expe n se s o f th e shop In the cou rse of

—
ti m e By B P . .

A HANDY W OR K B E NCH .

T h e plan o f a wor k ben ch sh own i n F i g 40 sh ows .

a very handy arran gemen t fo r tools .

Th e l egs an d top are of h ard wood B i rch i s very

-
.

go od T h e e n d s b ack an d ope n space i n th e botto m

.
,

are boarded u p o n the i n sid e Th e height o f the l egs

.

i s 2 fee t I o i n c h e s l ength o f bod y 4 feet 4 i n ches

, ,
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .
77

w i dt h o f e n d 1 f o ot 7 i n ches T h e top s can project .

at the e n ds t o su i t yo u r taste Th ree d rawers 5 3 4 .

,
-

x I 1 i n ch es are o n th e l eft si de O n t he r ig h t there

, .

are th re e 5 3 4 x 1 1 i nche s an d two 2 1 4 x 1 1 i n ches

- -
.

Th e m i ddle d rawe r i s 2 1 4 x 7 1 2 i n ch es 1 h i n g ed- -

.

a stri p u p an d dow n the e n ds so two p adl oc k s woul d ,

l oc k al l th e d rawe rs exce pt t he m i ddle o n e B olt th e .

vi se In th e cen te r o f th e ben ch an d i t w i ll b e f o u n d ,

F IG .
4I .
—
PER S PEC TI VE V I E W OF T OO L B ENC H .

ver y con v en i en t S u ch a b en ch ou g h t n o t t o cost

—
.

over ten doll ar s By H A S . . .

BLAC K S M I T H ’
S TOO L B E N C H .

I ncl osed I sen d drawi ngs of a to ol ben ch su ch as ,

is u sed by me wh ich I th i n k han d y i n al l res p ects

,
.
78 BLAC K S M I T H I N G .

The ben ch was made o rigi n ally fro m an old box th at

h ad bee n ly i n g aro u n d o u r sh op for so me t im e F ig . .

4 2 show s h o w the bo x h as bee n adapted to the p u rpose .

Th e si z e of the b ox was 2 feet 8 i n ches squ are an d ,

FIG .
42 .
-
S I DE V I E W OF B ENC H , S H O W I NG D I M EN S I ON S .

FI G 43 —
. PRO FI
. L E V I EW O F B R A C K E T . FI G 44 —T OP V I E W O F
. . B ENC H .

1 9 i n ches h igh Fou r p osts or legs

. were attached as ,

i n dicated i n F ig 4 1 O n e board was taken off from th e

. .

e n d of t h e b o x an d ou t of i t was made the shel f

.

,
 B L A C K S M I I III N G
' ‘

.
79

sh own i n perspect iv e i n F i g 4 1 T h i s le f t the O pe n i ng , . .

i nto th e box below th e sh el f I n the b o x I k eep .

m y pu n ch es head i n g to ol s e tc ; o n the shel f I k ee p

, , .

col d ch i sel s gouges p u n che s an d p i n s B el o w th e

, , .

box o n th e righ t han d sid e I h ave pl ace d a d rawe r i n

-

wh ich I kee p papers sl ate pe n c il s chal k and n e w , ,

fi les T h i s i s provide d wi th a l ock n o t sho w n i n the

.

sketch F i g 4 2 o f th e accom pany ing sketch es re p re

. .

sen ts a s i de vi e w o f th e be n ch an d al so sh ows the ,

FI G 45 —I RON S BY W HI C H TH E FI G 46 —TH E I RON F R AM E

F RA E Is F A S T EN ED T o RO U N D
. . . .

M E x T EN D IN G A
TH E B ENC H . T OP O F B ENC H .

shel f A in
p ro fi l e T h e d i f fe ren t di m en si on s are i a
.

di cate d in
figu res u po n th i s sketch F ig 4 3 sh ows . .

a p ro fil e of th e i ro n wh ich forms the b rackets th at

su pport the shelf Fi g 4 4 i s a t o p vi e w o f the be n ch
. . .

A A rep resen t th e fron t whe re th e bottom s we d g e s

are pl aced B B B shows the pos iti o n o f the han dle
.

s we d e s Fig 45 presen ts the shape o f th e two i ron s

g . .

whi ch h old t h e f rame s h own i n F i g 4 6 to the b e n ch .

,
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 8 1

an d othe r l ight i ro n s T he d rawers m ay b e u sed for

—
.

horseshoes n uts was h ers etc e t c By L S T

, , ,
. . .

H OM E -
M A DE
PORT A BL E F ORGE .

I made a s ma ll p orta b le f o rg e a s h o rt t i me s i n ce , as

FI G .
48 .
—H O M E ADE PORTA E F ORGE
-
M BL .

shown i n sketch F ig 4 8 I n si z e i t i s two f eet s q u are

, . .

and three feet h igh i t is made e n ti rel y o f w ood the

bellows are rou n d an d are s i xtee n an d a half i nches
i n si z e I co v ere d t h e m wi th the b e st sh ee p sk i n I
.
82 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

co ul d get T h e bed o f th e forge c o n si sts o f a b ox

.

six i n ch es deep I t i s su pported by co rn er p osts all

.
,

as sh own In the S k etch T h rou gh th e ce n te r o f the .

botto m i s a h ol e si x i n ch e s i n d iam ete r fo r th e

tuyere th i s i s th ree i n ch e s i n o uts i de d iameter an d
i s s i x i n che s h igh T he bed i s l i n ed w ith b ric k
.

an d cl ay I fi n d by u se that i t d oes n o t heat th rough

. .

Th e bell ows are b l ow n u p two h alf c i rcles with straps

fro m a board ru n n i n g across th e botto m al l of wh i ch ,

w ill be bette r un derstood by referen ce t o th e sketch .

I n add it i o n t o protect i ng th e b ed by b r i c k an d
cl ay th e tu yere i s set th ro ugh a p i ece o f sh eet i ro n
,

d o ubled an d properl y secu red i n place T h e hood .

wh i ch su rmo u nts th e forge was m ade ou t o f old S h eet

i ro n an d h as bee n fou n d su f fi c ie n t fo r th e p u rpose
,
.

T he co n n ecti o n betwee n th e t u yere an d th e bell o ws

i s a t i n p ipe By S S .
-

. .

I M PROVED B LA C K S M I T H ’
S T U Y ERE .

P erh aps i t wo u l d n ot co me a m iss i f I gave y ou a

s ket ch o f a t uyere I am usi n g a n d h ave had i n u se fo r
t wen ty fi v e years I t w orks en ti rely sat isfactory u p
-
.

t o a certai n si z e o f work For exampl e i t w ill a n .

,

swer fo r th e li ghtes t wor k an d wel d up t o a b ou t a f o u r ,

i n ch bar an d i s m ade co mplete o r the casti ngs o n ly

, ,

are fu rn ish ed by th e P rat t W h it n ey C ompan y of ,

H artford C o n n wh o are u si ng i t i n th e ir own shops

,
.
, .

I t co nsi sts as w ill be see n fro m th e acco mpan yi ng

,

s k etch F i g 49 o f a wi n d b o x A sup p orted o n b ri c k

,
.
,
-

,
.
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 83

wor k wh i ch form s a n ash p i t G b e n eath i t T o t hi s -

.

b o x i s b olte d th e w i n d p i pe B an d at i ts bo tto m i s
-

th e sl i de E I n an o ri fi ce at the to p of A is a tr i
.

an gular an d o val brea k e r D co n n ected t o a rod ope r ,

ated b y th e handl e C T h is rod i s p rotected from the

.

fi ll i ng wh i ch is placed b etwee n th e b ri ck wor k an d

,
-

the shel l F of th e forge by b e i n g e n cased i n a n i ro n,

FI G .
49 .
-
S H o ws PO S ITI ON J . T . B s
.
’ "
TU Y ERE ON TH E F ORGE .

pipe ! T h e b last pas ses u p aro u n d the t r i angul ar

.

oval p i ece D T h e op erat i o n i s as fol lo ws : W he n

.

D i s rotated i t brea k s u p th e sl ag gathered a b o u t

,

the w i n d passage o r bal l i n takin g a h eat an d i t fall s ,

i n to th e b o x bel ow A t an y t i me after a heat th e

.

sl i de B may be pu lled ou t l ett i ng the slag an d d i rt .

fall i nto the ash pi t b e neath A secti o nal v i ew is

-
.

see n i n F ig 5 0 I t i s a great advantage to be abl e to

. .

c l ear t h e fi re wh il e a h eat i s o n w i thou t d is tu r b i n g

84 BLAC K S M I T H I N G .

the heat Y ou wil l see that there i s n oth i n g to get

.

o u t of order an d as a m atter of fact t he tuyere w ill

,

l ast fi ftee n years o r m ore Th e top o f the wi n d box

.
-

i s two i n ches th ic k an d th e sides i n ch t h i ck ; i t

—
weighs altogether a b o u t sixty pou nd s By J T B . . .

H OP O F H I L L D I LL
TH E S .

P i E y w i tt f t h C i g B i ld N ti l A i t i
r ze ssa r en or e a rr a e u
’
er s a ona sso c a on .

T he carri age s h op th at produ ces o n e hu n dred n e w

veh icles an n u al l y W It h o u t steam or power m ach i n
,

F IG .
50 IS A S ECTI ONAL V I EW TH RO U G H SL AG B REA K ER D .

ery has j oi ne d th e S oc iety o f t h e O b so le t e bu t

“
’

, ,

th e sh op of abo u t th at capacity withou t p ower wh ich ,

makes repai ri n g i ts ch ief depe n den ce a n d bu ilds ,

e n o ugh n e w veh i cl es t o keep th e sh op ope n an d the

help at w ork th ro ugh seaso n s whe n rep ai ri n g is dul l
see m s to h ave o r o ught t o h av e a pl ace i n th e i ndu s
t rial eco n om y o f m anki n d T o su ch a n establ ish .

me n t M e ss rs H il l D ill h ave p i n n e d th e i r i n d us
.
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 85

tr i al f a i th an d th e i r sign b oard They cater to the -

.

wan ts of th ose who desi re special veh i cl es o u t of th e

u su al l i n e o f sal e work T hey b u ild extra wide car .
,

r i a e s for fat people gi ve extra he ad and leg room

g
-

t o tall people an d wel come th e b u tche r th e bake r

, , ,

an d th e coal m o ney maker whe n t hey c ome to o rder

-

b II s i n e ss v eh icl es wi th spe cial featu res E ve n the .

c ran k y d o ctor m i n ister o r school su peri n te nden t

, ,

wh o th i nks h e has i n ven t ed a v eh icl e wh ich wil l

revol u ti o n iz e the bu s i n ess is n ot frow ned u pon ,
.

H e w ill p robably wan t a good s en s i b le G oddard

t o ri de i n afte r he gets th rough fool i n g wi th i n v e n
t io n s .

T o th oroughly k n ow th e establ i sh me n t we m u st ,

k n ow t h e fi rm M r H ill th e capi talist o f th e fi rm

. .
,
.
,

was fo rm erly i n th e l ivery stable bu si ness H e i s a -

.

sol id b u il t sh rew d tidy lo ok i n g affable b u si n ess

-

, ,
-

m a n H e h as a l arge kn owl edge of carri ages as a

.

b uye r an d u ser an d paid repa i r b ill s for m any years

, .

H e k n o ws a good ho rse a good carr i age an d a g ood ,

c usto me r at sight an d kn ows h ow t o u se the m so as

,

t o ge t th e m ost o u t o f th em .

M r D ill i s som e te n years you nger than h i s part

.

n er t al l a n d b o ny h ai r rathe r l o ng an d t rousers
, ,

rath e r short T he corn e rs o f h is m ou th po i n t u p

.

w ard an d h e l ooks as th o ugh he was o n the poi n t of

,

lau gh i ng ou t lo u d bu t n o o n e eve r caugh t h im i n

,

th e act H e tal ks bu t l ittle and i s e ndowed w i th

.
,

excellen t j udgme n t an d n u merou s o f fspri n g H e .

 l'

86 B L A C K S M IT H 1 N G .

was formerl y a body maker bu t degen erated o r de -

v e lo p e d i n to a foreman of a repai r shop H e takes .

FI G 5
. 1 .
- PLAN O F TH E BAS E EN T O F
M HI LL DI LL S S
’

H OP .

A A A Cl o set s B B B B e n c h es
,
. CCC , g
F o r es . D D B o ts
, l . E , B en d e r.

l l
.
,

F, B o t c u tt e r
-
. G Si n
, k . H , W a t er c-
ose t .
 B LAC K S M I T H I N G . 87

t h e wo rl d at i ts b est a n d ma k es the b est o f h i s m i s

haps ; i f h e fall s d own h e man ages t o fall forward ,

an d rise j us t a l i ttl e ahead o f where h e fell B oth .

h e an d h i s part n er are l iberall y e nd owed w i th the i n

s t i n c t that leads t o accu mulat ion as evide n ced b y ,

M r H i l l s sn ug b a n k accou n t an d n u me rous bl ock s

.
’

o f real estate wh i ch he ow n s ; an d a visi t to M r .

D ill s att i c an d cellar woul d co n v i n ce the m ost s e ep

'

tical th at h e al so lays u p e v eryth i ng fo r wh i ch h e

“

has n o p rese n t u se .

T h e fi rst fl oor o f the shop i s level wi th th e side

wal k an d t h e grad e i s su ch th at at 60 fee t fro m the
corne r th ere i s a fu ll si ze wi n d o w ( 2 4 l igh ts 8 x 1 0 -

in t h e botto m o f wh i ch i s 3 ft above the basemen t .

fl oor wh ich i s 1 1 ft 8 i n bel ow the fi rst fl oor The

,
. . .

l ot i s 64 ft o n M ai n st an d 1 3 0 ft o n G le n st
. . . .

T h e sh op i s 5 4 x 1 0 0 ft I t i s bu i l t of brick three .
,

stories h i gh above t h e base men t a n d has a flat grav ,

e le d ro of T he u ppe r sto ry i s 1 0 ft h igh betwee n

. .

t h e j o i sts th e o the r sto ries an d base m e n t are 1 0 ft

, .

6 i n betwee n j o i sts
. T h e fl oo r j oists are all 1 2 i n
. .

apart t o ce n ters 2 x 1 2 i n ti mber fo r the u p p er fl oor

, .

and 2 x 1 4 i n fo r t h e othe r fl oo rs except the base

.

me n t wh ich w il l be expl ai n ed fu rth er o n T he ou t

, .

e r walls are 1 6 i n t h ick u p to th e u pper fl oo r an d 2

.
1

i n above th at T he re are two bri ck partiti o n s as

. .
,

sh ow n i n th e pl an s 1 2 i n th i ck o n e ru n n i ng across , .
,

the sh op th e oth e r from th e fro n t to th e c ross parti

,

t i on These ru n t o th e u pper fl oor bu t n ot above i t

. .
88 BLA C K S M I T H I N G

The t op story i s al l o n e roo m except the el evator , .

I t i s u n fi n ished an d has the n ecessary posts to s up

sh owroo m

w oo d sh op
-

FI G .
52 .
-
PL AN OF TH E FI R T F S L OOR .

A A, Cl o set s . B B B, B e n c h e s. C , R ac k .
 BLAC K S M I T H I N G . 89

port t h e roof I t i s u sed e n ti rely fo r storage The

. .

th ree lower fl o ors have gas fi xtu res i n su ch pos i t i o n s

as conven ie n ce has i nd icated H av i ng d e s Cri b e d the .

bu ild i ng i n a ge neral way we w ill n ow con sider the ,

d i f fere n t departme n ts begi n n i ng wi th th e base me nt

,
.

The b l acksm i th sh op i n the east e n d o f t he base

me n t i s 40 x 4 1 f t e nti rel y above grou n d a n d l ight
.
, ,

e d o n th ree sides by th i rtee n full s i ze w i ndows an d -

gl ass i n th e u pper panels of th e o ut side doo r Fo u r .

forges are l ocated as sh o w n i n F ig 5 1 o f th e a e co m .

panyin g cu ts T h e bellows are h u n g overhead an d

.
,

the c h i mn eys are set o u t from the w al l e n ough t o

adm it o f the wi n d pi pe go i ng th rough the bac k of
th e ch i m n ey T h i s bri ngs th e fro n t o f the fo rges 6
.

ft fro m the wal l T h e fl u e s are 8 x 2 0 i n an d the

. . .
,

ch i m neys are c u rved back an d i n to th e wal l n ear the

top of the room T h e to ol be n ches are o f th e u su al
.

sort except that a t th e side farthest fro m th e anvi l

,

th ere i s a dou ble sl ot fo r swages so th at th e to p a n d ,

b otto m tool s can b e kept i n pai rs together T he a n .

Vil s are wrought i ro n -

There is a s m ith s an d a fi n i s h e r s vi se fo r each fi re

’ '

attach ed to th e be n ches i n co n ve n ie n t places T he .

tire u psetter is bolted t o the sou th east post A hor i

-

z o n t a l dri ll i ng m ach i n e fo r t i res a n d an u pright o n e ,

for oth er pu rp oses bol t cu tter t i re ben der two bol t

, , ,

cl ippers two axl e se ats , a n d n um e rou s wre nches are

,

amo ng th e tools o f th e sm ith shop T he re i s a .

good si z ed drawer u nde r each ben ch for taps and

-
9 0
'
B L A C KS M I T H I N G .

d i es an d other sm all tools two cases of drawers f o r ,

b ol ts an d cl ip s ( l ocated as sh own o n pl an ) an d als o

part o f the fu rn itu re “
A n oth er co n v en ien ce an d .
,

o ne n o t u suall y fo u n d i n a s m ith sh op i s a set o f ,

di f feren tial pul ley blocks T h ey are very han dy o n

-
.

repai r work I f a heavy veh icl e comes i n w ith a

.

sp ri ng o r axl e b roken i t can be ru n u nder o n e o f th e

seve ral ri ngs o verhead an d easil y rai se d and th e bro
ke n part re m oved W i th the m o n e m an can ra ise
.

l b s an d th ey cost
.
,
C oat closets are p ro
v i d e d h ere as i n all th e oth er w o rkro o ms excep t th e
,

varn i sh ro om s A cl ock b roo m an d gri n dsto n e are

.
,

al so fou n d h ere T h e fl o or i s 2 i n ch chest n u t plan k

.
-

l ai d o n j o ists bedded i n c o n crete ( I t i s the sam e i n .

th e wheel j obber s roo m ) Th e re mai nde r o f th e

’
.
‘

basem e n t has a co n cret e fl o o r T he n orthwest part .

o f th e base me n t IS U S C CI as a bl acksm ith store ro om

‘
-

an d occasi o n all y an ol d wago n fi n d s t i t s way i n there .

T h e coal b i n rack for bar i ro n an d t ire steel box

-

, ,

for ol d scraps pl ace for O ld ti re etc al l fi n d a e com

, , .
,

m o d a t i o n s h ere .

’
T h e wheel j obber s roo m o n t h is fl oor i s fi tted u p
-

wit h spec ial refere n ce t o h i s wo rk H e i s requ ired .

to do all th e wh eel wo rk exam i n e an d draft al l ,

w h eel s ol d an d n ew before th ey are iro n ed set th e

, , ,

b oxes fi x spri ng bars an d a xle heads etc H e is

, , .

p rov ided w ith wheel h o rses h u b b ori ng m a ch i n es a , ,

press fo r sett i n g b oxes tw o adj u stabl e sp oke au gers , ,

c u tti ng from t o I i i n ches O n e of t hese h e i s ex .

 B L A C K S M IT III N C .
9 1

cte d to u se excl u si vel y o n n ew spokes t h e other

p e ,

fo r old work H e i s su p pl i ed wi th bi ts o f all si ze s

.

from t to I f i n ch t o b e kep t a n d u sed e xcl usi vel y

i

fo r bori ng ri m s H e has al so a d oz e n wood han d

.

screws a n d a d o z e n i ro n screw cl amp s B y h avi n g .

a j obber n ear th e s m ith sh o p i t save s a good deal o f

travel to th e w ood sh o p a n d back T he sh op i s .

heated b y steam an d a s n o steam i s u sed fo r power

,

a l ow pressu re 1 8 h orse power h eati n g bo ile r d oes

- -

the b u si ne ss I t i s l ocated i n th e basem e n t as

.
,

shown o n th e plan I t is 6 ft 2 i n h igh 3 ft 9 i n. . .

, . .

w ide an d 8 ft 4 i n l on g o u tside of bricks an d cost

. .
,

a b ou t $ 5 00 ready for p i p i ng I t i s su ppl ied wi th .

wate r fro m the el evator tan k o n th e u ppe r fl oo r an d , ,

as the steam ret u rn s t o the b o iler after pass i n g

'

through the b u i ld i n g b u t li t t le water is u sed T he

,
.

radi at i n g su rface co n sists s i m pl y of co i l s o f pi pe

pl aced agai n st the wall s i n co n ve n ie n t pl ace s i n the
ro oms i t i s desi red to h e a t O n t h e n orth sid e o f .

the boil er 4 i n f ro m t h e fl oor i s ou r steam b o x for

, .
,

u se i n bend i ng I t i s a gal van i z ed sheet i ro n c y li n d

.
-

r i c a l a f f ai r 8 ft l o ng x 1 ft
, . d i ameter wi th the open
.
,

en d toward t he wheel j obbe r T h e othe r e nd is 4 .

i n ches lowe r an d has a d ri p o u tle t I t is su pp l i e d .

with steam fro m the bo iler I t i s a sim pl e i n e x p e n . ,

sive con trivan ce bu t as m ost of the be n t stock i s

,

bought ready for u se i t an swers the pu r p ose ve ry

we ll Bes ides the b o IIe r and c oal b i n th i s part o f
.
,

the base me n t has a bi n fo r sh avi ngs and waste wo od ,

9 2 BLAC K SM I T H I N G

an d th e re ma i nder i s u se d for general storage p u r

p oses .

FI G .
53.
—P L AN OF TH E S ECON D F L OOR .

A Si n
, k . B, W a te r
-
l
c o set . C, Wa r d ro b e . D, P ai n t -
b en c h .
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .
93

T he e levato r occu p i es th e p os i t i o n ( as sh ow n o n
plan ) n ear th e ce n te r o f th e b u i ldi ng at th e i n t e rs e c
ti o n o f th e two b rick part i ti o n wal l s wh ich m a k e ,

two sides o f the el evato r shaft st ro ng an d fi re proof -

.

Th e o th er two s i d es are b ri ck 1 2 i n th ick fro m th e , .

fo u n dati o n i n th e baseme n t t o th e u pper fl oo r an d ,

8 i n th i ck ab ove th at
. T he elevat o r wall s are c o n
.

t i n u e d 2 ft 6 i n above th e roo f an d prov i ded w ith

. .
,

open i ngs o n al l fou r sides fo r ve n tilati o n T h e S haft .

i s covered wi th a m etal frame skyl igh t T h e eleva .

tor an d shaft ( o r rathe r room ) se rve severa l p u r

, ,

p oses : F i rst i n i ts l egiti mate an d m o re i m p o rta n t

,

w ork o f rai si ng an d l oweri n g carri ages an d stock

fro m fl oo r t o fl o or ; seco nd as a ve n t il ati ng shaft ; ,

and th i rd as a wash roo m I t i s a hydraul i c tele

, , .

scope el evator ru n b y water fro m th e st reet m ai n

,

wh ich passes the pre m i ses t o su ppl y the n eighbori ng

c ity w i th water W e are fort u nate i n bei n g l ocated
.

on a street wh ich h as what i s k n own as th e high ser

vi ce ma i n w ith a pressu re o f 1 2 5 lbs t o t h e i n c h
, . .

75 lbs. will ru n i t sat is f actori l y with l bs l oad .

,

b u t n ot so fast The re i s a t an k o n th e u pper fl o o r

.

to hold the exhau s t water wh ich i s forced u p b y the,

desce n t o f the e l evator I t i s the n carried i n p ipes

.

for u se i n d i ffere n t parts o f th e bu ild i ng B y u si n g .

the e x h aust water fo r o th e r p u rposes th e cost o f ,

ru n n i ng th e elevato r i s qu i te s mall T h e d oo rways .

are arched ; th e d oo rs are made o f l igh t l u mber

t i n n e d o n t h e i nside h u n g o n h i n g e s ( Op e n i n g o ut
,
94 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .

ward o f course ) T hey cl ose by a spri n g an d fasten

, .

by a catch wh i ch c an n ot b e released fro m t h e o u t

side except b y pres si ng a sh o rt lever whi ch for pu r , ,

p o ses o f s a fety i s pl a ced i n a n u n u su al place n ear

,

th e fl oo r A t e a ch fl o or above t h e baseme n t there

.
,

is a l igh t h a tch cove re d w i th t i n san d i ng o n i ts edge ,

so h u n g wi th h i nges that by releasi ng i t ( wh i ch can

b e don e fro m th e o u tsi de ) i t w ill fal l an d cov er the
hatchway th u s cu tti ng o f f d raft i n case of fi re T he
, .

car o r pl at form o f th e elevator i s mad e of sp ru ce

l u mber an d the fl oor i s 2 i n ch plan k l ai d crosswise
,
-

w ith I i n ch space sbetwee n th e plan ks T h e fl oor o f

-
.

th e S haf t i n the base ment i s co ncrete co n cave w ith , ,

an o u tl et n ear th e ce n ter ( the pl u nger i s i n the cen

ter ) co n n ected wi th th e sewe r an d provi ded w ith a
ste n ch trap W ith th e elevator th u s arranged we
.
,

have a wash roo m o n every fl oor an d o n th e fi rst , ,

an d sec on d fl oors doors open i ng o n oppos i te sides

,

give pl en ty of l ight T h e el evator shaft also ser v es

.

a goo d pu rp ose as a ven t ilato r ve n tilat io n bei ng as ,

s isted by th e el evato r passin g u p an d dow n The .

S haft i s 1 5 x 9 ft .

T h e sh ow roo m i s i n th e n orth fro n t corn er ( see

-

F ig . I t i s 5 6 x 2 4 f t an d has two pl ate glass .

,
-

w i n dows at t h e n o rthwest co rn er I t i s sheath ed .

w i th goo d p i n e sheath i ng an d p ai nt ed l ike th e v ar

n i sh rooms a very l igh t d rab T h i s room l i k e th e
, .
,

o f fi ce an d varn i sh ro o ms h as drab w i n dow cu rtai n s of

,

t h e s a m e sh a d e a s t h e p a i n t T h e f u rn i t u re o f t hi s
'

.
 B L A C K S M I T II IN G 95
-

de p a rtmen t c o n si sts ch ie f ly o f a d i spl ay h o rse A .

few h arn esses are kept fo r sal e an d a team i s kept ,

h i tched u p c o nt i n u al ly .

T he o f fi ce i s i n th e s ou th fro n t c orn er ; i t is 8 x 1 7
f t h as tw o w i n dows an d l ights i n t h e d oo r
.
, ,
I t is .

fi n i she d t h e sam e as the S h ow roo m bu t i s varn ishe d ,

i n stead o f pai n ted I t i s warm ed b y st eam from the

.

b oi ler a n d has a n orn ame n tal radiato r I t h as a w ash .

b owl co n n ec ted w ith th e wat e r p i pe s an d the sew

er It i s fi n ished w i t h a des k sa f e fou r ch airs ( no
.
, ,

—
l o u nge n o n e o f th at bu si n ess do n e i n th i s sh op ) ,

an u mbrell a stan d a n d a cou pl e o f spittoo n s T here .

are two cl osets i n t h is room o n e ( the smal ler ) for ,

c oats e tc T he o the r h as th ree d rawers an d t he

, .
,

re mai n de r i n shelves T h i s cl ose t i s fo r bac k n u m

.

bers o f th e trade j o u rnal s d rawi ngs o f veh icles i t is

,

desi red to p reserve etc , .

T he wo o d sh op i s i n the n o rtheast c orn e r o f the

fi rst fl o o r I t i s 4 0 x 2 5 f t a n d h as fo u r b en ches
. .
, ,

as sh own o n the plan The re i s also a sm alle r be n ch

.

at th e n orth east corn e r o f th e roo m o n wh i ch t here

i s a saw fi li n g clamp a n d saw set T he o nl y stove
-
.

o n th e prem ises i s i n th i s ro o m I t i s a sheet i ro n .

-

d ru m stove w i th a l id o n to p bu t n o doo r e x cept the ,

ash door at th e b otto m I ts pri n cipal b u si n es s i s

.

warp i ng panels It has a stro n g sm oo th p iece of

.
,

h o ri z o n tal p ipe w ith a paral lel rod i n i ro n u nde r , . ,

wh ich o n e edge o f th e panel m a y be placed wh il e

p assi n g i t aro u n d the p i p e T h e oth e r f urn i tur e o f
.
 BLAC K S M I T H I N G
~

9 6 .

th is room co n sist s i n part o f a cl o ck an d a b roo m ,

gri n dsto n e t w o body makers trestl es fo u r horses

,
-
’

, ,

fou r doz e n w ood han d screws o n e d oz e n each 4 5 -

,
’

an d 6 i n i ro n screw cl am ps an d fo u r l on g clamps to
.
,

reach fro m s ide t o s ide o f bo d ies .

T he tri m m i ng room o ccu p ie s th e sou th east c orn e r

o f th e fi rst fl oor I t i s 2 3 x 2 5 f t an d h as a b en ch
. .
,

r u n n i n g t h e wh ol e l ength o f th e east s ide I t is l arge .

e n o ugh t o acco m m odate th ree tri m mers an d a man

to do ge n eral work su ch as oi l i ng straps pol ish i n g
. ,

pl a ted work hel p i n g h ang u p work fi tti n g axl e

'

, ,

w ash ers sh aft rubbers etc

,
H i s ben ch i s o n th e
, .

n orth side an d h as a V ise o n It T he sewi ng mach i n e .

i s o n th e opp os ite si de There is a cl oset for cl oth .

an d other st ock u n de r th e stairs l eadi n g to th e sec

o n d fl oor T h e s mal l roo m ( stock roo m o n pl an ) i s
.

fi tted u p w ith sh elv i n g an d p art i s u se d for tri m ,

m i ng stock th e rest for oth e r mater i als such as var

, ,

n ish an d col o r can s s a ndpaper fi l es etc , , , .

T he pai n t sh op occu p i es th e e n ti re seco n d fl oor

( see F ig . an d i n case of n ecess ity the room back
o f the o f fi ce on th e first fl oor can be used for s u ch
h eavy j ob s as are t o be do n e w i th o u t u n ha n gi n g .

T h e roo m at th e n ortheast corn e r i s th e ge n eral

work ro om an d con tai n s pai n t ben ch where p ai nts
-

, ,

are m ixed pai n t m ill p ress fo r s q u e e z m g col ors ou t

, ,

o f th e can s water boxes for pai n t bru sh es coat cl os

, ,

ets etc b u t there is n o corn er or p lace i n th is ro o m

, .
,

n or o n th e fl o o r su it a b le for a co ll e ctio n o f p ai n t
 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .
97

rags worn san d pape r an d d i scarded t i n s A sheet

, .

metal ca n h ol di n g abo u t a b ush el i s p ro vi ded fo r ’

th is de b ri s an d i t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t i t w i ll be em p tied
,

each day T he roo m i s sheath ed o ve rhead w i t h § i n

.
~
.

m atch ed sheath i n g a s are al so th e part i ti o n wal l s

, .

T he o u ter b ri ck wal ls are b are T h e two room s .

at the west e n d ( fro n t ) are varn ish roo ms B oth are .

fi n i sh ed al ike sh eath ed wi th i n matche d p i n e o n

,
-
.

al l s ides an d overhead an d p ai n ted two c oats ve ry

,

l igh t drab w ith e n ough varn ish i n th e seco n d coat t o

give i t an egg shel l gl oss E ach ro o m h as a v e n t i la t
-
.

i ng fl u e i n the W all T h e fu rn itu re of these ro om s

.

con si sts s i mply o f th e n ecessary trestl e e tc o n wh ich , .

,

to place th e wor k wh ile varn ish i ng cu p s ta nd s an d ,

b ru sh keepers T here i s also a therm omete r i n

.

each o f the se rooms O n th e n orth s i de b etwee n

.

the varni sh ro o m an d the wor k ro o m i s a roo m i n to

wh ich work can be p u t when i t is n ecessary t o em pty
the varn i sh room s befo re the work i s d ry e n ough t o
han g u p Whe n n ot n ee ded fo r th i s p u rpos e i t c a n
.

be u sed fo r varn i sh i ng ru n n i n g parts o r fo r st orage ;

thi s room i s also sheathed an d pai n ted T h e sm al l .

ro o m at the east e n d i s fo r sandpape ri n g an d al l very

dirty wo rk Th e wo rkroo m i s 40 x 2 3 f t th e v ar
. .
,

n i sh roo m s 2 5 x 2 4 ft an d 2 5 x 2 6 ft respect i vel y

. . .

T he l u mbe r shed is 2 0 x 40 ft I t stand s at t he .

n orth east co rn er o f th e l ot Th e posts are 1 8 ft. .

'

h igh . T h e roo f i s graveled an d h as j u s t S l o p e

en ough to carry th e wate r o ff I t has fou r c o m part
.
9 8 BL AC K SM I T H I N G .

ments on the grou nd 9 ft high for h eavy plank an d

, .
, ,

has l ofts ab ove fo r l igh ter l u mber I t i s boarded

.

wi th m atched b o a rds an d has ampl e O pen i n gs for ai r

,

at th e t op an d bot to m of each st ory Th e west side .

O f th e l ower p o rti on i s e n t i rely ope n an d th e do ors

,

t o th e l oft above may be l eft ope n wh e n desirable .

S ou th of th i s shed is a place fo r a fi re an d a sto ne

o n wh i ch t o set heavy t ires The wate r fo r cool i ng
.

th is i s bro u gh t fro m th e sm i th shop by m ean s of a

—
rubber hos e By W A RRE N H O W A RD .
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .
99

C H A P T E R IV .

A N V IL S A N D A N V IL T O O L S .

H ow A N V I LS A RE M A DE .
*

S o th e c a rp e n t e r e n c o ura ged the g o ld s m i t h . an d he t h a t s moo t h e t h

wi t h t h e h a mm er h i m t h a t smo t e t h e an vi l .
"

Th is i s th e fi rst an d o nl y m e n ti o n o f the an v i l
fo u nd i n the B ible B u t It 1 5 o f m ore re mote origi n
.

even than the p roph et I saiah as we read o f V u l ,

can forg i ng th e th u n de rbolt s of J u pi te r an d he m ust , ,

of cou rse have h ad an an v i l o f som e so rt fo r th at

,

style of blacksm i th i ng ; p robabl y h oweve r n oth i ng , ,

better th an a co n ven i e n t bo ul de r .

The anvil an d th e an ch o r are two o f the oldest

i m ple me n ts kn ow n an d fo r t hou san ds o f years abou t
,

the o nl y o n es that h ave n o t changed i n gen e ral form .

T h e m odern vulca n n o w has a harden ed steel

f ace p rovi ded w ith th e n ecessary h oles for h is
s w e d e s wh i ch w ith
g , th e rou n d p roject i o n at the
other e n d term i n at i ng i n a poi n t called the ho rn ,
“
,

i s su f fi c i e n t fo r every ki n d o f wo rk .

l
This a rt i c e
h hi y d ip i
on t e sto r , e sc r t on , an d m f
a n u a c t ure o f v i ls an

wi ll d b dl y b f d f i
un ou te e o un o n t e re s t t o o ur re a d e rs . W e h a v e t a ke n
so m pi e i f m
a ns lv
to hi
n or bj o u rs e es o n t s su ec t in c o n s e q ue n c e of so m e

f v bl
un a mm wh i h w m d
o ra e co e n ts c e re a e on a n l
a rt i c e o n t h e sa m e to p i c
wh i h p p
c d i h l m f Tl B l
a e a re n t e co u ns o i e ac ksmi t h an d W fi eelwr xg k !
a f wy
e
g
— E D
ears aIT OR o .
.
1 00
"B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

E xcep t those made i n th e U n ited States every ,

m an u factu re r o f anv ils h as a bod y o f wrough t i r on

u nder th e steel face T h e h orn also is si mpl y of
.

wrough t i ron W i th sl igh t modi ficati o n th e m eth od

.
,

of maki ng these has n ot changed for h u ndreds of

years .

The body is roughly shaped ou t u n der til t ham

m ers I n th e better grades th is is i n on e p iece an d
.
,

called p ate n t wh ile i n the G erman an d m ost E n g

,

l ish works th e fou r c orn ers an d th e h orn are j u m p

” ”
ed o n i n sep arate p ieces T h ough called wrough t
.
“

th is i s of th e l owest grade o f i ro n adopted b oth o n ,

accou n t of cheap n ess an d because t h e su bsequen t

,

p rocess of weld in g th e steel face to i t is eas i er than

w ith the m ore refi ned o f these materials .

For th e same reaso n o n l y the l ower grades o f steel

” ”
vi z . shear steel o r eve n bl ister s teel are
, ,
“
,

used f o r the face cast steel n ever bei ng u sed o n

,

acco u n t of the greater u n certai n ty o f a perfect wel d

u nder the ham mer to a l arge m as s o f wro ugh t i ron .

T he com mo n grade o f E ngl ish anvil s an d a ll th ose

of G erman m ake wel d th e steel o n i n two o r th ree
p ieces accord i ng to the s iz e of th e anvi l ; the best
E ngl ish b ran d however of late years has the face
, , ,

i n a s i ngle p iece of sh ear steel .

For th is th e wrough t i ro n m ass i s brought to a

weldi n g heat as also th e steel plate the weld i ng o f
, , .

wh ich begi n s at o n e e nd .

F ou r stri kers swi ngi ng hea v y sl edge ham mers to

 BLA C K S M I T H I N G . IO I

g ether d o th i s weldi n g i n port i on s o f a b out fi ve

,

i n ches o f i ts le ngth at a t i me an d th i s p rocess i s con ,

t i n u e d by s u ccessive h eati ngs u n t i l the wh ole l ength

o f the face i s fi n ished .

T he cu tte r h ol e an d the small rou n d hole i n the

tai l are the n p u n c hed o u t th e i ro n horn rou nded o f f
, ,

an d the whol e d r e ssed u p i n to i ts fi n i sh ed sh a pe at a

su b sequ e n t h eati ng B y l on g years of experi en ce at
.

th i s wo rk a sym metrical good lo oki ng j ob i s m ad e ,

-
.

A n y i n equ al i tie s o r i mperfecti o n s i n the face are

take n ou t by gri n d i ng crossw ise o n a l arg e sto n e an d ,

the an vi l is the n read y for th e fi n al pro cess of h ard

en ing .

T h is i s don e by reheati n g th e u p per port i o n t o a

red heat an d a st ream o f wate r i s l e t d ow n u p o n i t
,

u n der a ten foo t head T h e te mpe r w ill be m ore o r

-
.

less u n i fo rm accord i ng t o th e qual i ty o f th e ste dl

wh ich has bee n u sed an d th e greater o r l ess care i n
,

the heati ng at t h e p revi ou s stages T h e —M ots .

so m u ch e w e o f b blacksm iths are d u e t

these i n eq ual i ti es o f th e m ai t ri a l an d wor k mansh i p
o
.

Th e t h ick ne ss o f th e steel used varies fro m th re e

eighths t o three qu arte rs of an i n ch accordi ng to the
-

size o f th e an vi l .

Th e wh ol e pro cess i s al most en ti rely on e of m an

ual labor an d j udgm en t E xt rem e care m u st b e u sed
.

n o t to bu rn so me portion s o f th e steel d u ri ng the

wel d i ng operati on resul t i n g i n cracked faces an d
,

crumbl i ng edges wh i ch the b lacksmi th frequ en tl y

,
 IO2 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

Y
n ds t o h i s sorrow devel op ed i n h i s an vil apparen t ,

l y o f t h e best w he n n ew .

d wrought i ron an v il has a clear

M ”
wh e n stru ck othe
,

rwise i t i s a pretty good

r In
g ;
S ign that there i s so mewhere an i mperfecti on

F ro mthe n atu re o f the operati o n as above d e s c ri b

.

e d i t i s eviden t th at the S iz e of su ch a n anv il m u st be

,

l im ited They vary i n wei g h t fro m o n e h u n dred t o

.

five hu n dred po u n ds ; th e largest ever m ade bei ng on e

exh ibi ted at th e P h iladelphi a C e nten n i al wh i ch ,

weigh ed 9 60 p o u nds .

T here are n o wro ugh t iron an vils ma d e i n th e

U n ited States A s i t i s al mo st e nti rel y a qu esti o n o f
.

S kille d man u al labo r an d as ,

there h a s n ever been
any b u t a n o m i nal du ty i mpo sed ( i t i s the sam e as
o n sp ikes n u t s a n d washers ) al l the wro ugh t anv il s
, , ,

u sed i n th i s co u ntry are i mpo rted fro m E u rope .

I n 1 8 4 7 t h e l ate M r M ark F isher bel iev i ng i n the

, .
,

possib il i ty of weldi n g cast steel t o a h igh grade of

cast i ron wh ich had u p to that t i me bee n u n kn own
, ,

discovered a perfect a n d su ccessfu l p rocess by wh i ch

th e two metal s co ul d be we lded together i n an y desi r
c d di me nsi o n s [
.Th e l argest anvi l i n the world w a s

made by th e Fi she r E agl e A n vi l W o rks fo r the C e n

t e n n i a l E xpositi on i n 1 8 76 I ts weig h t was
.

T he val u e o f thi s process for a n vil s was apparen t ,

'
as there coul d t h u s be O btai n ed a perfect wo rki ng
su rface of th e best qu al i ty o f cast stee l capab le o f ,

hard an d u n i f o rm tem per o n a bod y wh ich from i ts

 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .
3

cr y stal l i n e an d i n fl exi b l e s t r u c t IIre wou l d n e v e r settle

—
or get o u t o f shape i n u se o n e of the de fe cts l ia b l e
t o occu r by co n t i n u e d ham m eri n g i n an v il s w i th a
fibrou s wro u gh t i ro n b ody u n der th e steel .

I t al so e n abled a steel w o rki n g su rface t o be a p

pl i e d to the h o rn wh i ch p rev io u sly had bee n o nl y
,

o f plai n i ro n .

T h e fi rst m an u fact u re o f th ese an vi ls i n th is co u n

t ry began u n der h is pate n t i n 1 8 4 7 an d th ough re ,

qu i ri n g m an y years t o pe rfec t an d establ i sh th is n ew

an d esse n t i all y A merica n an vil i t i s n o w recogn i z ed
,

as a be tte r arti cl e th an th e old fashi o ned im ported -

kin d over on e hal f o f th e an v i ls u sed i n th is co u n t ry

,
-

i t i s said bei n g ma de by t hi s process an d so certai n

, ,

and su ccessfu l i s i t th at th ey are th e on l y o n e s i n the

m arket ful ly warran ted agai n st breakage settl i n g of ,

th e face o r failu re i n an y res pect

, .

I t i s n eedless t o say t hat o rd i n ary cast i ro n w o ul d

n o t an swer fo r a tool subje ct t o s u ch severe u sage
as a n anvil .

T h e metal em pl oyed m ust have a stre ngth equ al

to that i n gu n cas t i ngs a ce rtai n elasti c ity to
,

st a n d th e strai n o f h i gh he ati ng an d s u d de n c ool i n g

o f th e te m peri n g p r e cess an d perfectl y sou n d i n
,

al l parts T h o ugh man y s o cal led

.
-
cast anv il s
have fro m t i me t o t i m e c o m e u po n the market o n l y ,

on e con cern i n t h e co u n try an d th at the origi n al o n e

,

opera t i ng u n d e r t h e F i she r paten ts h as con ti n ued to ,

produ ce a nvil s w i th al l th e qu al i t ies de s c ribed as

'
 LAC K S M I T H I N G
‘

1 04 B .

n ecessary i n th ese t ool s T h e m ode of man u fact u re

.

i s n atu ral l y qu ite d i ff eren t fro m th at o f wrought i ro n

a n vfls .

T he steel u sed i s o n e p i ece for th e face of b est ,

tool cast steel .

Th e an vil i s cast bo t tom s i de u p h avi ng th i s steel , ,.

as al so th e steel horn placed i n the drag or l ower

,
“

part of th e m old .

B e fore fi ll i ng i t wi th th e metal , wh ich i s n ot onl y

to form th e b ody o f th e a nvi l bu t al so to e f fect i n ,

i ts passage th e pe rfect w el di ng requ i re d the s t eel ,

face an d h orn are heated to a b ri gh t color an d every ,

part o f th ei r exposed su r f ace is covered by the m ol t

e n m etal A f ter th e n ecessary an n eal i ng th is rough
.

an v i l i s re m o ve d t ri m m ed pl an ed t rue an d p u t
, , ,

i n to its fi n ished sh ap e th e cu tter hol es m ad e exact

,
-

an d i t i s the n ready for th e h arde n i ng an d temperi ng

p rocess T h i s last is th e cru ci al test for b oth i ron
.
,

an d steel m u st be heated to a h igh po i n t an d the n

su dde nly pl u nged i nto th e col d h arde n i ng l iqu id .

Sh ou ld th ere be an y spo t betwee n th e two metals

n ot perfectl y wel d ed t he steel w ill separate o r th e
, ,

wh ole a nvil wi l l crack an d fl y i n to pi eces ; so that i f it

passes th is stage successfu lly i t i s reason ably s u re to
be perfect an d therefore th e makers can safely g i ve
,

a ful l warran ty t o the p u rchaser .

R ece n t i mproveme n ts h ave added m u ch to t h e

val u e of th is make o f anvi l B y exte n di ng th e steel
.

p art o f th e h orn dow n i n to th e body al l danger o f ,

 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 05

b rea k age of the h or n where i t j oi n s th e m ai n part i s

pre v e n ted A lso b oth e d ges o f th e steel f ce are
. a

made of dou b le th i c k n ess wh ich p reve n ts c ru mbl i n g

,

o r spl itti ng o ff o f th ose pl aces m ost ex posed to

seve re u sage s o com m o n wi th th e ol d fash i o ned
,
-

anvil s .

Two pecu l iar i ties di st i ngu i sh th e A merican fro m

the foreign a n vil They are m o re s oli d fro m th e
.

crystall i n e stru ctu re o f th e bod y an d t herefore do ,

n o t bo u n ce back th e ham mer o r sledge th u s retai n ,

i ng al l the e ffect of th e bl ows i n th e p iece work ed

o n and th e steel face always r e tai ns i ts ori gi n al t r u e
,

surface fo r t h e same reas on A lso there i s v e ry l i ttle .

“
ri ng i n th em a nd th is pec ul i arity i s somet i mes
,

u rged as a n obj ect io n by those accu stomed t o th e

wro u gh t i ro n a n v ils .

N early every m etal trad e has its speci al fo rm o f

anvil an d di fferi ng fro m that of the blacksm ith su ch
,
—
as saw axe ra z or silversmi th coppe rs m ith shovel
, , , , , ,

hoe pl o ugh an d m an y others wh i ch are s i m ple

, , ,

blocks of i ro n w ith steel faces made by o n e o r th e ,

oth er of the two above described d ist i n ct an d oppo -

site meth ods an d material s .

Th e an n u al im p ortat i o n s o f a nvil s fro m E nglan d

an d G erman y in to th e U n ited States exceeds o n e
a n d a hal f m i ll i o n po u nds .

The price of al l a nvils is n ow less than o n e lz a lf -

that o f former t i mes wh e n we were com pelled to o b

,

tai n o u r e n ti re s uppl y fro m foreign m an u fact u rers

1 06 BLAC K S M I T H I N G .

an d i mporter s an d be fore th e d iscovery of th e pro

,

cess above re ferred to m ade A m eri can co mpeti tio n

—
possibl e By E X PERT .
”

D RE SS I N G A N V I LS .

Th e e x press i o n I w ish m y anvi l was dressed

,
“
,
”

can b e h eard every few we eks i n very many black

s m ith sh ops T he w ork wh i ch th e sm ith has t o do
.

ofte n t i mes r e qu ir e s som e l i ttl e th o ught i n th e make

u p o f th e anvi l i n w h i c h i t i s defi ci e n t hen ce a ,

c on s i d erabl e h amm eri ng o f th e i ro n i s r e qu i red t o

obtai n t h e sh ape wan ted I h ave n o ti ced t h at n earl y
.

all t h e n ew an vil s I h ave see n are w ron g i n the de

s ign o f th e f a ce T he c o rn ers o f both s ides toward
.

th e h o rn h a lf way th e len gth of th e fac e sh o ul d be

, ,

rou nded t o the r a d i u s o f a b ou t o n e qu arter O f an -

i n ch T h i s p reve n ts the c u tti ng of S m all fillets wh ich

.

are o f te n requ i red 1 11 I ro n wo rk fo r stren gth an d e n ,

ables th e sm ith t o g e t h i s work n ear th e anv il With

o u t dan ge r o f cu tt i n g th e fi l let T h is i s a sou rce o f
.

co mfort i n man y cases I t i s al so m ore agreeabl e to

.

scarf i ro n o n a rou n d c o rn e r b e cau se i t does n o t

,

cu t th e scar f an d cau se i t t o break i t as a s h a I p ,

co rne r does .

T o d ress a n ol d an vil requ i res so m e k n owle d ge .

I t i s n ecessary to kn ow h ow t o go a b ou t i t I n th e .

fi rst p l ace i f th e s h o p i s p rov ided w i th a cran e i t

,

w ill be fo u n d u sefu l i n th e w ork to b e d o n e Th e .

t o ol s requ i re d t o h an dl e a n an vi l are t w o ba rs of I %
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 107

i n ch i ron o n e o f th e m si x o r eigh t feet lon g an d th e

,

other fi ve feet l o n g acco r d i ng t o th e si z e an d w eight

, .

The length of th e b ars can be ch osen fo r the wo rk

acc o rd i n g t o th e s m i th s j udgme n t T h e carryi n g
’

bars are p oi n te d t o fi t th e h oles i n th e a nv i l u n de r

the h eel an d h orn an d al s o th e b ot to m T hese h ole s .

affo rd th e m ost co nve n ien t way o f h old i ng an a n vi l

ei t h e r i n forgi ng i t o r dressi n g i t T he co n stru ct io n
.

o f the fi re is a m ost i m portan t featu re o f th e wo rk i n

han d T h row away th e fi n e bu rn t co al that i s arou n d
.

th e fi re an d bu il d th e fi re l arge e n ough w ith go od

, ,

fi ne s o ft co al D o n ot b e afrai d o f u si ng to o m u ch
.

coa l becau se i n reb u i ld i ng th e fi re th ere w i ll b e

,

pl e nty of c oke wh i ch wi ll be fo u n d u sefu l \V h e n

, .

th e fi re h as obtai n ed a good bot t o m pl ace the an vil ,

face n eare st th e h o rn o n the fi re th u s heat i n g parts

,

o f th e face at a t i m e N ext p u t so m e fi n e c u t p i n e
.

wood al o n g s ide the anvi l abo u t 3 i n ch e s h igh an d

,

8 o r 1 0 i n c hes l o n g a n d cove r i t al l over wi th so ft

,

coal Wh e n t h e wo od bu rn s ou t there wi l l be a
.

h oll ow space arou n d the part th a t is bei ng heated ,

wh ich wil l all o w free c i rc u lat i o n o f heat an d fl am e .

B y th i s plan i t w il l al so be p o ssibl e t o se e i n t o the

work th rou gh th e O pe n i ngs m ade i n fro n t th ro ugh
th e cru st o f t h e coke o r fi re c ove r T h ro ugh th ese .

o pe n in gs o n e i t he r s ide t h e operato r can feed the

fi re w ith b rok e n coke as i t b u rn s away I f th e t op .

bu rn s th rough recover t h e b u rn t p arts w ith fi n e

,

soft coal i n t im e s o th at i t w ill n ot fall D o n ot let .

1 08 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .

th e coke tou ch th e f ace u n dern eath becau se i t ,

h i n ders th e p roper h eati n g .

W he n th e an v i l i s h ot en ough place i t o n the fl oor

,

o r bl ock a s may be d eem ed best and the n l et tw o

, ,

m e n work u p th e side s t o gether a t th e part heated

with th e ir h am mers T h i s bri ngs u p th e metal to
.

b u ild o u t th e co rn ers w i th a n d al so t o level th e

,

rou n d n ess o f th e f ace S m o oth every part h eated

.

wi th the fl atter o r h a m mers a s m u ch a s possible b e ,

cau se th i s l essen s the w ork o f gri n d i ng th e face .

U s e a squ are i n order t o see that the work is l evel .

H eat a gai n al on g t h e face a n d fi n ish Wh en i t .

com es t o th e heel, h ave a s qu are p i n t o dri ft the hole

o u t so that i t w i l l n o t b e n ece ssa ry t o alter the
,

to ng s of th e botto m to ols e mpl oyed i n i t R o u n d .

o f f the corn ers fo r abou t eigh t i n ches o n each sid e o f

th e h orn F u rth er o u t le t th e corn e rs b e sharp I f

. .

a p iece i s broke n o f f th e c or n ers m ake a wedge of ,

to ugh toe cal k ste el am ply l arge e n ough to fi ll the

-

space H ave a clean fi re a n d plen ty of co ke to ban k

.

u p wi th H eat th e broken p art a n d raise u p the

.

edges wi th a f u lle r ro u n ded t o abou t the siz e o f a

,

si lver d ollar 3A o f a n i n ch th ick ; t he n whe n hot

, ,

en o ugh to work s i n k th e ch isel i n far e n o ugh for th e

,

pu rp ose an d d r Iv e th e steel wedge i n the O pen i n g

th u s fo rmed T h e n h eat u n t i l soft e n o ugh t o work
.

a n d fil l u p t he space S pri nkle th e i ro n wi th ch erry

.

heat wel d i ng com po u n d i n su ch a m an n er that i t will

get b e t wee n th e i ro n an d steel H eat slowly w i th .
 B L A C K S M I I III N G 10
’ ‘

.
9

pl en ty of clean coke an d fl u x with com pou nd I f .

th e heat is good there w i l l be n o d i f fi c ul ty i n work

i ng wi th han d ham me rs C u t o ff th e waste o n t h e
.

side w i th a sh arp ch isel I f the horn wan ts setti ng

.

Ii p a li t t le i t may be n e x t t ake n i n han d as th ere

'

, ,

wi l l b e su f fi cie n t coke to cove r i t D o n o t let t he .

po i n t of the h orn set above th e level o f th e face b e ,

cau se i t i nterferes with straigh te n i ng al ong t h e i ron .

T o heat th e an vi l fo r harden i ng place su pports ,

u n der th e carryi ng bars whe n they are i n t h e an vil .

Th i s preven ts th e an vil set tl i ng i n th e fi re K eep .

th e coal fro m the face B u i ld with fi ne ki n dli ng wood

.

all al ong th e S ides an d heel C over W It h soft coal.

,

n ot to o wet then bl ow u p W he n the wood i s b u rn

,
.

ed u p ope n a h ol e th rough th e back an d fro n t o f th e

,

fi re fo r circ u l atio n W hen th e an v il i s red h ot o n

.

the face i t i s read y to h arde n L ower i t i n a box o f .

water u n til there i s abou t th r ee i n ch es over the face .

A pi ece o f ch ai n w i th b o o k s to i t passi n g aro u n d ,

th e horn an d u nde rn eath the h eel the poi n t d ropped ,

t h ro ugh th e h ole t o p reven t the ch ai n sl ip pi ng a l o ng ,

bar passed th ro ugh th e chai n l oop will be s u f fi c ie n t ,

t o keep th e operato rs far e n ough fro m th e steam t o

preven t dan ger fro m scald i ng A stream o f wate r .

from h ose o n the u pt u rned face o f the a n vi l w il l

u 1c kl cool it o r p ai ls of water speed ily u sed fro m
q y ,

an extra su pply barrel will an s we r A n vils are u s u .

ally harden ed n o t t e m p e re d T h e gri ndi ng can be

,
'

do n e wi th a travel e mery wheel o r t h e a nvil ma y be ,

 “

I IO t B L A C K S M IT H I N G .

h u ng w i th a rope or ch ai n i n fro nt of th e b reast o f a

ston e d rive n b y m ach i n ery T ake n th u s i t m ay be .
,

passe d to an d fro across th e s ton e an d twi sted an d

.
,

t u rn ed w ith o u t th e l east i n co n ve n ie n ce from its

—
weigh t By C S . .

S HA RP OR RO U N D EDGE S F OR A N V I L S .

W o ul d a n an v i l o f an y m a ke be m ore c on ven i e n t
i f b oth edges of i ts face we re t o be rou n ded for o n e
th ird o r o n e h al f i ts length
-

FI G .
5 4
.
—S H O W I NG EDGE S .

It Is n ot m y desi re a t th is t i m e to d iscuss th e rel

ativ e meri ts o f d iff ere n t m a kes o f anv ils W h at I .

wou l d l ike t o k n o w i s wh eth er i n a ny an v i l th ere , ,

is any reaso n f o r h avi ng the edges th at are rep

rese n ted by th e l i n es a b an d c a i n Fi g 5 4 o f th e ’
, .

acco m pany i ng i ll u st r a ti o n sharp i n stead o f ro u nded

,

to a c u rve o f a q u a rt e r o f an i n ch o r mo re radi u s ?
I bel i eve that i t i s i mp o ssibl e t o fo rge an i n teri or
angle sh arp a n d h ave t h e fo rgi n g ro u n d I t d oes .

n ot m a tter h o w sm all th e wo rk n or h ow i n sign i fi can t,

 B LAC K S M I T H I N G . II I

the sh ou lder that i s fo rm ed by th e re en ter i n g a n gle -

i f sharp i n t he corne r th e st ruc tu re o f th e i ro n at

,

that po i n t i s dest royed a n d th e fo rgi ng weake n ed .

T he weak n ess m ay n o t at fi rst be appare n t th e ,

forgin g m ay l o o k wel l e n o ugh fo r i t is o n l y i n ex ,

e ra t e d cases that th e c rack o r c u t i s act u all y

a
gg
fou nd N ow i f i t be a fac t th at sharp i n side c orn ers
.
,

i n the w ork can n o t be m ad e sa fel y wh at poss i bl e u se ,

can the re b e fo r sh ar p ou tsi de edges o n th e an vi l 7

T rue I h a v e see n bl acksmi th s c u t o f f excess o f stock

,

FI G .
55 .
-
PAR TI A L S EC TI ON A L V I E W O F ANV I L S H O W I NG RO U NDED
EDGE S .

ove r th e edge o f th e an vil whe n th e i r h ard y was

d ull er than th e an v i l b u t w h o wi ll defe n d the m i n
su ch a n o pe rati o n ?
Fo r m y ow n part I a m sati sfi ed n o t on l y th at th e
,

sharp e dg e s are u sel ess b u t th at th ey are also d e,

structive of go od w o rk I can n ot accou n t fo r th ei r

.

e x i ste n ce excep t as a rel i c o f a ti m e wh e n the p ri n c i

ples o f fo rgi ng were bu t l i t tl e u n derstood I wan t .

both edges o f m y an vil ro u nded n ot s i mpl y fo r a ,

p art o f t h e i r len g t h bu t for the i r wh ol e l engt h T o

‘

, .
I I 2
’
BL AC K S M I T H I N G .

my m i n d th e ideal an vi l of 1 3 0 p o u n ds i s o n e h avi ng i ts
e d ges fro m a t o F an d from c to d F ig 5 4 rou n ded , .
,

t o a c u rve o f th ree eigh th s o f a n i n ch radi u s ( as at B

-

F ig 5 5 w h i ch i s a partial se ct i o n en l arged o n the

.
,

l i n e a 6 Fig , an d its edges fro m 5 t o e an d fro m

, .

41 t o f r o u n d e d t o a cu rve o f t h ree s ixtee n th s o r o n e

.
-

qu arter of an i n ch radi u s T h e edge fro m e to f c a n .

b e sharp t o satisfy the u n co nverte d By X — .

DEV I C E F OR F ACI L I T A T I N G TH E F ORG I N G O F C I P S F OR

L

FIFT H WH EE LS .

A ou t b fou rtee n years ago I w a s e ngaged i n th e

man u fact u re o f fi ft h wheel s o n a s mall scale an d ,

havi ng t o devi se appl i an ces an d o fte n t o e x t e m

o r i z e m ean s t o m o re e f fectu ally facil itat e matters
p ,

am on g other ki n ks I i n trodu ce d t h e foll ow i n g

“ ”
,

wh i ch h as given m e a go od retu rn fo r the t ri fl i n g

change i t make s i n t h e u su al meth od o f u si ng th e
a ss
”
o f t h e an vil I t i s well k n o w n that i n th e o r
.

d i n a ry styl e o f wor k i ng thi s p art o f t h e an vi l soon

becom es i mperfect o r dep re ssed as sh ow n at D i n ,

the acco mpan yi ng i ll u strat i on F ig 5 6 M y plan i s t o , . .

d ril l i m med i at e ly b el o w the steel face an d ab o u t two ,

i n ches fro m th e fro n t e n d of th e an vi l face th ree ,

i n ch h oles th u s fo r mi ng a r o u n d a ngled tri angu lar

,

hole C th rough th e anvil O n rem ov i ng the core

, , .

left I h ave a co nven ie n tly shap ed h ol e that wi ll a c

,

com m odate al m ost an y si z e c li p an d en able me to ,

swage i t ve ry tru e qu ick an d p erfec t With less e ffort

, ,
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 1 3

t o reta i n i t s q u are th an i s requ i red b y th e ol d pl an

, .

I h ave n ot see n th i s i dea p u t i n to prac ti ce an ywhere

else although h avi ng b ee n o the rwise e ngaged fo r
, ,

the l ast twelve years i t m ay h ave b ee n u sed by o th e rs

,

with ou t my k n owl edge T h e h ol e d oes n o t wea k e n

.

the anv i l e n o ugh to i nj u re i t an d I was s u rpri sed at ,

F IG .
56 .
— EV I CE
D FOR F AC I ITA TI NG
L TH E F ORG I NG OF C L I PS FO R

FIFTH W H EE LS .

the d u rab i l ity o f th i s p orti o n o f the face afte r two

’
years co n stan t u se o n fou r o r fi ve a nvils T hey were .

as go od an v i ls as we c o u l d g e t —By W D . .

P U TT I N G A H OR N ON AN ANVIL .

I h ave pu t th ree h o rn s o n an v il s an d I b ro ke n ,

h ave worked o n o n e o f these an vils f o r fou rtee n

years M y m ethod o f d o i ng th e j ob i s as follow s
.

I fi rst cu t th e mo rti se c u tt i ng i n st raigh t a b ou t,

th ree quarters o f an i n ch th e n c u t ou t th e co rne rs ; o f

-

cou rs e i t has to be do n e c old C o m men ce wel l dow n .

1 1 4 BL AC K S M I T H I N G .

bel ow the steel t h e n lay o u t th e te n o n o n th e h orn

, ,

heat i t an d c u t wi th a th i n ch isel fi t t igh t an d drive , ,

togeth er w ith a Sle dge I f there are an y ope n pl ace s

.

betwee n th e an vil an d h orn d rive i n th i n wedges as ,

h ard as possible C u t o f f very close an d take th e

.
,

fuller a n d head th e i ro n over th em an d th e n pu t i n ,

th e d ie an d head th at i n I f i t gets a l ittle l oose .

a fte r a w h ile take th e fu lle r an d head i t agai n I t

, .

has always take n me abou t a day to do t h i s j o b I n th e .

FI G .
54 .
—
P U T T IN G A H O R N ON A N ANV I L BY T H E M E TH OD O F C . H .

acco mpan yi ng il lu strati on ,

Fig 5 7 i s show n m y way
.
,

of do i ng i t A represe nts
.
~
the dove tail m ort ise B is
-

th e h orn an d C i s the d ie
, u sed to fi ll u p the m ort i se
after th e h o rn i s d rive n t o —
i ts pl ac e By C H . .

F A S TE N I N G AN A N VI L TO TH E B LOC K .

si mpl e an d e f fective way t o fasten a n an v i l to a

A
bl ock is t o m ake a squ are i r o n pl ug t o fi t t ightly
th e h ol e i n th e b o ttom o f a n v il a n d a si mil a r h ole i n ,
 BLA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 5

ce n te r o f bl oc k The n yo u ca n have t h e b lo c k j u s t
.

th e size o f th e a n v i l an d n o fi x i ngs i n th e way or ,

—
eve n i n sigh t By W I LL T O D .

F A S TE N I N G A N V IL S .

C on cern i ng th e proper m ethod o f fasten i n g anv ils

i n posit io n I wou ld say th at i t o n l y requ i res to fl atten
,

each co rn e r of the an vi l D ri ll a hal f i n ch h ol e an d

.
-

pass a hal f i n ch square headed bol t te n i n ches l on g

- -

, ,

down th rough th e h ol e i n to th e b l oc k with t he n u t so ,

arranged as to receive t h e e n d o f the b ol t B y f a s .

te n i n g th e an vi l i n thi s wa y th ere wi ll b e n o obstr u e

t i o ns whateve r I a m n ot abl e to se n d a d rawi ng of
.

thi s means o f faste n i n g a n an vil b u t th i n k every ,

pract ical sm i th wil l readily u n d e rstan d i t from the

—
des cripti o n By J W F . .

H O LD I N G AN A N VI L TO TH E B LOC K .

TO faste n a n anvi l t o th e bl o ck I u se a cha i n ,

of th e p rope r l ength w i th a n eye b olt I t i s passed .

o v er th e an vil and the eye i s the n screwed i nto the

,

bl oc k o n th e fro n t an d back .

T he eye b ol t i s the n passed th rough th e eye i n

the b l oc k an d screwed d ow n u n ti l i t i s tigh t W h e n .

fixed i n th i s m an n e r a n anvil can n o t m ove T h e de .

vice i s s o si mpl e th at i t i s n o t m u c h work t o m a k e i t

—
.

By H . N . P .
1 1 6 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .

S H A R PE N I N G C A L K S —A DEV I C E F O R H O L D I N G S H OE
A D O T H E R W OR K O N T H
N AN V I L E .

I n al l place s wh ere th e d a i cy i t pays those

ro a s o
re ,

wh o u se h orses t o ha v e steel cal ks i n the heel s as

FI G .
58 .
—
DEV I CE F OR H OL D I NG W OR K ON TH E ANV I L .

wel l as i n th e to es o f th ei r sh oes I n d i f feren t pl aces .

where I have worked v ari ou s m eth ods have been e m

pl oye d to obtai n a sel f sharpen i ng an d d u rabl e calk
-

The best pl an I hav e eve r tri ed i s t o spl it th e heel

cal ks w i th a th i n ch i sel an d i n sert a p iece of steel
,

( old si c k le sec t i o n s a re g o od ) p rev i o u sl y c u t to t h e

 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 7

p roper s iz e th e n wel d sol id d raw sh arp an d te m per , ,

hard I t u sed t o requ i re a helper t o h old the sh o e

.

w it h to ngs o n th e a nv i l o r i t would j um p o f f i n Spl i t

,

ti ng th e h eel s bu t I have stu died ou t a co n tr iv an ce

that I th i n k m ay be O f u se to al l b rothe r sm i th s wh o
th i n k my way worth adop t i ng I w il l try t o expl ai n i t .
,

w i th the ai d o f th e acco mpan yi ng i ll u strati o n Fig 5 8 , .

,

i n wh ich C i s a fo ot l eve r hu ng i n the ce n te r by two

stapl es o n a r i gh t a ngl e i ro n D wh ich i s sharpen e d
-

, ,

at each e n d o n e en d b ei ng dri v e n i n to the an vi l

,

b lock B an d the othe r i n to th e fl oo r T o th i s foot

, .

treadl e Is b olt ed o r r i veted a strap w ith an e ye

con nected t o th e rod E wh i ch l atter h as eyes ,

o n both e nds an d i s co n nec ted w i th F F wh ich i s i n

, ,

on e p iece o f 5 8 rou n d i ron fl atte n ed where i t co mes ,

o n t he an v i l face B e fore be i ng b e n t F i s passed

.
,

th rough t wo eyes wh i ch are faste n ed to th e fro n t o f

th e an vil b lock with screw bol ts W he n a m an has
- -
.

n o helper th is dev i c e i s o fte n u sefu l i n h old i n g oth er

,

ki n ds of wor k o n th e an vil for pu n ch i ng etc an d ,

saves o n e man s t i me W he n there is n o su ch w ork

’

—
.

to be do ne i t can b e ta k e n o f f an d l a i d a s i d e By
‘

C H W. . .

M EN DI NG AN A N VI L .

I w i ll t ry t o d escri b e a j ob th at w as do n e latel y i n
the sh op I am work i ng In .

T he base of a wrough t i ro n an v il h ad bee n bro k e n

-

o ff as shown i n F ig 5 9 N ot wi sh in g t o t h row t h e
. .
I1 8 BLAC K S M I T H I N G .

an v i l away th e b oss t ol d u s t o try to repa i r i t an d we

, ,

d id i t i n th e followi n g man n er
W e fi rst l oop ed a p iece of I %3 i n ch i ron arou n d the
-

e n d o f the anv il w i th a fl at sp ot j u st above t h e l oop

,

o n wh ich t o catch a h ook so as to en able u s to handle

i t better W e n ext p u t what I cal l a b i nder of 5 8

.

F IG .
59.
—T H E ANV I L AN D TH E P I ECE U S ED IN M END I NG IT .

rou n d i ro n arou n d the b ea k i ro n t o pre v en t th e p or

te r bar fro m sl ipp i ng o f f N e x t we got ou t a p iece
.

o f i ro n som eth i n g th e shap e of the pi ece A i n F ig , .

59 ,with a bar welded o n th e side fo r ha n dl i ng T h i s .

p iece was abou t as wide as th e body of the anvil .

W e the n pu t th e a n vi l i n th e fi re to p rep are i t fo r

wel d i ng wh i ch was don e b y cutt i ng away th e u n e v en
,
 BLAC K S M I T H I N G . 1 19

places a nd scor i ng i t w i th a ch i sel W e th en pu t .

the anv il i n the fi re fo r a wel d bu ild i ng th e fi re u p ,

especi ally for i t T h e p i ece to be welded o n was

.

FI G . 60 .
—S H O W I NG H ow TH E P I ECE WA S W E L DED ON AND S H APE D .

bro ugh t to a heat i n a s ep arate fi re Wh e n al l was .

ready th e a n v i l w a s carr i ed ou t of th e fi re by the ai d

o f a b ar of i ro n ru n th rough the l oop a n d tu rn ed ,

FI G . 61 .
—
TH E A NV I L As M EN D E D .

i nto pos it i o n by th e u se o f th e h oo k an d th e fl at spo t

o n the b ar T h e p iece was the n welded o n an d p u t
.

i n to s h ape w i th a b ig fu l le r w h ich l e ft th e j ob as ,

see n i n F ig 60 T h e side was the n sc ore d an d th e

. .
I 20 “
B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

an vil p u t b ack i n t o th e fi re for a s i de h e at wh il e t h e

p iece B was m ade I t was b ro ugh t t o a h eat b y th e
.

t i m e t he anv il was ho t an d th e n they were brought ,

ou t an d wel ded a n d pu t i nto sh ape l i ke th e e n d p i e ce .

The oth er si de was the n p ut th ro ugh th e same p ro

c ess an d th e whol e tou ch ed u p w i th fuller an d
, .

— ETH OD O F H O D I NG AN ANV I I N PO ITI ON

FIG . 62 . M L L S .

fl atte r wh i ch l e ft th e j o b i n go od sh ape as sh ow n in
—
,

F ig 6 an d as go o d as w By A PPRE T IC E
. 1 , ne N .

F A S TE N I N G AN A N VIL IN PO S I T I O N .

I en close you a drawi n g wh ich sh ows a m ethod for

faste n i n g an anvi l dow n t o th e b l ock th at m ay be
o f i n terest to s om e of you r readers T h e fasten i n g .

i ro n s con si st o f two 3 8 i n ch ro u n d rod s or cl ips th at

- -

are ben t arou n d th e anv il an d bl ock as sh own by A ,

A i n F ig 62 A t X there i s a p iece o f 7 8 i nch

“

- -
. .
 BLA C K S M I T H I N G . I2 !

square i ro n ru n th rou gh th e bl ock F o u r h o le s arc .

d rille d i n th i s p i ece the s q u are i ro n th ro u gh wh i ch

,

the cl ips A A pass an d i nto wh i ch t hey are faste n ed

with n u ts T he th reads o n the rods sh o ul d be on e
.

i n ch l o n ge r o n each e n d th an th ey are n eeded so ,

that i n c ase th e an v i l ever b eco mes l o ose i t w i ll be

p oss ib l e t o d raw i t d ow n b y m ean s of th e n u ts .

F ig 63 o f th e s k etch es sh ows the deta i l s of th e

.

parts I th i n k th i s faste n i ng i s o n e of t h e b est th at

.

I h a v e e v er see n an d i t i s eas y to make

, I t k eep s .

FI G . 63 .
—DETA I LS O F D EV I CE S H O W N I N FI G . 62 .

the b l ock f ro m b ei n g spl i t an d dr i ve n fu ll o f spi k es .

I have n eve r see n a bette r plan fo r h ol d i ng a n

—
an v il than t hi s By H R H . . .

F A S TE N I N G AN ANVIL IN PO S I T I O N .

I e n c lo s e
so me ro ugh sketches setti ng forth m y
i deas o f the faste n i n gs for a n a nvil I n th e fi rst .

place I d o n ot h ave my anvi l b l ock an y large r tha n

t h e anvil base I u se b races as show n i n the e n g ra v
‘

.
122
"
B LAC KS M I T H I N G .

ing Fig
, T he strap is made of 1 % b y
. 64 . i n ch i ro n -

ben t an d fl a t wa y s E ach en d h as a p iece o f i n ch

.
-

rou n d i ro n welded o n t o i t R eferri ng t o the l etters .

i n th e e ngravi ng A represe n ts th e strap goi ng ,

arou n d t he foot of the an v i l to rece ive B O n each .

FI G . 64 . J . T . B .
’
s M ETH OD O F F T EN I NG AN
AS ANV I L .

s i de o f th e bl oc k o n wh i ch th e anv il rests a n otch is

’ ”
cu t to rece ive B R e ferri ng t o H R H s plan
.
“
. . .

( see page I wou l d say that t o m e i t appears

t h at h is faste n i ngs wou l d n ot am ou n t t o m u ch u n l ess
thei r si z e was greatly i n creased W i th th is I th i n k .
 BLA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 23

th ere i s at least fou r t i mes as m u ch w o r k to cu t a

square hol e qu ite th ro ugh th e bl ock as there i s t o
have n otch e s cu t o n e o n each s ide as i n d icated i n m y
—
sketc h By J T B . . .

F A S TE N I N G A N V I L S IN PO S I T I O N .

I e n close a s ketch Fig 65 rep rese n ti ng m y ow n plan

, .
,

for holdi ng an an v il i n p osi t i o n I t se rves the p u r .

FI G 65 . M .
R . R .
’
S M E TH OD O F F A sT EN IN G AN ANV I L .

p ose well an d i s easily appl ied T h e d rawi ng s o .

clearl y shows th e i dea that very l i ttle expl a n atio n i s

n ecessary B y mean s of m o rt ises i n th e si des of th e
.

block n uts are i n serted i n to wh ich b ol ts are screw ed

, , ,

as sh ow n i n th e sketch T h e sh ort pieces a gai n st .

,

wh ich the h eads of t he bol ts rest are s haped i n su ch ,

I 24 B LAC K S M I THI NG .

a m an n er as to be dri ve n by th eir o u ter e n ds i nto t h e

block th u s h o ldi ng th em secu rel y i n pl ace an d act
, ,

i ng as a l everage i n co n nect io n w ith the b ol t fo r

h oldi n g th e anv il m ore sec u rel y T he depth at .

wh ic h the m o rt IS e s In th e s ides of the bl ocks i s m ade

sh oul d b e f a r e n o ugh from the top to give su f fici e n t
st re ngth for clamp i ng the an vi l sol i dly i n p os i ti o n .

T he brace s at th e side o f th e fo ot o f t h e an vi l n eed

FI G . 66 .
—S E L F AC TI NG
-
SW EDGE D E S I GNED BY E . M . B .

n ot p roj ect m ore th an or 3 4 o f an i n ch f ro m th e

1 2
- -

anv i l B ol ts 1 2 i n ch i n di ameter o r l arger sh oul d

.
-

, ,

be u sed accordi ng to th e we i gh t o f th e an vi l to b e
,

hel d .

A S E L F A CT I N G S W EDGE -

I se n d herewith a represe n tat ion F ig 66 o f a self , .

,

acti n g swedge fo r rou n di ng u p s m al l work o n the a n

vil witho u t a st riker o r hel p I t sets i nto the anvi l .

l ike a n o rdi n ar y sw edge an d th e bl acks m i th strike s

,
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 2 5

w ith h i s h an d ha m mer o n t o p I t i s mad e o f i ro n

- . .

wi th a steel sp ri ng wh i c h sh o ul d b e 1 to I 1 2 i nches
,
-

—
w i de b y 1 4 i n ch th ic k By E M B
-
. . .

MAKI NG A PU NCH .

I se n d a sk etc h F i g 67 of a pu n ch wh i ch I made
,
.
,

fo r m y ow n u se an d fi n d a ve ry co nve n ien t tool I t .

can b e co n stru cted so as t o p u n ch to th e ce n te r of an y

sheet T h e part D sh ow n i n the i l l u strat i o n i s d o v e
. , ,

FI G . 67 .
—P U NC H M ADE BY H . s .

tailed so th at an y si z e o f d i e c an be u sed T h e p u n ch
,
.

i s mad e of 3 4 o r 7 8 i n ch s q u are steel w ith th e po i n t

- -

forged t o th e requ i red si z e an d w ith a small ce n ter

to catch the ce n ter mark o f the wo rk T he m ach i n e .

i s m ade to li e o n th e a n vil an d part A i s wel ded o n ,

to fi t th e square h ol e i n the anv i l I n u s i n g i t th e .

,

pu nch i s pl aced i n th e ce n ter m ar k o f th e wo rk by

hand and th e work i s hel d fi rm ly whi le th e hel per
,

g i ve s a g ood s ol i d b l ow w i t h t h e sled g e I h a ve .
 BLA C K S M I T H I N G
”
2 6 .

u sed o n e f o r fo u r years I t W ill pu n ch .

7
-
1 6-

i n ch
ro u n d an d squ are h oles th rough 1 4 an d -

5
-
1 6 i n ch
-

—
plo w steel By H S . . .

MAKING AN A N VI L PU NCH .

I w i ll try to describe an anvi l pu n ch that I made i n m y

sh op at an expe nse of two dol lars o nly I have a set of .

six th e sizes bei ng 4 3 8

, 5 8 3 4 a n 1d 1 i n-
an d ,
-

, 1 -
2 ,
-

,
-

.
,

I th i n k every blacksm i th sh o u l d h ave a se t o f them .

W ith th e 1 4 i n a n d 3 8 i n siz e I can p u nch col d i ro n

-
.
-

u p to 5 1 6 i n th ick n ess W ith th e 1 2 5 8 3 4 an d 1 i n

-
. .
-

,
-

,
-

, .

size s I ca n pu n ch 3 8 i n i ro n c old I can p u n ch steel

-

. .

s a w blades as easil y as b an d i ron s an d as the pu n ch ,

is used i n th e squ are h ol e i n the an vi l l i ke an y other

anv il t o ol i t does n ot take l o n g t o c h ange from on e
si z e of p u n ch t o an oth er T h e tool i s m ade as fol .

l ow s : I take a p iece o f Swedish iro n I % i n x 3 4 i n . .

an d I 0 i n che s l o n g u pset i t a l i ttl e o n o n e e nd the n

, ,

t ake a p i ece o f goo d steel an d cu t o f f a squ are p iece

1
% i n x 1
%. i n an d wel d i t fi rm ly
. o n the l arge en d of
t h e i ro n T he n I take a han d p u n ch an d p u n ch a h o le
.

i n th e ce n ter o f th e steel m ak i ng th e h ol e a l ittle ,

larger tha n th at wh ich the p u n ch i s to cu t whe n fi n

i sh e d T h e p u n ch sh o ul d be d ri ve n from the i ro n
.

S ide t o m ake th e h ol e l argest o n th e b o tto m so th at ,

the p u n c h i n g s w il l drop ou t I th e n heat the oth er .

en d cu t i t hal f o ff 1 % i n fro m th e e n d be n d i t over

,
.
,

an d w el d i t well th e n take a squ are pu n ch an d pu n ch

,

a n d w o rk o u t a 3 4 i n h ole wh i ch mus t b e p e rfectl y

-
.
 BLAC K S M I T H I N G . 1 2 7

true Th e pu n ch will the n l o o k as i n F ig 68 Th e n I

.
. .

tak e an i ro n th e sam e s iz e as th e s q uare h ol e i n m y

FI G . 68 .
— H O W I NG TH E P I ECE A FT ER W E D I NG H AP I NG AND
S L , S

P U NC HI NG .

anv il an d wel d i t o n th e botto m s i de o f t h e p u n ch

,

2
% In fro m th e rou n d h
. ol e i n the p u nch wh ic h i s n o w ,

FI G . 69 .
-
S H W I N G TH E P I ECE
O READ Y F OR FI I NG L , DRE S S I NG AN D

B END I NG .

l ik e F i g 69 an d is ready to b e fi led o f f an d dressed

.
, .

Then I take a pi ece of 3 4 i n s q u are ca st steel c u t o f f -

.
,

F IG .
70 .
—T H E T O P D IE O F T H E P U NC H .

6 i n ches draw it down and fi l e o n e e n d so as to fi t the

,

r o u n d h ol e i n t h e d i e of the p u n ch I make t h e to p .
 1 2 8
i
”B L A C K S M IT H IN G .

d ie o f the 1 4 i n pu n c h 5 1 6 i n l ong o n the rou n d part

-
.
-
. .

F o r l arger p u n ch es th e dies sh ou ld be l arger F ig 70 .

’

represen ts t he top die whe n fi n ishe d I then heat the .

p u n ch b e n d i t so that the tw o h ol es w il l b e i n a l i n e
, ,

fi t i n th e top d i e an d m ake su re t hat i t goes perfectl y

tru e i n to th e hole L e t co ol slowl y an d when i t i s
.
,

F IG .
7I .
—
ANV I L P U NC H CO M P L ET ED
TH E .

cool see th at the face o f the b otto m di e i s all r i ght ,

an d th at th e di e w o rks straigh t an d easil y T emp er .

as y o u woul d fo r any tool i n te n ded t o cu t i ro n F ig . .

rep resen ts th e p u n ch wh e n fi n i sh e d —B y N C M
7 1 . . . .

F ORG I N G A N VI L A S TEE L .

I wou l d l ike t o say a few words ab ou t forgi ng cast

steel an vi l s .F i g 72 of t h e e n g rav i n g an n e x e d sh ows
.
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 29

t h e steel spl i t an d ready fo r th e ful leri ng I n F i g 73 . .

i t is seen fu llered an d form i ng the o u tl i n e o f an a n

FI G .
72 .
—S H O W I NG TH E P I ECE S P L IT AND READ Y F OR FU LL ER I NG .

vi l T he e n ds whe n fullere d t o th e prop e r shape

.
, ,

w i l l form the face an d b otto m I n doi ng th i s i t m u st .

F IG .
73 — H OW I NG
. S TH E S T EE FU
ERED A N D F O R M ED I N T O T H E
L LL

L O F A N ANV I L O U T I NE .

b e fullered o n fou r sides an d at the b ottom an d ,

draw n to the t hi c k n ess proper fo r a face A fter i t i s .

I3 0
"B L AC K SM I T H I N G .

f u l lered i t i s brough t back an d t r i mmed toi n t o p la c e

a -

the right l ength as i n dicated i n th e dotted l i n es of

,

F ig 73 F ig 74 shows th e j ob co mpl eted T h e steel

. . .
.

sho ul d be chose n to corresp on d w ith th e s i z e of the

F IG .
74 —S H O W I NG
. TH E FI N I H ED
S ANV I L .

an vil des i red I do n t th in k th is m eth od I h av e de

.
’

scribed woul d an swer for a hu n dred pou n d an vil b u t -

i t is co nven i e n t i n m ak i n g o n e fro m fiv e to twe n t y

—
p ou nd s By C E . .
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 3 1

C H A PT E R V .

B L A C K S M IT H S T OO L S
’
.

I n th i s co n n ect io n to ngs h am mers ( n ot me n t i o n ed

, ,

e lsewh ere ) an d vari ou s o t he r tools com m on l y u se d

by b lacksm ith s w ill be ill u st rated and described
,
.

TH E PROPER S H A PE O F E Y E S F OR TOO L H A N D L E S -
.

T o p rope rl y faste n a han dle i n a to ol i s n o t so

FI G S .
75 AN D 76
.
—C ORREC T S H A PE O F EY E F O R T OO H AND
L -
LE .

s i mple as i t appears an d th at i s th e reaso n th at we

,

so o fte n see them im p roperly h an dled as is eviden ced ,

by thei r so easily c omi ng l oose I have a ch i pp i ng .

hammer that I o n ce used fo r two co n secu tive years

when worki ng at th e v i se I t h as b ee n i n i n term i t
.
1 3 2 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

ten t u se fo r som e te n years si n ce an d its h an dle ,

sh ows n o sign s of com i ng l oose f o r the si mpl e re a ,

so n that i t was properl y p u t i n i n th e fi rst pl ace .

T he correc t shap e fo r an eye t o receive a t ool

han dl e i s sh own i n F igs 75 an d 76 wh i ch are sec .
,

t i o n a l v iews A is th e t o p an d B th e botto m o f t h e
.

tool Tw o s i des o f th e h ol e i t wi ll b e ob serve d i n

.
,

F i g 75 are ro u n ded o u t fro m th e ce n ter towards

.
,

each e n d T he oth er two si des are parall el from t h e

.

t op t o the ce nter as sh own In F ig. 76 wh i l e th e b ot

, ,

tom h al f o f th e h ol e i s r o u n ded o u t as befo re T he .

FI G 77 —
.
T OP V I E W
. . FI G .
78 .
—B O TT O M V I E W .

shape thu s obt a i n ed may b e cl early u n derstood fro m

F ig 77 wh ich i s a v i ew o f th e t o p or face A a n d
.
, , ,

F ig 78 wh ich is a v i ew of th e bottom o r face 8

. , , .

T h e han dle i s fitted a drivi n g fi t t o the eye an d is ,

shaped as sh ow n i n Figs 79 an d 8 0 wh ich are side .

,

an d edge v iews Fro m C t o D th e h an dl e fi l ls the

. ,

eye b u t from D t o E i t fi ll s th e eye le n g t h w a y s o n ly

'

of th e oval A saw sl o t to receive a wedge is cu t i n

.
-

. ,

the h an dle as sh own i n F ig 8 0 T h e wedge i s best

,
. .

m ade of so ft wo od wh ich wi ll co mpress a n d co n form

,

itsel f to t he sh ap e of the slot T o dr i ve the han dle .

 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .
33

i n to t h e e y e
preparato ry t o we dgi ng i t perman en tl y
, ,

i t should be pl aced i n the eye h el d v ert i cally w i th , ,

th e tool h ead hang i ng d ow nwar d an d th e u pper en d ,

st ru ck w ith a m al let or h am m er wh ich is b ett er tha n ,

resti ng th e to ol h ead o n a bl ock Th e we d ge sh o u ld

-
.

b e made l o n ge r th an wi l l fi ll th e sl ot so that i ts u p pe r ,

e n d m a y proj ect well an d th e protru di n g part wh i ch

, ,

FI G 79
— H APE O F H AN D E
S L FI G 8 —H APE 0. S or HAND L E
O TH ER V I EW
. . . . .

AN .

may spl i t o r bu lge i n th e d riv i n g m a y be c u t o f f ,

after th e w e dge i s drive n h o me .

The wedge sh o uld be dri ve n fi rst w i th a m allet an d

fi n ally wi th a h amm e r A fte r a very few bl ows o n the
.

wedge t h e to ol sh o uld be su spe n ded by th e handle

,

an d th e e n d of the l atte r stru c k t o keep th e han dl e

fi rm ly ho me i n the eye T h i s i s n ecessary becau s e
.
,
1 34 BLAC K S M I T H I N G .

d riv i n g the wedge i n is apt to d rive th e han dle

partly ou t o f th e eye .

T h e width of the wedge sh o uld equal the fu ll l ength

of the oval at th e t op of th e eye so that o n e wedge ,

will spread th e h andl e o u t t o co m pl etel y fi l l th e eye ,

as sh ow n i n F ig 8 1 M etal we d ges are n ot s o good

. .

as wo ode n on es becau se th ey h ave l ess el ast ici ty an d

,

d o n ot so r e adil y c on form t o th e shap e o f th e saw

sl ot for wh ich rea s o n th ey are m o re apt to com e
,

l oose T he taper o n th e we d ge shou ld be regul ated

.

FI G . 81 .
-
S H A PE OF WE DGE .

t o su i t th e am o u n t o f taper i n th e eye wh i le th e th i ck ,

n ess of th e wedge sh o ul d be s u f fi cien tl y In excess of

the w idth of the saw cu t added to th e taper i n the eye
-

, ,

to avo i d al l danger of the e n d of the wedge meet i n g

th e b otto m of th e saw sl ot -
.

B y th i s m eth od th e t ool h an dl e i s l ocked t o th e

'

tool eye by bei ng sp read at each e n d o f th e same I f .

the t op e n d o f the tool eye were ro u n ded o u t b oth

ways of th e ova l t wo wedges would be requ i red t o
,

spread the h a n dle e n d to fi t the eye o n e wedge stan d ,

 BLA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 35

i n g at a righ t angle t o th e othe r I n th is case o n e .

wedg e m u st be o f wo od a n d o n e o f metal the o n e ,

stan d in g across th e w id th o f the oval u su all y b ei ng

the metal o n e T h e th i n edge o f th e metal wedge i s
.

by s o me twisted as sh ow n by F ig 8 2 wh i ch cau ses

, .
,

FI G 8 — H PE O F ET
. 2 . S A M AL W EDGE .

th e wedge t o b eco m e somewhat l oc k ed whe n dr iv e n

in.

I n fi tt i ng th e h an dl e care m ust be take n th at i ts

,

o v al is m ade t o stan d t ru e w i th t h e oval o n the tool

eye E speci al ly i s th i s n ecessary i n th e case o f a
.

ham m er . S up pose fo r exa m p le th at i n F ig

, , .

FI G . 83 .
—FITTI NG TH E H AND L E .

83 th e l e ngth o f th e oval o f the h an dl e l ies i n th e

plan e A B W h ile that o f the eye l ies i n th e pl an e C
,

D ; the n th e face of the hamme r W ill m eet t he wo rk

on o n e side an d th e ha m m er wi l l wear o n o n e s ide as
, ,

show n i n the figu re at E I f h oweve r th e e y e i s

.
, ,
I 36 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

n ot t ru e i n th e h amm er th e han dle m u st be fi tted,

t rue to th e b ody o f t h e hamm e r t h at i s t o say to ,

the lin e C D T h e re a so n for 1211 1 5 i s th at th e h an d

.

n atu rally grasp s th e h an dle i n s u ch a man ner that

the l e ngth of the ova l of th e han dle l ies i n th e pl an e
o f th e l i n e o f m oti o n wh e n stri ki n g a bl ow an d i t i s ,

obv i ou s t hat to st rik e a fai r bl ow th e l e n gth o f the

h am m er sh ou l d also stan d i n the plan e o f m oti o n .

T h e h andl e sh o ul d also stan d at a right an gl e t o

F IG . 84 .
-
H AND
E A T R I G HT ANG L E T O P L AN E O F L ENG TH O F H A M
L

M ER H E A D .

th e pl an e of th e l ength of th e h am mer head v ie wed ,

from t h e si d e el evat i o n as sh ow n i n F ig 8 4 i n , .
,

wh i ch the d otted li n e i s th e pl an e o f the h am m er s ’

l ength w h il e B rep rese n ts a l i n e at a righ t an gl e to

,

A an d sh ould th erefore represe n t th e a x ial l i n e o f

, , ,

th e h am me r h an dle B u t s u ppose the han dle st ood

.

as de n oted b y t he dotted l i n e C the n the face o f the ,

ham mer wo u ld wear to o n e si de as sh ow n In the fi g ,

,

u re at D — By J O S H U A R O S E M E
.
,
. .
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .
37

B LA C K S M I T H S ’
TO N G S AN D TOO L S .

[P r i z e C o mp e t i t i on E ss a y !

M y k n owl edge o f t ool s is co n fi n e d t o th e cl ass

’
kn ow n as th e mach i n e bl acksm ith s t ools B u t th ese .

m a y b e o f i nterest to th e h o rsesh oe r an d carriage

i ro n er an d th e i r t ools m ay i n te rest th e mach i n e
,

b lacksm i th .

T he l i st o f to ol s w o u l d n o t b e c o m ple te u nl ess
th e sm ith s h an d h am mer was me n t i o ned an d as a
’

rul e th e sm i th take s great p ri de i n i t T hese h am .

FI G . 85 .
-
TH E B A L L PANE H AM M ER .

mers are o f th e cl ass k n ow n a S t h e b all pan e as '

s h o w n i n F ig 8 5 o f th e accompan yi ng illu stratio n s

. .

T h e we igh t o f th e ha m mer i s acco rd i ng to th e taste

of th e m an wh o u ses i t b u t th e average weigh t i s ,

abou t 2 lbs 4 0 2 5 F i g 8 6 rep re se n ts a pai r o f

. . .

do ubl e cal i pers o n e side o f wh i ch i s u sed fo r tak i ng

,

the W idth a n d the other side fo r th e th ic k n es s whe n

work i ng a p iece o f i ron F i g 8 7 i s a pai r o f si n gle
. .

cal ipers for gen eral u se an d n eeds n o explan at io n .

F ig 8 8 i s a pai r o f com m o n d ividers wh i ch are u sed

.
I 38 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

for de scribing the ci rcles o n p iece s t hat n eed to b e

c u t r o u n d a nd th ey can be u sed as a gauge i n wel d
,

i n g u p pi eces t o a g ive n le n gth

. F i g 89 i s a T . .

s q u are wh i ch i s a s u se ful a tool as eve r got i n to a

,

sh o p for squ ari ng u p work with T h e sh ort l eg ca n .

be d ropped i n to a h ole wh ile squ ari ng th e face w i t h

th e T o r i t ca n b e u sed for a h an dle wh ile u s i n g the
,

FI G . 86 .
—TH E DO U B L E CA L I PER S .

b ac k to square u p flat p i eces T h ese tool s shoul d .

belo ng to every sm i th an d be h is pri vate p roperty .

Th e ordi n ary 2 f t squ are wh i ch every sm ith ou ght

-
.

t o be provided w ith i s u su ally s uppl ied by th e own er

o f th e sh op A go o d 2 f t brass ru le i s someth i ng
.
-

that eve r y s m i th o ught to have .

O p i n i o n s d i f fer as regards th e fi re an d an vil o f t h e

mach i n e s m ith B u t a n eat o u tfi t i s a portable f o rge
.
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 39

m ade fo r g en eral wo rk an d a 3 0 0 lb E a g l e a n v i l
,
-

w i th al l th e sharp c o rn e rs grou n d o f f a n d m ad e a ,

l i ttle m o re rou n di ng n ext to the b eak i ro n th an o n

the oth e r e nd Th e S ledges u s u ally fou n d t o be m ost
.

co n ve n i e n t are th e s traight pan e pattern F i g 9 0 , .

,

o f 8 l b s 1 2 lbs a n d 1 6 lbs weigh t t h e 1 2 1b Sl edge

.
, .
, .
,
-
.

be i n g f o r ge neral u se an d th e o th ers fo r l igh t o r

,

h eavy work as occas ion deman ds .

I n addi t i o n t o these eac h fi re u sual l y has w h at i s

,

FI G . 87 .
-
TH E I N G
E CA L I PER S S L .

cal led a bac k i n g ham m e r wh i ch i s o f th e same styl e

,
O

as th e s mi t hj s ha m m e r b u t weighi ng o n l y 3 % lbs
, .

T h i s i s u sed t o assi st th e sm i t h i n b ack i n g u p a

pi ece o f i ro n W h e n s c a rfi n g fo r wel d i ng an d fo r fi n ,

i s h i n g u p work where th e sledges are t o o heavy .

To ngs ran k am o ng o n e of th e m ost i m portan t

th i n gs i n a blacksm ith s o u tfi t F ig 9 1 rep re s e nts
’
. .

th e p i ck u p to n gs wh i ch a re espec ially th e h e l per s

-

,
’
1 40 BLA C K S M I T H I N G .

tongs an d are u sed t o p ick u p tool s a n d s ma ll p i eces ,

gen eral l y .

F ig 9 2 rep rese n ts a pai r o f ord i n ary fl at to ngs for

.

h ol di ng flat i ro n an d they n eed l i ttl e expl an at ion

,
.

F ig 9 3 rep rese nts a pai r o f b ox to ngs fo r h ol di n g

.

squ are o r fl at i ro n th e l ip o n each side pre v e nt i ng

,

th e i ro n fro m sl i pp i ng aro u nd F i gs 9 4 an d 9 5 . .

FI G . 88 .
-
TH E D I V I DER S .

sh ow a p ai r of ton gs o n e pai r of wh i ch can b e made

,

to fi t several s i zes by m aking the box p iec e to fi t th e

size o f i ro n t o be u sed F ig 9 4 shows th e pi eces . .

apart and F i g 9 5 sh ows how they are u sed Fig

, . . .

9 6 rep resen ts a pai r o f ro u n d bi t to ngs for h oldi ng

rou n d i ron Fi g 9 7 sh ows a pai r o f h oll ow b its for
. .
 B LAC K S M I T H I N G . 14 1

h ol d i n g ro u n d i ro n an d f o r p i ece s havi ng a l arge r

,

e nd tha n th e b ody s u ch as b ol ts e tc F ig 9 8 rep

, , . .

rese nts a p ai r o f squ are h oll ow b its th at an swer th e,

sam e pu rp ose as the b it s sh ow n i n F ig 9 7 excep t .

,

that the s q u are b i ts w i ll h ol d s q u are o r ro u n d i ro n .

FI G . 89 .
—TH E T SQ
-
U ARE .

F i g 9 9 rep re se n ts a pair o f fl at to n g s
. for h ol d i n g
large p ieces t h e diamo n d sh aped c rease
,
-
i n th e b its
m a k i ng th e m ha n dy fo r h ol di ng large p iece s o f
s q uare o r ro u n d i ro n F i g 1 00 sh ows a. . pair o f p i n

F IG .
90 .
—T H E EDGE S T R I G HT PANE
A SL .

ce r tongs u sefu l fo r ma n y p u rposes H old i n g wo r k

, .

that h as a rou n d p i ece raised o f f th e m a i n bod y th e y ,

1 4 2 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

can be m ad e still m ore u se f u l by cu tt i n g o u t th e

top s o f th e b i ts as S h ow n i n t he figu re F ig 1 0 1
, . .

sh ows t ongs for h oldi n g wor k where t h e i ro n i s ben t

fia t wi s e Th e to n gs sh ow n i n F ig . 1 0 2 are u seful
.
,

for t hey c a n b e m ade to s u i t any si z e Those sh o w n .

FI G .
9 I. -
TH E P IC K -
UP T ONG S .

FI G .
92 .
-

TH E F AT T ONG
L S .

FI G .
93 .
-
T H E BOX T ONG S .

F IG .
94
—T ONG
. S W ITH B OX P I ECE .

.
—
FI G 9 5 S H o w 1 N G
. H ow TH E T ONG
AND B O X PI ECE S ARE U S ED S .

i n F ig 1 0 3 a re for work that can n o t be h el d i n an

.

ord i n ary pair o f fl at tongs o n accou n t of th e bi ts n o t

be i n g long en o ugh Th e b its are be n t at right a n
.

gles so t hat th e work w il l p a ss b y th e j o i n ts Fig

, . .
 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

10
4 sh ows a pai r o f t h e same style o f to n g s wi t h the
bi ts b en t to h old ro u n d i ron .

FI G .
96 .
—RO U N D -
B IT TO N GS .

A n ot h er styl e o f c rooked b i t to ngs i s sh ow n i n

-

F ig . 10
5 , i n wh i c h th e b i ts are b en t dow n i n stead o f

.
—
FI G 9 7 H O L L O W
. -
B IT T ONG S .
1 44 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

sharpe n i ng them or for h oldi ng any su ch tools wh ile ,

t h ey a re bei ng rep ai r e d Fo r m ak i ng bolts ou t of .

ro u n d i ro n th e to ngs as show n i n F ig 1 0 8 w ill beat .

F IG . I OO . P I NCER T ONG S .

F IG . IO I .
—T ONG S FOR B END I NG I RON F AT W I
L S E .

F IG . [ 02 .
—
T ONG S FO R H O D I NG P I ECE
L S OF D IFF EREN T I
S Z ES .

FI G . 1 03 .
—T 0 NG S W ITH B EN T B IT S .

F IG . IO4 .
—T ONG S W ITH B EN T B IT S FO R H O D I NG RO U ND I RON
L .

any I ever saw T hey h ave the ordi nary h oll o w b it

. ,

w i th a p iece cu t ou t o f each b i t crosswise to h ol d the

rou n d i ro n i n u psetti ng T he swel l i n the bi ts all ows .

th e h ead t o be tak e n i n wh i l e strai g hte n ing th e other

 BLAC K S M I T H I N G .
45

e nd A ll of th e forego i ng n am ed tongs can b e made

.

of any s i z e large o r s mal l ; an d th e sm ith sh o p t hat

,

has al l of th ese d i ff eren t shapes i s p retty w ell e q u i p

ped .

N e x t i n i m p o rtan c e are t h e ch i sels pu n ches a n d ,

tools fo r th e an v il Fig 1 0 9 repre sen ts the o rd i n ary

. .

hot ch i sel or hot set as i t i s kn own i n so me l ocal i ties

,
-

,
.

T he ord i n ary col d ch isel i s sh ow n i n F ig 1 1 0 T he . .

FI G . 105 .
—CROO K ED -
B IT T ONG S .

h ard y for the anv i l is s o wel l kn own as t o n eed n o i l

l ustrati o n T h e go uge ch isel as S h own i n F ig 1 1 1
.
, .
,

i s fo r c u tti n g o f f rou n d corners at o n e op eratio n I t .

can b e gro u n d i n sid e o r o u t t h us maki n g an i n s i de ,

or outside t ool T he rou n d pu n ch sh own i n F i g 1 1 2

. .

F IG . I O6 .
—
T ONG S U S ED I N B END I NG I RON ON TH E EDGE .

n eeds n o explanat io n o f i ts u ses b u t i t can b e u sed ,

for a go uge W here a good sti f f o n e i s re qu i red by

, ,

gri n d ing i t o f f bevel I n so m e wo rk a s q u are ch isel

.

comes very h an d y ; o n e m ade as sh own i n F ig 1 1 3 i s .

very good T h e s quare p u n ch sh ow n i n F i g 1 1 4

. .

can also be gro u n d bevel an d used fo r a squ are or

corn e r ch isel T h e l on g o r eye p u n ch i s S h ow n i n
.

F ig 1 1 5
. For co u ntersi n k in g h ol e s an d su ch wor k
.
1 4 6
“
9 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

the b ob p u n ch o r co u n ters i nk as Sh ow n i n F ig 1 1 6 , .
,

i s abou t what i s n eeded W h ile fo r cuppi ng or ro u n d ,

F IG . I O7
.
—T ONG S U S ED IN S HA R PEN I NG C HI S E L S .

i n g o f f th e h eads of b olts an d n u ts a nd for s i m il ar ,

wor k th e cupp i ng tool as sh own i n F ig 1 1 7 IS u sed

,
. .

FI G . Io 8 . T ONG S U S ED I N
— M A K I NG B O L T S O F RO U ND I RON .

A tool of t h is k i n d co mes h an d y m an y a ti me i f
m ade to fi t th e h ardy h ol e .

F or setti ng down wor k an d getti ng i n to small

FI G . 1 09 -
TH E H O T C HI S EL .

pl aces i n wh i c h the l atte r can n ot b e u sed we h ave

the set ham m er S h ow n i n F ig 1 1 8 I t i s m ade w i th . .

s q u are ed g es a n d wh e n m a d e w it h th e ed g e s
,
 B LAC K S M I T H I N G . 1 47

rou n ded o ff i t i s cal l ed a rou n d edge set h am m e r -

.

Th ese h am m ers are al so made w i th the face cu t O f f

at a n angl e i n o rder t o ge t d own i n t o c o rn e rs an d
,

F IG . I IO .
— TH E CO L D C HI S E L .

to settl e work dow n v ery squ are F ig 1 1 9 re p re . .

sen ts th e o rd i nary top swage fo r rou n d in g u p work ,

an d F ig 1 2 0 S hows
. b otto m swage E ve ry .

F IG . III .
~ —
T H E GO U GE C HI S E L .

sm i th k n ows th e val ue o f a go o d set o f swages .

'

They can b e m a d e lo n g that i s th e fu ll wid th o f the

, ,

a nv il or the y can b e m ade ver y sh ort : t h e s h o rt o n e s

,
1 4 8 B L AC K S M I T H I N G .

ta k e th e n am e o f n ecki ng S W I ge s F i g 1 2 1 re p re . .

sen ts a side swage th e eye bei ng p u n ched i n opp o

,

site fro m the ord i n ary swage Th ese are u sed for .

F IG . I I2RO U ND P U N C H
.
~
TH E .

rou n di ng o f f th e e n ds o f flat p i eces be i ng h an d i er ,

tha n th e ordi nary swage Fig 1 2 2 sh ows an anv i l

. .

FI G I I 3 —TH E
. . SQ U ARE C HI S E L .

side swage o r b otto m s wag e a swage b e i ng made o n ,

th e e n d to overh ang th e edge of the a n v i l so th at ,

b en t p ie ces th at n eed t o b e S wage d c a n be dro pped

ove r t h e e d ge o f th e an v i l an d S wag ed u p w i t h ou t
mu c h t rou b l e
.
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .

F IG . I I4 .
-
’

1 H E SQ U ARE P U NC H .

FI G . 1 1
5 .
-
TH E L ONG OR EY E P U NC H .

. 6 —
FI G I I TH E B
. OB P U NC H OR CO U N T ER S I N K .
1 5 0
BL ACK S M I T H I N G .

FI G . 1 17
.
-
TH E C U PP I NG T OO L .

-
T H E S ET HA MM ER .
 B LAC K S M I T H I N G . 1 5 1

T he to p an d bott o m fu ll ers sh ow n i n F i gs 1 2 3 a n d .

1 2 4 are fam i l i ar t o eve ry s m ith T h e h o rn o n th e .

b otto m f u ller i s to p r e ve nt the p i ece t o b e fullered

F IG . 1 20 .
— TH E B O TT O M S ‘VA G E .

F IG . I2 I .
— TH E S I DE SW AGE .

FI G . 1 22 .
— TH E ANV I L S I D E OR B O TT O M SW AGE .

fro m b e i ng kn ocked o f f t h e to ol at every bl ow o f t h e

’
st riker s sl e dge F o r s mo oth i n g u p w o rk the s m i t h
.

h as th e fl atter F ig 1 2 5 w h ic h t akes o u t: th e l u mp s
, .
,
 5 2 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .

an d u neve n pl aces an d gives th e w o r k a fi n i s h ed

appe aran ce .

S om eti mes a p iece i s so be n t t h at a fl atter can n ot

FI G . 1 23. —TH E T OP FU LL ER .

be u sed an d th e sm i th the n fall s b ack o n h i s foo t

,

tool sh ow n i n F ig 1 2 6 Th e foot goes i n o n th e

,
. .

work an d th e h ead o u tsi de A gl an ce at th e sketch

,
.

FI G . 1 24 .
—TH E B O T TO M F U L L ER .

w il l sh ow h ow u se ful i t can be i n alm ost an y sm ith s ’

sh op .

I t somet i mes h appen s th at i t i s necessary to leave

ro u n d corn ers o n a p iece of work an d i n fi n ish i ng i t ,

u p th e ord i n ary flatter wo ul d m ark i t an d sp o i l i ts

 BLA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 53

a p pearan ce T h e s m i th the n m ake s u se O f th e ro u nd

.

edge fl atter sh own i n F ig 1 2 7 T h i s to ol i s a lso

. .

u sefu l i n b e nd i ng fl at i ro n th e ro u n d edge p re v e n t
,

i n g gall i ng .

FI G . 12 5
—TH E P L A T T ER .

T he sm ith somet i mes has a l ot of s m all r i ngs t o

m ake o r t o work o u t h ole s wh i ch are t o o sm al l fo r th e
b eak I ron F or su ch Work a s mal l co n e t o fi t t h e
.

FI G . 1 26 .
—TH E F OO T T OO L .

anvi l as sh ow n i n F ig 1 2 8 i s very u se fu l O r he
, .
, .

m ay h ave so m e col lars t o wel d o n rou n d i ro n a n d ,

after maki ng o n e o r t wo h e w i shes he h ad a q u icker

1 54 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

way an d o n e that w o uld make th e m al l l oo k al i k e .

H e beth i n ks h i msel f o f th e collar swages h e h eard

that T r amp B lacksm i th tal k abo u t so h e m akes ”
,

FI G . 1 27 .
—
TH E RO U ND EDGE P L A T T ER :
-

a pai r of collar swage s as sh ow n i n F i g 1 2 9 O nl y . .

th e botto m swage is sh own as th e i mpression i n the ,

top i s l i ke th e bo ttom A fter m aki ng th ree o r fo u r

.

p i eces h e gets th e hang o f the t ools an d th e work

“
,

goes merrily o n each p i ece l ooki ng l ike t he oth e r

,
.

FI G . 1 28 .
—
TH E A NV I L C ON E .

H e somet i mes has to m ake b en ds i n h i s work an d ,

the n the fork sh ow n i n F i g 1 3 0 co mes i n v e ry .

ha ndy .I h ave see n t hi s to ol u sed for m aki n g

 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 1
55

h oo k s o n th e e n d o f lo ng rods o n e fo rk b e i n g u se d
,

to p re ss agai n st a n d th e oth er t o be n d the ho ok

aro u n d . F ig 1 3 1 rep rese n ts a to ol fo r bend i ng
.

flat p ieces at righ t a ngl es a n d m ak i n g T p i ece s -

.

FI G . 1 29 —T H E CO L L AR S WAGE .

T h e sm ith drops th e i ro n i n the sl o t a nd h e can ,

be n d o r tw ist i t an y way h e l i kes .

Somet i mes work n eed s fuller i ng b u t i s so offset ,

FI G . 1 3o .
—A F O RK U S ED I N B END I NG .

th at o n e e n d rests o n th e an v i l a n d th e o ther towers

away above t h e full e r T h e sm ith the n u ses th e
.

fuller sh ow n i n F ig 1 3 2 the o utside edge o f

.
,

th e fuller b e i ng b rou gh t flu sh with t h e s i d e o f t he

an v il th u s en abl ing the s m ith to d rop h i s work dow n
,
1 5 6 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .

the side o f th e a nvi l an d proceed as w i t h an ord i

n ary fuller .

I n m ost m ach i n e blacks m ith shop s they have m ore

o r l ess b ol ts an d n u ts to m ake F ig 1 3 3 r epresen ts . .

FI G I 3 I —T OO F OR
. . A L B END I NG F AT P I ECE
L S AND M A K I NG
T P IE C E S .

th e ord i n ary n u t swage u sed for sw a gi ng n ut s or fi n

i s h i n g u p th e heads o f hexago n b olts F ig 34 . .

sh ows a bette r tool for maki ng bol ts O nly o n e h al f .

-

F IG . [ 3 2 .
— FU ER
A LL FO R O FF S ET W OR K .

i s su n k hexago n th e oth er h al f bei ng th e ordin ary

,

b ott o m ro u n d swage so that i n m aki ng a b ol t as

, ,

it i s tu rn ed aro u n d i n th e swage the shan k o f th e

b ol t is b r o ugh t Ce n tral w ith th e head S m i th s wh o .
 BLAC K S M I T H I N G . 1 57

have t ro u b l e i n gett i ng th e head o f th e b ol t ce n tral

w i th th e shan k will ,
by u si ng th is t o o ! be abl e t o
, ,

make a go o d b ol t T he to ol s h ow n i n F ig 1 3 5 h as
. .

grooves c u t i n u n t i l the y m eet at th e b otto m so ,

th at man y d i ff eren t s i z ed h eads o r n uts ca n b e made

-

FI G AGE . I 33 .
—A N U T SW .

i n i t th e s mal l o n e s go i ng far d own an d th e l arger

,

o n es fil l in g i t Up I n Fig 1 3 6 i s sh ow n th e ord i n ary

. .

headi ng too l Fig 1 3 7 represe n ts a n u t m an dre l i n

.
.
.

FI G . 1 34 .
-
A T OO F OR
L M A K I NG B O L T S .

w h ich t h e s h an k i s m ad e s mal le r th an th e b od y part ,

i n order to drive i t th rough th e n u t .

F ig 1 3 8 sh ows a bridge or saddle u sed fo r d rawi ng

.

ou t forked pi eces mak i n g open e n d wren ch es an d

,
-

si m ilar w o r k
.

I h a v e n ot attem p ted to de scr i b e the hand p u n ch es ,

 1 5 8 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

bu t as i s kn ow n h an d p u n ches rou nd fl a t an d h e x
, , , ,

agon al are very u s e ful i n th e sm ith s sh op P i n s for

,
'

F IG . I3S .
—A T OO L FO R M A K I NG H EAD S OR N UTS OF VAR I O U S S I Z E S
drivi ng th rou gh h ol es t o expan d the m are s o well
k n ow n to al l sm ith s that I do n ot dee m i t n ecessary to

FI G . I 36 .
—TH E H EAD I NG T OO L .

take u p space In descri bi ng them The t ool s that I .

h ave attem pted to describe are i n every day u se an d

‘

FI G
N U T M ANDRE L
. 1 37 .
—A .

I th i n k th ey form al together a go od o utfi t for a

machi n e blacksm ith sh o p —B y WA RD L E Y L A N E .

PROPER S H A PE FOR B LA C K S M I T H S ’
TO N GS
.

T he proper S h a pe fo r blacksm i ths to ngs depen ds ’

u p o n w h e th e r th e y are to b e used u p o n w o r k o f a
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 1
59

u n i fo rm s iz e an d sh ape o r u p o n ge n eral work I n .

t he fi rs t case the to ngs may be form ed to e x actl y

FI G . 1 38 .
—
SADD L E U S ED F OR DRAW I NG O UT F OR K ED P I ECES .

su i t the special wo rk I n th e sec o n d case they m u st .

b e formed t o s u i t as w i de a ra nge o f w ork as c o n v e

n i ent
.

S u ppose for e x ample th e tongs are fo r us e o n a

. ,

FI G . I 39 .
—PROPER H PE O F T ONG F OR PEC I A
S A S S L WO RK .

speci a l si ze an d S h ape of me tal o nly T h e n t h ey .

S h ou ld be formed as i n F ig 1 3
9 th e j aws gr i p pi n g .
,

the work eve nl y all alo ng an d b ei ng straigh t al on g ,

FI G . I 4o .
—I M PROPER S H APE .

th e grippi n g su rface The e n ds A B are cu rved so .

th at the ri ng C shal l n ot sl ide b ack an d com e o f f It .

w i ll r e ad il y be p erce i ved howeve r th at i f th e se ton g s , ,

 60 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

were p u t u pon a p iece o f wo rk of greater th i c k n ess ,

th ey wou l d grip i t at the i n n er e n d on ly as i n F ig 1 40 , .

,

an d i t woul d b e i mpossibl e to h ol d the work steady .

The e nd O f the work W w ou l d ac t as a p ivot an d , , ,

the part o n the a n v i l woul d m ove abo u t I t is better .

,

F IG . [ 41 .
—PROPER S H APE O F JAW S F O R GE N ERA L U S E .

therefo re for ge n eral work t o form th e j a ws as sh own

, ,

i n F ig 1 4 1 p u tt i ng th e work su f fi ci en tl y with i n th e
.
,

j aws t o m eet the m at the cu rve i n the j aw W h e n th e ,

e n d B al so gri ps th e work B y pu tt in g th e work .

m ore o r l ess w ith i n t he ton gs accord i ng to its th i ck ,

n ess co n tact at the e n d o f th e work as at A an d at

, ,

FI G — S H APE O F T ONG J A W S
I 42 FI G 4 3 — H APE O F Q U ARE
1 S S
F OR RO U N D W OR K T ONG J W F OR RO U ND W OR
. .
. .

. A S K .

th e p oi n t of th e t ongs as at B m ay b e secu red i n on e ,

pai r o f t o ngs over a W ide r range o f th i ckn es s of wo rk

than wou ld oth erwise b e th e case T h is appl ies to .

to n gs for rou n d o r other work e q u all y as well a s t o

fl a t o r s qu are wo r k .
 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .
1 61

F or ro u n d work the c u rve i n th e ton g j aws shou ld

,

always be l ess than that of th e wor k as show n i n the,

e n d view F ig 1 4 2 i n wh ich W re p re s e n t s th e wo rk
, .
,

o r i f ro un d work b e h el d i n squ a r e to n g s i t sho ul d

,

tou ch th e s i des o f the squ are as sh ow n In F i g 1 4

3.
,

an d i n al l cases there shou l d be a l ittl e sp r i ng to the

j aws of the tongs to cause th em to co n fo rm so me
,
1 62 BL AC K S M I T H I N G .

wh i le at th e sam e ti me i t a f f ords room fo r a p ro t e c

t io n head or l ug Fo r sh ort an d headed work su ch
.
,

as bolts the form s h own i n F ig. 1 4 5 i s the best th e

, ,

thi ckn ess at the po i n ts always b e i ng redu ced to gi ve

some el asti city an d i n th is case to en vel ope l ess o f
,

the length o f th e b ol t al so .

FI G . I4 7 .
—H OOP T ONG S .

F or h old i ng aw k ward sh aped work c on tai n i n g an

eye the form S h own i n F ig 1 4 6 i s b est th e t aper i n
, .
,

th i s case ru n n i n g both ways a s sh own t o give i n , ,

creased elasti ci t y Th e same ru l e also appl i es to th e

.

ho op t o ngs S h ow n i n F ig 1 4 7 . .

P erhaps th e best e x ample o f t he advantage o f h av

FI G . I4S .
—P I C K —
U P T ONG S .

in g a certai n amo u n t of spring o rg z w i n the j aws o f

'

, ,

to n g s i s sh ow n i n th e p i ck up to ngs i n Fig 1 4 8 th e
-

.
,

cu rv es gi vi ng th e j aws so m u ch el astic i ty th at the

poi n ts at A w i ll fi rst gr i p the wor k and as th e tongs -

are t ighten ed th e c u rves at D w ill fro m th e spri n g o f ,

the j aws also co me i n c o n t act t h us g r1 p p 1 n g th e work

, ,
 B LAC K S M I T H I N G . 1 63

i n t wo places an d p reve n t i t fro m mov i ng o n a s i n gl e

,

po i n t o f c o n t a ct o n each j aw a s a p i vot .

I t foll ows f ro m t h i s that all ton gs sh ou l d fi rst meet

'

the wor k at th e p o i n t a s i n F i g 1 4 9 an d spri n g dow n .

,

F IG . I 49 .
—PROPER S H APE .

t o m eet i t at th e b ack e n d as th e t o ngs tighte n u p o n

t he wor k a n d i t f ol lows al so th at th e th i ckn ess of
,

the j aws sh oul d always b e wel l tap ere d an d n o t p aral ,

l el as man y u n th i n ki ng me n are a p t to m a k e th em
—By J
.
,

. R .

B LA C K S M I T H S ’
T OO L S .

[P r i z e E ss a y .
!

I n th e ac comp a n yi ng i l l u strat i o n s of b lacksm i th s ’

t ool s N o 1 i n F ig 1 5 0 represe n ts a stay th at go es

, .
, . ,

fro m the axl e to t he perc h i n b uggy gear T he .

p i ece s A an d B are m ade fro m 7 1 6 i n ch ro u n d - -

i ron an d C i s 1 2 i n ch N O 2 i n F i g 1 5 0 i s th e
-
. .
, .
,

bottom tool u sed i n fo rmi n g th e o f fset an d N o 3 , .

,

F ig 1 5 0 i s the t op too !
, , .

T o make th e stay c u t o ff tw o p ieces o f 7 1 6 i n ch ,

- -

rou nd L owm oo r i ro n o f th e l e ngth re q u i red f o r A

an d B N o I Fi g 1 5 0 c u tti n g 19 a b o ut 3 i n ch es
, .
, .
,
l 64 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

l on ger than i t i s to b e whe n fi n i shed T h e n cu t a .

p ie ce O f I 2 i n ch i ro n for C F ig 1 5 0 N ext he at the

- -

, . .

e n ds of A an d C u pset an d weld leavi ng i t a l ittle

,
“

l arger than 1 2 i n ch at th e wel d N ext heat B at th e

-
.

e n d an d do u ble i t bac k ab ou t 2 1 2 i n ches wel d an d -

u pset a l i ttle to m ake u p f o r loss i n weldi ng N ow .

FI G . 1 50 .

draw ou t as sh own i n A F ig 1 5 1 bend as i n Fig 1 5 2

,
.
, .
,

an d i nsert th e fuller at A Th e n heat the en d A .

,

F ig 1 5 2 a n d wi th a th i n spl itti ng chi sel spl it an d

.
,

scarf Th e n pl ace it o n the bar marked A an d C

. ,

F i g 1 5 3 p u t i t i n th e fi re take a n ice weld i ng heat

. , , ,
 BLA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 65

an d w i t h a l i gh t ham m er weld i t l igh tl y w or ki n g i n

th e co rn ers o f the scarf T h e n return i t i m mediatel y .
,

t o th e fi re get a good so ft heat a n d place i t i n th e

, ,

tool N o 2 F ig 1 5 0 with th e t o ol N o 3 F ig 1 5 0 o n
.
, .
,
.
, .
,

F IG . I SL —S H O W I NG H O W T H E P I ECE IS DRA W N OU T .

top L e t the hel per give it th ree o r fo u r S harp b l ow s

.

an d th e j ob i s fi n i shed I f there s h ou ld be an y su r .

pl u s sto c k i t wil l be squ ee z ed o u t betwee n the tool s

F IG . 1 5 2 .
-
S H O W I NG H OW T H E P I EC E IS B EN T .

and can b e easily rem oved wi th a sh arp ch i sel .

The reader w ill n oti ce th at there i s a b ox i n the

to ol N o 2 Fig 1 5 0 wh ich serves to bri n g N o 3 i n
.
, .
,
. .

FI G l 53
—S H O W I NG H ow TH E P I ECE S ARE JO I NED AN D W E L D ED I N
I NG A N O FF S E T
. .

M AK .

th e righ t place every t im e I f th e tools are m ade .

properly the j ob will l ook l i ke a d rop f o rg i n g w i t h o u t

’

any sig n of a weld Two o f fsets for gears can b e .

1 66 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

made i n th i s wa y i n fiftee n m i n u tes by an y good

m echan ic .

N o 4 F ig 1 5 0 i s a b end i n g crotch T he pro ngs

.
, .
,
.

A an d B are m ade oval an d B i s adj u stable to an y ,

s i z e n eeded T hi s tool i s m ade o f cast steel th rough

.

o u t T o m ake i t take a p i ece of cast steel 1 1 2

.
-

i n ch es squ are ful ler an d dra w down th e en d t o fi t th e

,

square h o le of th e anv il the n fl atten th e top an d spl i t ; ,

n ext b en d C a t r i gh t angle to A an d fi n i sh to 78 ,

i n ch s q uare T hen draw ou t A to a b ou t an i n ch o v al

.

FI G 1 54
—TH E C L I P U S ED ON TH E TI RE E TT ER -
S M A R K ED NO 5 IN
FI G 5
. .
.
,

. I O.

o n the angle ful ler an d d raw o u t th e e n d 8 c u t

, ,

off an d p u n ch t he squ are hol e an d work u p th e ,

socket t o 7 8 i n ch squ are a n d i t i s ready fo r u se

-

, .

The n make a t op wren ch as sh ow n at N O 5 7 Fig .

, .

1 82 I l i ke t o ha v e two t op w re n ches o n e for l igh t

.
,

an d o n e for h eavy work .

N o 5 Fi g 1 5 0 i s a h om e made t i re u psette r b u t
.
, .
,
-

I do n ot cl ai m that i t i s equ al to som e oth ers n ow o n

the market S till i t wi l l be fou n d c on ven i en t i n
.

man y shops wh ere they d o n ot have an y .

 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 67

To m a k e i t tak e a p iece o f i ro n I x 2 i n ch es a n d
,

1 1 i n ches l o ng take a h eat i n the ce n ter we l d o n a

, ,

squ are p iece t o fi t the square h ol e i n th e a n vil an d ,

ben d to su i t large si z ed t i re N ext m ake tw o cl i ps .

,

o n e fo r eac h en d an d sh ape i t as i n F i g 1 5 4 T hese , . .

cl ips are m ade fro m 1 3 4 x 3 4 i n ches i ro n D ri l l tw o - -

.

h ol es i n each o n e b el ow t o fasten t he cl i p to th e
,

mai n plate a n d o n e o n t h e top e nd fo r t h e p i n chi n g

,

o r set screw m aki ng t he top hol es 9 1 6 i n ch an d the

,
-

b ottom o n e 5 8 i n ch as a screw th read m u st b e c u t i n

,
-

th e top for a 5 8 i n ch set screw N ow m a k e fo u r se t

- -
.

FI G 1 55 —S H o w1 N G T H E M
'

E TH OD O F U S I NG TH E TI RE S E TT ER NO 5
FI G 5
-
. .
, .
,

. 1 0 .

screws 5 8 i n ch fu l l T he u pper two S h o u ld b e made

,
-
.

o f steel o r h ave steel po i n ts an d b e sharpe n ed l i ke a

ce n ter p u nch N o w pl ace th e tw o cl i ps o n t h e en ds
.

of th e m ai n p iec e marked fo r h o l es D ril l t wo 9 1 6 .

-

i n ch h oles an d m ake a sc rew t h read for 5 8 i n c h -

screws p ut th e scre ws i n an d c u t th e e nd s o f f th e
,

botto m screws level w i th th e m ai n plate an d i t i s

ready fo r u se .

T o u se i t set th e s crews t o fi t th e ti re h eat to a

, ,

soft heat an d be n d as sh ow n i n Fig 1 5 5 Th e n . .

 68 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .

pl ace i t i n the upset an d l et you r helper t igh te n o n e

,

o f the set screws wh i l e y o u t ighten the other an d ,

the n ham m er down w ith two h amm e rs I n t h i s way .

a t i re can be easi l y u p set 3 8 i n ch at a heat -

N o 6 F ig 1 5 0 is a v ery u sefu l i m ple me n t for

.
, .
,

clean ing o f f pl ow sh ares or for redu ci ng s u rpl u s

stock wh i ch can n ot be rem ove d con ven ie n tly oth er
wise T he cu tti ng face i s made of bli ster steel an d
.

FI G . 1 5 6
.

th e back is o f i ro n wel ded together T h e l e ngth is .

three feet excl u sive o f th e h an dle an d th e W idth i s

, ,

1 1 2 x i n ches T he t t h cu t h ot an d l ike a
3 4 e e a r e
- -

. .

m ill saw s teeth To cu t the m take a sh arp wi de

’

chi sel c om men ce at th e fro n t cu t o n e to oth the n

, , ,

place you r ch i sel back of th e to oth a nd sl id e i t for

ward u n t il i t comes agai n st the fi rst tooth T h is .

will m ake yo u r gauge fo r the sec o n d tooth an d yo u ,

 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 69

go o n i n th i s wa y u n til th e teeth are all cu t T o . .

temp er th e to ol heat i t fo r its full len gth to a bl ood ,

heat cool the n cove r wi th o il an d pass i t backward

, ,

an d for ward t h f o u g h the fi re u nt i l the oil b u rn s O f f .

I t can th e n be st raigh te n ed i f i t h as sp ru n g T he .

fro n t han dle that stan ds u p at righ t angl es to th e

other part of the t ool i s screwed i n W he n th e tool .

beco mes d u ll i t ca n b e s o fte ned an d sharp en ed by a

,

hal f rou n d fi l e
-

N o 7 F ig 1 5 6 i s a h o me m ade rasp m ade o f sol id

.
, .
,
-

cast steel 1 1 2 x 3 4 i n ches an d 2 feet l o ng ( wi th - -

o u t tang ) I t h as th ree cu t ti ng face s two S ides an d

.
, ,

FI G 1 5 7 —S H O W I NG H ow TH E T OO L M AR K ED NO 8 I N FI G 1 56 IS
FU
.
. . , .
,

D RA WN AN D L L ERED .

o n e edge ; th e c utti n g edge i s swaged ro u n d wh ich ,

makes i t very co nve n i en t fo r rasp i ng aro u nd col lars

or si m ilar places ; the squ are edge i s l e ft sm ooth ,

whi ch m a k es a go od safet y e dge I t i s dou b l e cu t .

,

si m ilar to th e ord i nary bl acksm it h fi le I t has t o b e .

cu t h ot a n d i n cu tti ng th e sec o n d s ide i t wi l l be n ec

,

essary to pl ace i t o n the e n d o f a woode n bl ock It .

wil l be fo u n d v e ry u se ful fo r h o t rasp i ng l arge s tep

pads or redu ci ng stock o n di f fi cu l t work
, .

N o 8 F ig 1 5 6 i s made o f 1 3 8 i n ch es s quare m a
.
, .
,
-

ch i nery ste e l T o m ake i t d raw i t d ow n as at A

.
, ,
1 70 BLAC K S M I T H I N G .

F ig 1 5 7 t o fi t th e S q u are h ole i n th e a n v i l th e n
.
, ,

fuller i n w ork Ou t th e corn er at C dra w ou t an d

, ,

leave th e corn er at D an d fo rm th e fo ot as at E , .

T hen ben d at C a n d f u l ler o u t th e corn e r

as at A F ig 1 5 7 b e n d D Fig 1 5 7 as shown
, .
, , .
,

at B F ig 1 5 8 an d i t w ill be read y for u se I t

“

, .
, .

wi l l be fou n d very h an dy i n m ak i ng wren ches an d

di f fere n t ki n d of c lips s c a f fi n g dash i ro n s etc In , , , .

m an y cas e s i t w ill b e pref e r red to th e l i ttl e an v i l at

N o 2 2 F ig 1 5 6 be i ng m u c h fi rm e r o n acco u n t o f
.
, .
,

FI G 1 58
—H O W I NG
S H OW T H E P I ECE S H O W N I N FI G 1 57 IS B EN T
F U L L ERED
. , .

AN D .

the extra l eg A t C F i g 1 5 8 i t i s 1 3 8 i n ch es W i de
.
, .
,
-

an d 78 i nch deep an d at E I 1 4 x 3 8 i n ch , ,
- -
.

The length o f th e face i s 7 i n c hes .

N o 9 Fig 1 5 0 i s a c ol lecti on o f fu ll ers rangi ng

.
, .
,

fro m 1 1 2 i n ches to 3 1 6 i n ch T h e top on es are

- -
.

made o f cas t steel S om e o f th e b otto m o n es are .

m ade o f i ro n and faced w ith st e el bu t l atel y I have

, ,

m ade t hem al together o f m ach i n ery steel wh i ch is ,

less tro uble to make an d an s wers the p u rpose very

wel l I d o n ot th i n k an y fu rther descripti on of them
.
 BLA C K S M I T H I N G .
71

is n ecessar y as an y b l ac k sm i th can se e h ow th ey are

,

m ade by a glan ce at th e i l l u strat i o n s .

N o 1 0 F ig 1 5 0 i s a tool for c u tt i n g o f f ro u nd i ron

.
, .
, .

I n u si ng i t place th e botto m swage i n th e a nv il w it h

the lo ng e n d of the face toward th e h elper so as to
be fl ush wi th th e f r o n t o f th e an v i l T hen place th e .

i ro n th at i s to be c u t o f f i n th e b otto m s wage an d ,

FI G 1 59 —S H O W I NG TH E M E TH OD O F U I NG TH E T OO S L M AR K ED A T
I N FI G
.

NO . 1 0, . 1 50 .

p ut th e top tool o n ; l et th e helper g i ve i t a sh arp b low

an d o f f i t goes I ro n fro m 5 1 6 i n ch t o 5 8 i n ch can
.
- -

be c u t o f f thu s w i th on e bl o w Th i s to ol sh oul d be .

m ade o f cast steel Th e rece ss sh o ul d be m ade t o

.

fi t 3 4 i n ch i ro n an d so de ep th a t th e poi n t s wil l
- -

rest agai n st th e fro n t o f th e sw a ge an d t o p reven t

the t ool a n d the swa ge fro m cu t ti ng each othe r .
1 7 2 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .

I n Fig I 5 9 a t o o l o f th i s ki n d is S h own wi th the i ron

.

i n positi o n ready to cu t A i s the top tool 8 i s th e .

,

bottom swage an d C is th e rou n d i ro n to be cu t o f f

, .

I n N O 1 2 Fig 1 5 0 are sh ow n two hard ies for

.
, .
,

FI G . 1 60 .
—S H O W I NG B O TT O M O F TH E SW AGE NO . 1 5 , FI G . 1 56 .

cu tti ng i ron Th e reader w i l l n otice that there is

.

a h ol e i n o n e of them I u se thi s h ol e i n be ndi ng .

ri ngs fro m 7 1 6 i nch rou n d t o 1 4 i n ch T he i ro n i s

-
.

FI G . 1 61 .
—A F RENC H CL IP .

cu t o f f to th e desi red l en gth o n e e n d i s pl aced i n th e ,

hol e O f th e hardy an d o n th e other e n d I pu t a

,

s u 1 t a b le head i n t ool I the n describe a ci rcl e arou n d

g .

the h ardy an d the ri n g i s made w i tho u t h eati n g i t .

 B LAC K S M I T H I N G . I 7S

No 3. F i
1 g 1 5 0
, i s a d i amo
. n d shaped
,
ful le r I t is -
.

made th e same as th ose sh ow n at N o 9 wit h th e ex .

,

c e t i o n that the face

p i s di am o n d S hape I t i s ve ry .

u sefu l i n h eavy wo rk i n w o rki ng ou t co rn er s an d wi l l

ofte n sav e co n s i derabl e fi l i ng I ts shape te n d s t o raise .

th e c o rne rs o r make i t ful l

, .

N o 1 4 F ig 1 5 6 i s a n u mber o f fi n e ch isel s Th e
.
, .
, .

fi rst i s a h ol l ow o r go u ge ch isel an d i s very c o n v e

n ien t where y o u wan t t o cu t anyth i ng c i rcul ar o r h ol
l ow T h e seco n d i s th e o rd i n ary h ot ch i sel for cu t
.

FI G . 1 62 .
—S H O W I NG A T OO U
ED I N M A K I NG A F RENC H C L I P
L S .

ti ng o ff h ot i ron Th e thi rd i s a th i n spl itt i n g ch i sel

.

an d sh ou l d be rou n ded o n th e si de toward you wh i ch ,

g i v e s a ro u n d i ng fi n i sh to th e c u t wh i ch i s a great
deal better wh ere you w ish to ben d th e b ran ch es .

The fou rth i s a pari ng ch isel an d i s very u sefu l o f te n ,

i n tr i mm i ng where th e swel l o n b oth sid es wo ul d b e

i n co nve n ien t T h e fi ft h i s a n o rd i n ary ch isel for
.

cu tti n g col d i ron an d sh oul d ha v e a stro n g e r ed g e

,

th an any o f th e o th ers .
 B L A C K S M IT IIIN G
1 74 .

No
5 F .ig 1 1 5 6,i s a top an d b otto.m coll ar
, swage .

Th e top tool i s abo u t t h e sam e as an y o rd i n ary

collar swage b u t th e botto m tool d i f fe rs from any
,

oth er I h ave ever see n I n th e fi rst pl ace i t w i ll b e .

n oti ced that th ere i s a ban d arou n d i t p roj ecti ng ,

above i t full y o n e i n ch an d cu t ou t at each e nd .

Th i s ban d i n su re s th at th e t op to ol w i ll come i n the

righ t place every ti me I n th e o rd i n ary coll ar swage . ,

I have always fou n d m ore o r l ess t roubl e i n k eepi n g

th e b ottom tool perfectly clean fro m scal es so as t o

FI G . 1 63 .
— T OO U ED I N M A K I NG F RENC H C I P
A L S L S .

m ake a sharp coll ar To avoi d th is di f ficul ty I ha v e .

a h ole from the b otto m o f t h e collar down th rough

the shan k so th at th e scales w ork ou t as fast as made ,
'

an d n ow I fi n d th e collar c o me s ou t clean a n d sh arp

every t i m e T o m ake th i s tool forge the swag e as
.
,

u su al with a steel face th en c om men ce at th e bot

, ,

to m of th e shan k an d dr i ll a 3 8 i nch hol e t o w i th i n

1 2 i n ch of the face
-

D ril l the rest of the way with .

a drill abou t 1 8 i n ch T h e place where th e drill

-

come s th ro ugh i s j u st wh ere the large p art o f th e

 B L AC K S M I T H IN G . 1 75

collar shou ld be The n prepare i t for th e collar . ,

then place the top to ol exactly over i t m ark aro u n d ,

an d c u t so as t o h ave b oth al ike ; th e n pu t o n you r

ban d an d fi n ish u p an d yo u w i ll h ave a to ol that wi l l ,

gi v e sati sfaction .

F IG 1 64 S H O W I NG A M ETH OD O F U S I NG A N OLD ANV I L IN M A K I NG

F RENC H C L I P S
-

. .

I n F ig th e bot to m bl o ck i s sh own b e fo re the

. 1 60 ,

b and i s p u t on A i s th e face of th e t ool E th e p art

.
, ,

used t o fo rm t h e col lar C i s t h e sh an k an d th e d ots , , ,

D D i n d icate the h ole fo r th e es cape o f th e di rt o r

,

scales .

FI G 1 65 —S H O W I NG H ow TH E I RON FUIs LL ERED I N M A K I NG A

F RENC H C I P
. .

L .

No F i g 1 5 6, represe n ts a
. 1 6, ch i sel wh i ch i s
. V -

conven ien t for tri m m i ng o u t co rn ers an d i s especi al ly ,

u seful i n maki ng F re n c h cli p s ; i t sa v es fi l i ng an d ti me

as well .
1 76 BL AC K S M I T H I N G .

Fig 1 6 1 represen ts a F re n ch cl ip an d F i gs 1 62
.
, .
,

1 63 an d 1 64 an d N os 1 7 an d 1 8 i n F ig 1 5 6 are tools
, , . .
,

for maki ng su ch a cl ip N o 1 7 has n o shank b u t is . .

,

i n tended to be u sed i n a cast i ro n bl ock bei ng h el d i n

p os iti o n by a key so as to be perfectl y s o lid A n .

FI G 1 66 — O W I NG F RE C H C I P RE D Y F U
SH N L A To L LER DO W N W ITH
T OO 8 FI G 6
.

L 2
. , . 1 5 .

old anv il can b e made to answer th e same pu rpose by

cu tti ng o u t a recess as show n i n A F ig 1 64 T o , . .

m ake the cl i p sh o w n i n F ig 1 61 proceed as fol lows : .

Take I ro n o f th e p ro pe r s ize an d extra q u ali ty ,

place i t i n th e large oval bottom tool an d w ith th e

FI G . I 67
.
—S H 0 w1 N G E Y E M ADE W ITH T OO L No . 2 6, FI G . 1 60 .

reces s full er sh own i n Fi g T hen place th e i ro n .

i n th e b otto m tool as sh ow n at N o 3 6 Fig 1 75 and

, .
,
.
,

fl atte n ou t as show n by the dotted l i n es F i g 1 65 . .

T he i ro n wi ll th e n l o ok as i n Fig 1 66 T he n pl ace . .

i t i n the tool N O 1 7 F ig 1 56 fu ll er dow n an d tri m

, , .
,

u p fi n ally us i n g the to ol N O 1 8 F ig 1 5 6 an d th e
, .
, .
,
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 77

tool S h own i n F ig 1 63 t o fi n ish o n an d th e cl i p

.
, ,

wi ll then be i n th e s hap e sh ow n i n F ig 1 6 1 . .

N O 1 9 F ig 1 5 0 rep rese n ts o n e h alf of a tool u se d

.
, .
,
-

FI G . 1 68 .
—S H o w1 N G M ETH OD O F U S I NG T O OL N o . 2 6, FI G 5 6
. 1 .

in W eld ing drop steps o n b ody l oops It in . i s u sed

the vi se . I t i s recessed o u t to fit shan k o f step an d ,

FI G . 1 69 .
—S H O W I NG T OO F OR
L M A K I NG H A R Row T EETH .

th e top i s ro u nd ed so as t o lea v e i t stro n g wh ere i t

i s welded t o th e lo o p .
1 78 BL AC K S M I T H I N G .

NO Fig 5 0 i s o n e hal f o f a vise tool i n ten ded

. 20, . 1 ,
-

to be u sed i n form i ng collars fo r seat wi ngs etc , .

N o 2 1 F ig 1 5 6 i s a tool fo r m ak i ng cl ip s N os 2 3
.
,
.
, , .
,

2 4 an d 2 5 are th e o rdi nary Cl i p tools N os 2 4 an d 2 5 . .

F IG . I 7O .
—H O W I NG
S H OW T H E H ARRO W T TH OO IS B EN T .

are set bac k so as to b e co n v e n i en t for draw jac k s -

o r work o f that descri pt io n .

N o 2 2 F ig 1 5 6 i s a s mal l anv il i n te n ded t o b e

.
, .
,

FI G I 71 —PEC I EN O F TH E W OR DON E
S M K BY TH E T OO L No 32
FI G
.
. . ,

. 1 75 .

u sed o n a l arger on e I t w ill b e fo u n d very u seful .

i n l i gh t wo rk s u ch as wel di ng sm all be n d s or S ocket

,

an d work in g u p small eyes .

N o s 2 6 an d 2 7 F i g 1 5 6 are used i n ma ki n g e y es
.
,
.
,
 BL AC K S M I T H I N G . 1 79

l ik e th ose i n the e nd s o f top j o i n ts as sh ow n i n F i g ,

.

1 67 a n d for wor k i ng u p clev i s e nd s

,
I t i s v e ry co n .

v e n i e n t fo r the l atter p urp ose b ecause i t e n a b l es the ,

s m ith to m ake a goo d squ are co rn e r wi th o u t st ra i n i ng

the i ron an d so p reve n t s spl i t t i ng
,
F i g 1 68 sh ows . .

F IG . I 72 .
—PEC I EN
S M OF T H E W OR K DONE \V ITH TH E T OO L NO .
33 .

F IG . 1 75 .

meth o d o f u si n g tool s N o 2 6 an d 2 7 A i s th e . .

bridge o f th e to ol E th e eye an d C th e p i n wh il e
, ,

D i s th e part wh i ch i s hel d i n th e han d The .

S lot E all ows the part D to b e raised o r l o we red

FI G 1 73
—S PEC I M E N O F TH E W OR K DON E W ITH TH E T OO L NO 34
FI G 75
. . .
.

. 1 .

wh il e h am m eri ng o n E I n m a ki n g t h i s t o ol I u se .

mach i n ery steel I d raw dow n fo r the shan k spl i t

.
, ,

fuller o u t an d the n dress u p .

N o 2 8 F i g 1 5 6 i s a tool for fo rm i n g heads fo r bod y

. , .
,
1 80 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

loops I t i s recessed to the S hape o f the t op of t h e

.

body l oop I t wi ll b e fo u nd very con ven ie n t an d i n

.
,

s u res getti ng al l th e h eads of th e s am e shape I place .

the head i n th e tool i n pu n ch i ng wh ich f orces th e tool ,

fu ll i n every part T o p rovide fo r th e shan k th e .

fro n t o f th e tool i s a l i ttl e h igher arou n d the h ead

than at the o val p art .

FI G . 1 74
—S EC TI ON A L V I E W O F
. NO 3 5 FI G 1 75 TH E T OO L .
, . .

N O 2 9 F ig 1 5 6 rep resents a tool for m aki n g har

.
, .
,
'

row teeth S i m ilar to th e du ck s fo ot th at is though t

a goo d deal of i n some parts o f the cou ntry F ig . .

1 6
9 wil l perhaps give a better i dea o f the tool an d ,

F ig 1 70 w i ll sh ow how th e t o oth i s b en t
. .

35 30
32 33 34

FI G . 1 75 .

No F ig 1 75 represen ts a crooked fu l ler for

.
3 ,
0 .
,

u se i n di f fi cult places su ch as gridi ro n step s f or , ,

whi ch it is al most i n di spe n sabl e .

N o 3 1 F ig 1 75 shows an anvi l tool u s e d i n weld

.
, .
,

i n g u p oval g ri di ro n ste p s .
 BLA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 81

No .
75 i3s2the b otto
,
m to ol o fF ig
a cross . 1 ,

swage T he sa me tool i s al so sh ow n i n N o 2 7
. . ,

Fig 1 5 6 F ig 1 71 represe n ts so m e o f the wor k d o n e

. . .

w i t h th i s t ool .

FI G . 1 76 .
—TH E B O TT O M T OO L S H O W N I N NO .
38 , FI G . 1 78
3

N o 3 3 F i g 1 75 i s th e botto m t ool o f a T s wa g e
.
, .
,
-
.

T h e s am e tool i s S how n i n N o 2 8 Fig 1 5 6 I t i s . , . .

u sed a goo d deal fo r i ro n i ng i ro n d i c k ey seats as i s ,

FI G . I 77 .
—S H O W I NG A SL EDGE F OR H EAV Y W OR K .

also No F ig 1 75 whe n a do ubl e rai l i s u sed

.
3 2 , .
, .

Fig .1 72 i s a spec i men o f the work do n e by th i s tool .

N o 3 4 F ig 1 75 i s a t o ol fo r m aki ng c o rn e r i ro n s
.
, .
,
1 82 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .

for seats wh i ch have rou n ded su rfaces o n th e i n s i de

and f lat o n th e o u tside O n e o f th e grooves i s
.

s w e d e d o n both si des o f th e p oi n t o r ap ex o f th e
g
tool Th e othe r groove i s fl at o n th e other s ide fro m
.

th e o n e sh own i n the cu t I u se thi s groove whe n I

.

wi sh t o ma k e an i ro n with a foo t fo r o nl y o n e screw .

N o 3 5 F ig 1 75 is a tool for m a ki ng horsesh oes

. , .
,

si m i lar to th e J u n i ata pattern excepti ng th at the ,

crease i s se t back so th at th e ce n ter o f the sh oe pro

e c t s above th e na i l h eads thus i n su ri ng a good gri p
j ,

FI G . 1 78 .

o f th e grou n d F ig 1 74 i s a section al view of th e too l

. . .

I t is made deeper at o n e e n d t han at th e other so

that d i f f ere n t weigh ts of shoes can be m ade with i t .

N o 3 6 i s an other pu n ch cl ip tool
. .

N o 3 7 i s a gro u p o f top an d botto m oval swages

. .

They range fro m 1 2 i n ch t o 1 1 4 i n ch es the re bei ng

- -

1 8 i n ch di fferen ce b et w ee n each tool I th i nk th e y .

S h o u l d range u p t o 2 i n ches bu t at p resen t I am ou t of

,

top tool s T h e latter are o f cast steel wh ich I fi n d to

.

give the best satisfact ion For th e botto m tools I

.
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 83

u se i ron faced w i th steel T o make the m I t ake a

. ,

p i ece o f squ are L owm oor i ron a t ri fle l arger than t h e

,

square hole i n th e an vil redu ce i t t o prope r siz e c u t

, ,

o f f abo u t th ree fou rth s of an i n c h above th e part re

-

d u c e d an d f orm i t to a head with th i n edges I the n .

FI G . 1 79 .

ta k e a p iece o f c om m o n i ro n of su i tabl e s i z e for the top

a n d um
j p wel
-
d a shan k o n i t the n take a
,
p i ece o f bl is
ter ste el o f su itable siz e take separate heats a n d weld
,

o n the n cu t o f f l evel w ith th e back o f th e an v il fu ller

, ,
 BL AC KS M I T H IN G .

i n the recess an d fi n ish u p I n fi n ish i ng u p I am .

carefu l t o have the ce n ter a l ittl e f u ll er than the e n ds ,

as i f i t i s l eft perfectl y straigh t i t wil l cu t th e i ro n at

t he e nds an d i n work i n g there i s al ways a ten de n cy
for th e ce n ter to l ower .

FI G . 1 80 .

No .
3 F
, i
rep rese nts a grou p of s wages for
8 g 1 78 ,

rou n d Iro n S i zes be i ng 5 1 6 3 8 7 1 6 1 2 9 1 6 5, ,

-

,
-

, , ,

3 4 7
-
8 , I 1 1 4, 1 1 2 1 3 4 a n d 2 i n ches Th e -

, ,
-

, .

botto m tool at the extre me righ t has f ou r recesses ,

F IG I8 I —S H O W I NG A FA U L TY M E TH OD O F S P L ITTI NG OU T
C RO T C H E S
. .

5
-
61
, 3 7 an d 1 2 i n ch an
-
d I
1S made
6, as sh own In ,

F ig 1 76 T h e reader W Ill n ot i ce that the bac k edge p ro

. .

e c t s over the anvi l an d S l an ts wh i ch m akes It very

j ,

co nven ien t fo r swagi n g d i ffere n t k i n ds o f cl ips an d b y

havi ng th e swage sh ort i t i s re n dered very c o n Ve n i
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 85

e n t also for cu tt i ng o ff s u rpl u s e n ds as sh o w n at N O .

10 , Fig 1 5 0 bu t fo r doi ng th is wo rk the to p s wage

.
,

o n l y i s u sed T h e swage n ext to th e o n e o n th e

.

extre m e righ t at N o 3 8 F ig 1 78 h as th ree recesses

.
, . .
,

3
-
1 6 ,1 4 5
-
1 6 i n
,
ch -
I d o n
-
o t have
. t op t ool s fo r th e
3
-
1 6 or I 4 i n ch S-
i z e b-
u t I fi n d them u sefu l i n mak

FI G . 1 82 .

i ng smal l h al f ro u n d i ro n They are m ade i n the same .

way as th e o val tool s I m a rk th e s izes of t h e top .

an d th e b otto m tools .

N o 3 9 F ig 1 79 i s a sm all r iveti ng ham mer with a

.
, .
,

ro u n d pei n o r pane o f abo u t 3 8 i n ch d iameter I - -

.
1 86 BL A C K S M I T H I N G .

th i nk th is ki n d of ham mer i s best for rivet i ng p u rpose s ,

as i t spreads th e rivet every way al ike .

N o 40 F ig 1 79 i s a n other riveti ng hamm er I t

.
, .
, .

i s a cro ss pan e wh ich fo r so me p u rposes i s better

th an t h e ro u n d pan e .

N o 4 1 F ig 1 79 i s a l i gh t h an d hammer c om
.
, .
, ,

m o n ly called a ben ch h am mer w ith a gl obu lar pan e -

, .

FI G . 1 83 .

I t is v ery u se fu l fo r ch i ppi n g w ith a c ol d ch i sel an d ,

for l i gh t w or k at the anvil su ch as weld ing dash es et c , , .

I t weigh s o n e p o u n d .

N O 4 2 Fig 1 79 i s the ordi nary h and ham mer

.
, .
,
It .

we igh s 1 3 4 po u n d s-
.

N o 4 3 Fig 1 79 i s a h orsesh oe ham mer very

.
» .
, ,
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 87

short and co mpact be i n g two faced o n e e n d be i ng ,

-

sl igh tl y glob ular to an swer fo r co n cav i n g I ts weigh t .

i s 1 3 4 p ou nd s
-
.

N o 44 F ig 1 79 is a heavy han d h am me r S i m i lar

.
, .
,

to N os 4 1 an d 4 2. I t weighs abo u t 2 1 2 p o u n ds .
-
.

N o 4 5 F i g 1 79 i s a large cro ss pan e h am me r

.
, .
,

m ade very pla i n ly I t i s u sefu l i n straigh te n i ng h ea v y

.
,

i ron s an d al so fo r th e helper as a b a c k i n g h a mm e r
,

o n l igh t fullers .

N o 4 9 F ig 1 79 i s an ord i n ar y sledge h am mer i n

.
,
.
,

whi ch th e eye i s n ear th e cen te r .

FI G . 1 84 .
—H O W I NG A R I G HT H AND J
S AW F OR T O N GS .

No . F i g 1 79 i s a h o rse s h o e sl edge b u t i t sh ou ld
5 ,
0 .
, ,

be rath er sh orte r an d m ore co mpact th a n i t appears

i n the i ll u strat i o n .

F ig 1 77 rep re se nts an othe r sledge I t w il l b e

. .

n oticed t hat th e eye i s n earer the top of th e sledge ,

and I th i n k th is i s a n i mp rovemen t for h eavy work

where th e sm i th wan ts t o sw i n g o verhead .

N o 5 1 F ig 1 80 i s a g rou p of p u n ches T he fi rst

, .
, .

two o n th e l eft h an d s ide are oval o r eye pu n ch es .

T he oval stan d o n th e co rn er o f th e squ are S O as t o

have the h an dl e i n th e m ost co nve n i e n t posi t ion an d ,
1 88 B LA C K S M I T H I N G .

are u sed for pu n ch i ng eyes or where the sm i th wish es ,

to swel l Ou t i n order t o stre ngthe n by pu n ch i ng an

oval hol e fi rst an d the n driv i ng a ro u n d p i n i n a fter
wards T hey can be u sed to goo d ad v an tage i n
.

spl i tt i ng ou t crotch es as there i s l ess danger of col d

,

sheets th a n whe n th e s m ith cuts righ t u p w ith t h e

ch isel as sh ow n i n F ig 1 8 1 . .

The next two i n th e ill ust rati on are squ are pu n ch es ,

an d th e next fou r are rou n d p u n ch es of d i f feren t sizes .

N O 5 2 F ig 1 8 0 i s a b ob p u n ch
.
, . I t h as a face
,
.

si m ilar to a cou n t ersi n k o nl y more rou n d i ng I t is .

FI G 1 85 —S H O W I NG H o w TH E JAW S O F TH E T ONG S NO 46 FI G 1 79
ARE M ADE T o FIT RO U ND I RON
. . .
.
, ,

u sefu l to press a cav ity i n a flat p iece o f i ro n where

a j u m p wel d i s to b e m ade as i n weldi n g shan ks to
-

bott o m swages also for T wel ds , .

N o 5 3 F ig 1 8 0 i s a S ide set h am mer whi ch i s

.
, .
,
-

ve ry han dy for worki ng u p an i n sid e corn e r o r an y

place where yo u have t o wel d two i ron s i n the s h ape
of a ngl e i ro n o r o n the lan dsi de o f a plowsh are
, .

N o 5 4 Fig 1 80 rep rese nts two set h amm ers o n e

.
, .
, ,

b e i ng 1 i n ch an d th e oth er 1 1 2 i n ches squ are T hey -

.
 B LAC K S M I T H I N G . 1 89

are ve ry u se ful i n m a ki n g m an y k i nds o f cl ips an d ,

n u me rou s o the r j ob s .

N O 5 5 Fig 1 8 0 also represe n ts two set h am m ers

.
, .
,

si m ilar i n m ake bu t w it h t h e eyes p u n ched fro m di f

f e re n t sid es T h ey are u se f u l i n pl ow wo rk a n d are
.

o fte n u sed as flat h am m er wh ere th ere is n ot roo m ,

e n ough fo r th e ordi n ary fia t h am m e r .

N O 5 6 F ig 1 8 0 represen ts two flat h am mers th e

.
, .
, ,

s mall er h av i ng a face 2 1 4 i n ch es square wh il e the -

l arge r i s 2 1 2 i n ch es T h i s to ol i s t o th e blac k sm i th
-
.

what th e pl an e i s t o the woo dwork er I t is what .

we g e n erall y ca lcul ate t o fi n i sh all flat su rface s

wi th .

FI G I 86 —H O W I NG T ONG JAW
S S MA DE F OR H O D I NG
L L ONG SQ U ARE
I RON
. .

We n ow com e t o th e t o ngs an d j u st th e sam e a s ,

w ith everyth i n g el se th ere i s a ri gh t an d a w rong ,

way t o m a k e t h e m a s t ongs are righ t an d le ft h an d ed

’

-
.

The acco mpan yi ng i l lu strat i o n F ig 1 8 4 rep rese nts a , .

,

righ t h an d j aw I t i s n ot o fte n that a pai r o f l eft

.

h a n d t ongs are made and a s a rul e i f a s m ith does , , ,

su ch a th i ng by m istake i n a sh op where there are

man y worki n g i t p rodu ces so m u c h me rr i men t t h at
,
1 9 0 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

he scarcely e v er forgets i t yet I h ave s e en a man of ,

’
several years experi e n ce do such a th i ng .

N o 70 F ig 1 8 3 i s a pai r o f p ic k u ps The y
.
, .
, .

S h o u l d be kept i n a stapl e i n fro n t o f an vil bl ock o r ,

else h u n g co nve n ie n t o n the s i de of tool be n ch .

Th ey are used b y the helper to p ick u p p i ns o r an y

FI G 1 87 -
T OO U L S ED I N M A K I NG K EEPER S F OR DE M ARE ST WA GON
S EA T S
. .

th i ng el se T hey wil l easi l y catch an yth ing fro m 2

.

i n ches downward .

N o 69 F ig 1 8 3 i s a pai r of s ide tongs N o 67

.
, .
, . .
,

F ig 1 8 2 is an other pai r o f th e same k i nd b u t larger

.
, , ,

wh i ch are very u seful for h ol di ng flat i ron T here -

FI G . 1 88 .
—K EEPER M AD E W ITH TH E T OO H O W N I N FI G
L S . 1 87 .

i s a s o rt of cal k tu rn ed o n o n e j aw t o p reve n t the

i ro n s l p In g S Id e w a y s .

N o 62 F ig 1 8 2 is a p ai r of sn ipe bi lls wh ich are

.
, .
, ,

very handy for small ban ds s ockets o r eyes O n e , .

of th e j aws i s rou n d an d the other i s square an d a ,

f uller ma r k i s made u p the c en ter wh ic h I t h i n k i s ,

 B LAC K S M I T H I N G . 1 9 1

b etter than mak i ng both ro u nd as i t fi ts bo th th e ou t ,

side an d i n side o f ba nd T h ey are d raw n q u ite .

smal l at th e p o i n t Th e bac k en ds answer for a pai r

.

of cl i p to n gs to d raw o n c lip b ars w i th .

N o 4 8 F ig 1 79 i s a pai r o f h o llo w j a w tongs wh i ch

.
, .
,

are very u sefu l for h old ing rou n d i ron E very bl ack .
,

s m ith sh o u l d b e p ro vi ded wi t h th ree o r fo u r pai r

rangi ng fro m 3 4 i n ch u pward I always fu lle r u p .

th e ce n te r o f m y o rd i nary ton gs so th at th ey w i ll

FI G . 1 89 .
-
T00L U S ED I N M A K I NG C L I P S .

hol d s mal l rou n d i ro n wel l They w ill hold fl at i ro n .

all the better fo r i t .

N o 60 F ig 1 8 2 i s a c u pp i ng t ool I t i s h ol l owed
.
, .
, .

o u t w i th a co u n tersu n k drill an d is very u se fu l fo r

fi n ish i ng o f f n uts o r th e t op o f square headed bolts -

Fo u r S izes o f these m ake a very good set b u t th e ,

largest o n e sho ul d h ave a han dle .

N o 5 8 F i g 1 8 2 i s a h orsesh oe stamp wh ich i s to

.
, .
,

com mo n t o requ i re an y de scrip ti o n .

N O 5 9 F i g 1 8 2 i s a cre a ser
.
, . I l i k e i t to b e h ol
, .
1 9 2 B L AC K S M I T H I N G .

l owed sl igh tl y o n th e i nsi de face as I th i n k i t foll ows ,

th e ro u nd of the shoe better .

N o 64 Fig 1 8 2 represe nts a pai r of horseshoe

.
, .
,

to n gs .T h e j aws are sh ort an d ro u n d s o as n ot to ,

proj ec t far i n side o f th e sh oe a n d b e i n th e way of

t h e h orn of an vil an d at t h e same t i me to all o w the
,

s m i th t o sh i ft th e posit i o n of th e t o ngs w ith o ut l os

i n g thei r gri p .

N o 68 Fig 1 8 2 i s a p air o f cl i p t o ngs wh i ch are

.
, .
,

i n d i s p e n sa b le i n weldi ng u p w h i f fie t re e cl i ps The .

FI G . 1 9O .
—C I P L MA DE B Y TH E T OO L S H O W N I N FI G . 1 89 .

outs i de j aw is ro u ndi ng wh il e th e i ns i de or S h ort j aw ,

i s con caved t Ofi t o u tsi de o f t h e cl i p .

N O 7 1 F ig 1 8 3 i s a p ai r of coul ter tongs

.
, . On e ,
.

of the j aws t u rn s down o n each si de of the coulter

S han k wh ich makes th e tool very co n ve n ie n t for h old

i n g N O 65 Fig 1 8 2 are s im i lar ton gs wh ich are

. .
, .
,

very u seful f o r hol di ng squ are i ron .

N O 4 6 F i g 1 79
. i s a pai r of to ngs for h oldi ng
, .
,

l arge ro u n d i ron T hey are very c on ve n ien t .

f o r h oldi n g l arg e bol t s a s t h e sm i t h c a n l et t h e

 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 93

h ead proj ect b ac k of th e j aws T hey are s i m i la r t o . _

to the to n g 5 sh own i n N o 69 F ig 1 8 3 e x cept i ng th at

'

. .
m
, ,

fi
f

t t h e ro u n d i ro n as sh ow n
-
‘ '

F i g 1 8 6 represe n ts a p a i r o f t o n g s fo r
'
- a

squ are i ro n .

Fi g 1 8 7 rep rese n t s a very si mpl e an d h an dy tool

.

fo r ma k i ng keepers fo r D e m arest wago n seats I .

u sually m ake th e m o f 7 8 i n c h ban d i ron T o m a ke - -

th e m I pl ace a pie ce of 1 2 i n ch ro u n d i ro n o n th e - -

an v i l l ay the b a n d i ro n across i t the n pl ace the top

, ,

FIG . 191 .
-
S H O VVIN G H OW T H E C L I P IS B EN T B Y T H E M ANDR I L .

tool F i g 1 8 7 stri k e two o r t h ree b lows an d th e j o b

, .
, ,

i s do n e as sh ow n i n F ig 1 8 8 . .

F ig 1 8 9 sh ows a t ool for mak i n g cl i ps o f rou n d i ro n

.

as il l u strated i n F i g 1 9 0 T h is tool wi ll save a great

'

. .

deal of ti me an d d o good w ork T h e cl i p s are u sed .

largel y i n so me sh ops for cl ipp i n g o n sp r i ngs etc , .

T he t o ol is i n te n ded to be u sed i n th e vise a n d has

a proj ect ing part as sh ow n at A t o rest o n th e V ise
, , .

I t is i n te n d e d f o r th ree d i f fere n t si zes of cl i p s 1 1 4 ,

-

,
 BL AC K S M I T H I N G .

1 1 2
-
an d 1 3 4 i n c hes T o make i t take a pi ece o f
-
.

I i n ch squ are
-
i ro n fu l le r al ong the cen te r w i th a
,

3 8 i n ch fu ller the l ength o f j aw Th e n use th e set .

ha mmer o n th e l owe r side an d redu ce to 3 4 i n ch -

t h ick ; then u se t h e s ide set ham me r to tru e u p ;

pl u nge an d form th e j o i n t as at E taper d o w n fo r ,

handl es an d wel d o n a p iece of 5 8 i n ch ro u n d i ro n - ~

so as to make a han dle o n e fo ot l o ng T he j a w i s 9 .

i fic h e s l o ng measu ri ng fro m t he bol t h ol e

, A fter .

both j aws are made p u t i n th e bolt C cl amp fi rml y ,

together an d dri ll si x h ole s th e s ize an d width o f

yo ur cl ips B e care ful n ot t o drill a n y l arger as the
.

cl i ps requ i re to be h eld fi rmly I f a l ittle small they .

FI G 1 9 2 S ECTI ON A L V I E W O F A S I D E O F TH E T OO L S H OWN I N
FI G 89
-
. .

. 1 .

can easily be ope ned a l ittle o n t h e S i des w i th a rou n d

file Th en w ith a ro u n d ing ch isel cu t the c orn e rs as
.

show n at D D D an d smooth o u t w ith the e n d of th e

, , ,

fi le and i t is ready for u se T o m ake the cl ip cu t o f f .

,

the desired l e n gth o f iro n an d s crew e nd s ben d o n a

'

cli p m andril as sh ow n at F ig 1 9 1 the n place i n the .

,

tool grip fi rm l y i n the h an d give a few S h ar p bl o ws

, ,

o n t h e t o p w ith a su itable swage a n d y o u have a cl ip

similar to that sh o w n i n F ig 1 9 0 F ig 1 9 2 i s a sec . . .

t o n a v iew o f th e t o ol
i l — Ey A M A TEU R . .
 B LAC K S M I T H I N G . 19 5

A B O U T IIA M M E R S .

N earl y every o n e h as n o t i ced th e n a m e o f D avi d

M a y d o le stamped u p o n h am m e rs D av id M a y d o le
.

m ade ham m e rs th e st u dy o f h i s l i feti m e an d afte r ,

man y years o f th o ught fu l a n d la b ori ou s experi me n t

h e had actu al l y p ro d u ced a n arti cl e to wh ich w ith ,

all h i s k n owledge a nd experi e n ce he c ou l d s uggest,

n o i mp rovem e n ts .

L e t me tel l yo u h ow h e cam e t o th i n k o f mak i n g

h a m mers F o r t y y ears ago h e l i ve d i n a sm al l V i l
.

l age o f the S ta t e o f N ew Y o r k ; n o ra i l road y e t an d ,

eve n th e E ri e C an al m an y m il es d istan t H e was .

th e V illage bl acksm ith h i s e stabl ish m e n t co n s ist in g

,

of h i m sel f an d a b oy t o bl ow th e bell ows H e was .

a go od deal tro u bled w i th h i s h am mers S o m et i mes .

the h ead s wo u l d fly O f f I f t h e m etal was t o o so ft

.

the ham m er woul d spread o u t an d wear away ; i f i t

w as t o o h ard i t wo u l d spl it A t th at t im e b l ack
.

s m i th s m ade the i r ow n h am m ers an d h e kn ew ve ry

,

l ittl e a b ou t m ix i ng ores so as to p rod u ce th e to ugh

est i ro n B u t h e was parti cu larl y t ro u bl ed w i th the
.

—
ha m me r getti ng o ff th e h an dl e a m i sh ap wh ich
co u l d be d angero u s as wel l as i n co n ve n ie n t O n e .

ham mer h ad an i ro n rod ru n n i ng d ow n th ro ugh the

han dle w i th a n u t screwed o n at th e en d A n oth er .

was wh oll y comp osed O f i ro n the h ead an d h an dle

,

be i ng al l o n e p i ece . T he re we re vari ou s other

dev i ces so me o f wh i ch were excee d i n gl y cl u msy an d
,

aw k ward . A t last h e h i t u p o n a n i m provemen t

 1 9 6 BL AC K S M I T H I N G .

which led t o h is bei ng abl e to p u t a h am mer upo n a

h an d le i n su ch a way that i t wou l d stay there H e .

made what i s called an ad z e h an dl e d ham mer th e-

head bei ng attach ed to th e han dle after the man ner

of a n adz e .

Th e i mp rovem e n t con si sts i n merel y maki n g a

la rg e r b o le fo r th e h an dle to go i n to by wh i ch device ,

i t h as a m u ch fi rme r h ol d o f th e h ead and can easil y ,

be mad e extremely t igh t E ach h am mer i s h am

.

m ered o u t o f a p iece o f i ron an d i s te mpe red over a

,

sl o w ch arcoal fi re u n de r the i n specti o n o f an e x p e r i

,

e n c e d m an H e l ooks as th o ugh h e were cooki ng

.

h i s h am m ers o n a ch arcoal fu rn ace a n d h e watches ,

th e m u n ti l th e p rocess i s complete as a coo k

, ,

watch e s m utt o n ch ops .

T h e n eighborh ood i n whi ch D avi d M a y d o le l i v ed

wo u l d scarcel y h ave requ i re d a hal f doz e n n ew h am -

mers i n a year b u t o ne day s i x carpe nters ca m e to

,

work o n a n ew ch u rch an d o n e o f th ese m e n le f t h is

,

h am me r at h o m e an d cam e t o D av i d M a y d o le s ,
’

blacksm ith sh op t o get o n e m ade T h e carpe nter .

was del i g hted wi th i t an d wh e n th e oth e r fi ve car

,

n t e rs saw i t t h ey c am e t o th e sh op th e n ext day

p e ,

and ordere d fi ve m o re h ammers made They did .

n ot u n derstan d a ll th e bl acksm i th s n oti on s about ’

temperi ng an d m ixi n g th e m etal s bu t th ey saw at a ,

gl an ce that the head an d h an d le were so u n i ted that

there n ever was l i ke l y t o b e an y divo rce between
them T o a carpen ter b uild i n g a woode n h o u se the
.
,
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 97

rem oval of that o n e defect was a great b o on A .

dealer i n tool s i n N e w Y ork C ity saw o n e o f these

h amme rs an d th e n D avi d M a y d o le s fo rtu n e w as
,
’

mad e fo r he i m mediatel y o rd ered al l t h e h ammers

,

th e blacks m ith co ul d m ake I n a few years h e m ade .

so m an y h am mers th at h e employed a h u n dred an d

—
fi fty m e n F r o m Ca p mz n s of I n d u s t ry by J A M E S
.
" '

P A RTO N .

DRE S S I N G UP OR F A C I N G H A M M E RS , REP AI R I N G BITS OR

DR I L LS .

G ood t ool s are am on g th e m ost essen tial thi ngs

abou t a blacksm i th sh op Y o u n ee d a go od fi re a .
,

good a nv il an d al so a go od ham m e r Y o u m ay
, .

h ave fi re a nvil an d al l y o u r other to ols i n go od

, ,

sh ape b u t i f you r h am me r i s rough an d b ro k e n yo u

.

can n ot d o go od work n o r d o so m u ch i n a day I

, .

th i n k th at every m an wh o call s h i m sel f a go o d bl ack

s mi th sh o u l d b e cap abl e of dressi n g h i s ham mer .

B u t fo r th e b e ne fi t o f th os e wh o are j u st begi n n i ng
th e trade I wi ll g i ve m y way o f d o i ng th is j o b .

I n th e fi rst p la c e I O pe n t he m i ddle o f my fi re an d
fil l i t u p w ith ch arcoal u si ng t h e m i n e ra l coal o nly
, .

a s a backe r H eat o nly th e fac e yo u w i sh t o dress

.

as b y so d o i ng yo u w i ll n o t ch ange th e sh ape o r di s
tu rb the eye U pse t o n th e fac e an d draw down
.

o n th e si des If th e face i s b roken very bad ly i t

.

may be n ecessary t o tri m o f f a l ittle bu t by u psetti ng ,

an d drawi ng dow n several ti m e s y o u can get qu i te a

1 9 8 BLAC K S M I T HI N G .

l arge break o u t w i thou t m u ch t rim m i n g A fter yo u .

have co m pleted the forgi ng i t i s a good pl an to p u t

the ham mer i n the d u st of th e fo rge an d l et i t an n eal ;
an d th e n i t can be l evel ed w i th a fi le an d grou n d o f f
sm ooth .

T o temper i t heat o n ly th e pa rt y o u wish t o hard

,

en to a good red di p an d h ol d u n der water u n til

, ,

cold T he n h ave a t h ick ri n g ( an O ld ax coll ar w i ll

.

do ) th at th e face o f th e hamm er w ill go th rough

.

whil e the sides wi l l come i n c o n tact w i t h th e ri n g ,

h eat the ri n g h o t an d pl ace i t over th e ham mer tu rn ,

th e ri ng sl owly s o as to keep th e heat eve n o n al l si des

at o n ce draw u n t il i t s h ows a l ittl e col or the n t ry with
, ,

a fi ne sharp fi l e a n d whe n yo u can m ake th e fi l e take

,

hold i t h as drawn e n ough T here are so m an y grades .

o f steel a n d d i f feren t t e m p e ra t u e s o f h eat an d wate r

th at you can n ot always rel y o n th e colo rs The .

m i d dle of th e face sh ould be le ft as hard as you can

keep i t for i f you l et th e h eat fro m th e eye p a rt ru n
,

d ow n an d dra w the face i t w ill be t o o so ft an d set ,

tle leavi ng t h e ou tsi de c i rcl e th e h igh es t I f the

, .

tool i s doubl e faced d o al l yo u r fo rgi n g an d fi n ish i ng

-

before you t em per T he n after yo u h av e te m pered

.

t h e l arge st face w i n d a wet cl oth aro u n d i t an d k e ep

,

it cold wh i l e yo u are heati ng th e o t h e r f a c e

“

I th i nk tha t rou n d s ides w ith th e o u ts ide edge

rou n ded i n a l ittle s t an d bette r th an th e square o r
,

octago n G e t a good h an dle an d pu t i t i n so t h at i t

.

w i ll sta y .
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 99

E very o n e wh o d oe s re p ai ri ng b rea k s a goo d

man y b i ts espec i all y s mal l o nes T h ey u s u all y
, .

break at th e e n d o f th e twi st leavi ng th e sh an k l o ng

,

e n ough t o m ake an ot he r bi t b y flatten i ng abo u t a n

i n ch o f t h e e nd an d twist o n ce aro u n d T he n h am mer .

do w n th e edge fi l e a d iam o n d po i n t l eav i n g th e cu t

,

t i ng part a l it tl e larger th an th e s eat o f the b it te m ,

pe r an d yo u h ave a d ril l as good as n ew D ri ll s can .

—
b e m ade i n th e sam e w a y By F P H A RR I M A N . . .

H A M M ER S A N D H A N D L E S .

A l m o st every bl acksm ith has a d i f fe re n t styl e o f

h am m er o r h an dle an d every o n e th i nks that h i s
,

way o f m ak i n g th e m is righ t O n e wan ts a heavy

.

h a m mer a n d a n other a l igh t h am me r fo r the sam e ,

k i n d o f work .

O n e wan ts a l o ng h amme r an d an othe r wan ts a

sh ort o n e O n e w ant s h i s h am me r to stan d ou t an d
.

a n oth er l i ke s h i s to sta n d i n O n e wan ts a l o n g

.

han dl e an d an othe r p re fers a sho rt han d l e O n e .

wants h i s han dl e t o sp ri n g a n d an oth er does n ot A n d .

so i t goe s o n i n th at way al l t h ro ugh th e c o u n try .

E ve ryo n e w il l tel l y o u th a t h i s way i s th e best ,

an d w il l exp lai n w h y It i s th e be st N ow m y op i n .
,

i o n i n regard to t h e above i s th at they are al l i n

al most every case righ t I make all m y h am mers
.

an d h andles an d th i n k they are th e righ t ki n d

, ,

s impl y b e c a u s e t h e y s u i t me a n d I can do th e wo rk
.

requ i red w i t h the m sati s factoril y .

2 00 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

I do n ot cl ai m that there is an y way to m ake rz

jgé t
a bl ac k sm i th s ham mer B u t of co u rse there is a
’

, , ,

certai n l i n e that yo u can n ot pass w ithou t goi ng to

extremes .

F or i n stan ce if you shou l d m ake a h am m er a foot

,

l ong wi th a h an dle te n i n ch es l o ng th at wou l d b e

, ,

ou t o f al l p rop orti on an d wo ul d n ot b e co nv en ie n t
,

to work w ith an d i t co u l d n ot be sai d by an yo n e

,

that i t was right B u t su pposi ng o n e m a n m akes an

.

ordi n ary ham mer w i th a l ong pan e a n oth er makes ,

o n e w ith a short pan e ; each o n e w ill clai m that h is

ham mer i s righ t an d that h e co ul d n ot d o h i s w ork
as wel l with an oth er .

N ow h ow sh all we determi n e w h i ch h am mer i s

,

th e n earest right ? I sh oul d say both are righ t for ,

as lo ng as they can do the work requ ired an d th ey ,

are satisfi ed with thei r ham mers that i s all th at i s ,

—
necessar y By G B J . . .

H A M M ER T H A T DOE S N O T M A R K I RO N
A .

’
I w a s i n a c ou n try bl acksm ith s shop the oth er
day an d wh il e tal ki ng w ith the b oss I n ot i ce d a
,

workman wh o was t ryi ng to ge t th e k i n k ou t o f an

axl e spi n dle w ith a h ammer an d swage E very .

”
“
l ick made i t wo rse an d fi ll ed i t w ith ham mer
m arks I o ffered t o S h ow h i m h ow t o m ak e a ham
.

mer that wo u l d do th e j ob properl y T he o ffer was .

accepted an d th is i s t he way th e ham m er was m ade

, .

I fi rs t call e d for abou t fo u r o r fi ve p ou n ds o f old

 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 2O I

l ead T h i s was fu rn ish ed a n d I the n took a p i ece o f

.
,

three qu arter i nch rou n d i ro n abou t fi ftee n i n ches

- -

l o n g an d u pset the e n d as s h own i n A F ig 1 9 4 o f

, ,
.

th e acc o mpanyi ng i l lu strati o n s t o abo u t 1 1 8 i nch ,

- -

an d tape red i t t o B a le ngth o f 2 i n ch es T h i s l eft

,
.

th e handl e p o rti o n C a b o u t 1 2 i n ch es l on g I n ext .

F IG . 1 93 .
—H O W I NG
S TH E HA MM ER H EAD
-
.

got a b ox fu l l of yel low m ou ld for med a c i rcle i n i t ,

of ab o u t two i n ches i n diamete r an d pl aced the

h andle at th e ce n ter W ith a p i ece o f sh eet iro n
.
-

-
I made a l adle mel ted th e l ead an d pou red i t i n to
,

th e i mpro mpt u m ou ld A fter a wait o f t we n ty .

m i n u te s I l i fte d m y ham m e r o u t o f t he sand ,

FI G . 1 94 .
—S H O W I NG TH E H ND L E A .

dressed i t u p w i th a h an d h am me r an d the n th e -

job was fi n ished .

I n F ig 1 9 3 D i s th e h am m e r a n d E i s th e place
.
,

occ u p ied b y t h e handle F i g 1 9 5 il l u strates a sim

. .

l r meth o d o f m ak i ng th e to o l A h ol e i s made i n
p e .

th e san d as at D an d the h an dl e i s s tu ck i n at E
, ,
202 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

th en the lead is h eated a n d pou red i n T he se h am .

—
mers w ill n ot mark the i ro n By I R O N D O C TOR .

I M P ROVED T U Y ERE
AN .

When I fi rst began t o work at th e forge n early ,

’
fi f t y years ago th e ol d b ul l s eye t uyere was th e
,
-

”
b est i n u se b u t so f t c oke ( o r , breese as i t was “

called be i ng th e re f u se o f the roll i ng m ill fu rnaces )

, ,

’
com i ng i n to u se disposed of the b ull s eye so th e -

water t u yere was i nve n ted as a n ecessity F o r m ore .

than th irty years I heard i ts gu rg li n g wate rs always ,

l o o k i n g u po n i t as an evi l to be tolera t ed becau se i t

co ul d n ot be avo ided Fan cy al l you r fi res started .

o n M o n day m orn i ng i n the w i n ter tem perat u re ,

bel ow z ero w a t e r j u s t getti ng warm an d then fi n d

,

F IG . 1 95 .
—
S H O W I NG A I
S M P L ER M E TH OD O F M A K I NG T H E T OO L .

i ng pi pes all bu rsted n e w o n es t o b e fi tted corn ers

, ,

t o be be nt i n o ne of th e fo rges at t h e risk o f sp oi l

i ng a t u yere fo r w a n t o f wat e r i n it cust o mers w a it

’

i ng foreman S weari ng me n freez in g an d sh op l iter

, ,

a ll y u pside dow n .

N ext came th e tan k an d tu yere i n o n e a good ,

i m prov e men t ; al so the c a l b a ck m ad e o f w e t t

”
slack bu t owi ng t o i ts ext ravagan t u se of fu el n ot
,

to be t olerated T he n came th e b ott o m blast I

. .
 BLA C K S M I T H I N G . 2 03

d o n ot k n ow whe n o r w he re i ts fi rst origi n ated ( i n

v e n t o r a cran k n o d o u bt ) , .

A s I was dete rm i n ed t o d o with o u t a water tuyere ,

i f possibl e I tried m ost o f th e fan cy tu rn em s an d ’

tw ist ems i n th e m arket p ate n ted an d o th erw i se

’

, .

an d al l o f th e m sp read the fi re t oo m u ch fo r
eco n o my i n fact so m e o f the m m ade a serie s of fi res
, ,

—
all over th e h earth th e t uyere gett i ng h o t a n d
cli ngi n g t o th e cl i n ker w i th a m atri m o n i al t i e
“

FI G . 1 96 —I M PROVED T U Y ERE , As M A DE BY I RON J A CK .

n e v e r t o be di vo rced u n t i l o n e o r both o f th e m was

—
deadl y col d mak i n g m e h o t t oo b oth i n b od y an d , ,

te mpe r I the n go t th e tu yere c raz e a n d sch e med

.

”
al l s orts o f j i m cracks i f possible w orse th an th e
, ,

others u n t il at la s t I co n cl u de d th at m ovi ng bl ast

,

orifi ces i n tuye res at the bott o m o f a fo rge fi re were

ou t o f pla c e worse t h an u sel ess th e p oker bei n g a ll
, ,

su f fi cie n t ; a n d to kee p th e t u yere s u f fi c i e n tl y co ol t o

preve n t th e cl i n ke r fro m cl i n gi ng i t o n l y wan ted a ,
2 04 BLACK S M I T H I N G .

lu mp o f iro n b ig e n ough wh ere th e fi re c o u l d n ot

tou ch i t to keep th e part cool wh e re i t d i d to u ch .

C om i ng acro ss an ol d can n o n bal l wh i ch I s u ppose

-

, , ,

h ad bee n u sed to kno ck down the wall s of P eters

bu rg d u ri ng th e war an d big e n ough i t was for the
, ,

m atter o f th at t o kn ock do w n th e walls o f well I

,
-

—
won t s ay wh ere i t bei ng abo ut n i n e i n ch es i n
’

diam eter an d w e Ig h i n g u pward o f o n e h u n dred

”
p ou nds I said to myself
, , H ere i s m y t u yere So .

I bored a h ol e i n o n e s i de a n d screwe d a p i ece of

3
-
in ch wrought i ro n p ip e i n to it then giv
, i n g i t a
q u a r

ter tu rn o n th e fa ce plate I bored a 2 1 2 i n ch h ol e at -

righ t angl es and i nto th e other I then d ri lled th ree

.

3 4
-
i n ch h oles i n th e o th er S i de an d chi sel ed th e m
i n to a mou th fo r th e blast 2 1 2 i n ches by 3 4 i n ch
-

wh i ch i s a good si z e for the fan bl as t fo r regular

work I prefer a fl at h o l e to a ro u n d o n e fo r t he
.

botto m bl a st as i t does n ot al l o w so l arge a ci n der

,

to f a l l th ro ugh whe n th e bl a s t i s o ff A fter p ut ti ng.

a trap d oo r a t th e b otto m to e mpty th e tu yere I

fixed i t o n th e hearth 6 i n ches bel ow th e l evel o f
the top o f the hearth m akin g a fi n e bri ck basi n as
, ,

sh o wn i n s e c t Io n In th e accompan yi n g e ngravi ng .

The su cc e ss o f thi s t uyere i s co mplete th e blast ,

com ing straight ou t of the mouth l i ke sh ot fro m a

gu n m aki ng th e fi re very i n te nse at th e p roper
,

pl ace ( n ot spread i ng al l ove r th e h earth ) wh ich ,

eco n o mi zes the fuel as far as p ossi bl e con siste n t with

t he W ork t o be done an d the m ass of m etal always
,
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 205

k eep s th e tu yere c oo l and c akes th e cl i n k e r so as to

m ake i t eas y t o li f t o u t o f th e fi re w i th th e poke r n o .

matter h o w lo ng o r h ow h eav il y i t i s w o rked Sh o u l d .

anyo ne feel d i sp ose d t o t ry i t he wi l l be m o re th a n

pl eased T h e fo rge an d an vi l sh o u ld be b o th o n a
.

level t o perm i t the c ran e to operate easily wi thou t

—
tro u b l e By I RO N J AC K .

H O M E M A D E B L O W ER
-
.

I co m me n ced bu si n es s W i th o u t t o ol s an d w ith o u t
an y other resou rce s than m y ow n stro n g righ t arm .

A f te r getti ng an anvi l I experie n ced t h e n e e d o f a

bl ower Th ose wh ich were for sal e were h igh priced
.
,

an d n o th i n g b ut th e cash i n han d wou l d b u y o n e I n .

order t o do th e best p oss i ble u n der the ci rcu m stan ces ,

I to ok a good l o ok at o n e i n a st ore b y wh ich I O b ,

t a i n e d th e p ri n ci pl e o n wh ich i t was O perated an d the n ,

we n t h o m ean d co m me n ced wo rk u po n o n e u p o n my
own acco u n t I mad e i t o f wood a n d su c ceeded s o
.
,

wel l as to make so m eth i ng by wh ich a s o rt o f a fi re

co ul d be started W he n i t was i n m o t i o n f h o w e v e r
.
,

m y n eigh b ors th o ugh t I was ru nn i n g a th resh i n g

mach i n e I t coul d be heard o f a st il l m o rn i ng n ear
.

ly a m il e away A ft e r u si ng th is fo r a sho rt t i me I
.
,

co n cl uded I wou ld t ry t o m ake a bette r o ne an d ,

n ow I w ill tel l yo u h o w I s et ab o u t i t .

I t o o k th ree p i eces o f wh ite p i n e plank 1 2 b y 1 4 ,

i n ches an d 1 1 2 i n ches thi ck I dressed a n d gl u ed th e m

-
.

together crossw ise i n order to o bta i n the g reate st

,
2 06 BL AC K S M I T H I N G .

possibl e stre ngth I to k the pi ece t o a j ig saw

. o -

an d had a c i rcle perfec t ly t ru e take n o u t o f the

, ,

ce n te r 8 i n ches i n d iam eter I th e n cl osed th is h ole

,
.

by placing a hal f i n ch p oplar board o n each s ide the

-

same siz e as th e l arge bl ock Th ese th i n p i eces I .

screwed dow n tigh t wi th eight screws o n each board .

R em ov i n g o ne o f t h em I got th e cen ter o f th e edge

of the h ol e o n th e i n si de o f t h e o n e t h at r em a i ned ,

an d by re v ers i ng th e op erati o n go t th e ce n ter u p o n ,

the opposite o n e Fro m t hi s m easu remen t I cu t a

.

hole 4 i n ch es i n di ameter through each o f t hese th i n

p ieces w hi ch was t o serve t o le t th e ai r i n to th e
,

FI G . 1 97
.
-
GENERA L S H APE O F TH E P DD L E S OR
A F A N I N NO
S
NAM E S ’
B L O W ER .

blower B y pl aci ng th e boards back i n thei r origi n al

.

p ositio n the holes w o ul d be i n th e ce n ter o f th e h ol e

cu t i n the large block .

I next t ook two p ieces of i ro n 1 2 by 1 1 4 i n ch es - -

and drilled a 5 1 6 i n ch h ol e th ro ugh th em i n th e

- -

m id dle I took a p iece o f 3 8 i n ch s t e e lro d a n d

.
- -

made t wo thu mbscrews of i t ; cu t t h reads u pon

them to work tightly i n th e h ol es i n the i ro ns I .

made them very p oi n t ed an d chilled the m very

hard N e x t I to ok a p iece of 3 8 i n ch steel rod an d
.
- -
 B LAC K S M I T H I N G . 20 7

cu t i t th e righ t l ength to fi t b e twee n th e p o i n ts of

th e two thu mb scre w s an d w i th th e ce nter p u n ch I
-

m ade a small pu n ctu re i n th e cen ter o f th e e nds o f

th i s rod to rece ive the po i n ted e nd s o f th e th u m b
screws abov e described N ext I d r i lled two h oles
, .

FI G 1 98 —H APE O F I D E I RON H O D I NG TH E A
S S S L XL E O F F AN
IN
. .

N E O W ER
No AM
’

S
”
BL .

i n thi s shaft on e ab o u t 1 1 2 i n ch es fro m o n e e n d

,
-

an d th e o ther a b ou t 2 i n ches fro m th e p u lley

e n d O n th e lon g e n d I placed a smal l cotto n
.

sp i n dle pulley an d I 1 4 i n ch e s i n di ameter an d

,
-

3 35 111 .

4% i n .

F IG . 1 99 .
—PATT ERN O F F AN S , T O BE M AD E O F GAL V A N I Z ED I RON .

1 o f an i n ch th i ck havi n g a g ro o v e i n i ts su rface for

-

4 ,

a s m al l ro u n d b ol t su ch as i s freq u en tl y u sed o n,

sewi ng mach i n es I n ext took a p iece Of sh eet i ro n

.
,

h eavy gauge an d c u t so me p addl e s o r fan s 4 by 8

,
2 08 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

i n ch es i n sh ape as i n d icated b y F i g 1 9 7 acco mpan y

,
.
,

i ng s ketch I riveted th ese fan s t o sh aft an d be nt

.

the m u p thu s formi ng fou r p addles l ocated at

, ,

equal distan ces apart Th e fan was n ow don e ex

.
,

cep t putti n g to g eth er I screwed fast th e straight

.

F IG . 2 00 .
—CEN T ER P I ECE T O W HI C H F AN S A R E A TT AC H ED
-
.

p ieces of iro n that h el d the th u m b screws an d took -

care th at the screw cam e exactly i n th e ce n ter O f th e

hole i n ord er that the fan S houl d tu rn freely I
, .

t u rned the box over a n d pl aced the fan i n th e hole ,

 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 20
9

w i th two pivots togeth er an d the n faste n ed i n pos i t i on

,

the othe r p iece o f i ro n wh ich w as m ade i n th e ,

shap e show n i n F ig 1 9 8 o f th e sketches I e x e rc ised

. .

great care th at i t al so sh oul d co m e exactl y i n th e

cen te r a n d at th e same t i m e b e i n su ch a p ositio n as
n ot t o com e i n co n tac t wi th th e bol t I t oo k .

care also that t h e face h u n g perfe ctl y t ru e i n th e

center an d the n screwed dow n the secon d b oard I .

F IG . 2OI .
—S I DE P L AT E S B E T W EEN
,
W HI C H F AN S ARE F A T ENED
S .

n ext m ade a h ol e i n th e en d of the b ox 3 i n ches i n

diam ete r m ak i ng i t to i n tersect w i th th e h ol e i n t h e
,

b o x at th e u ppe r part I too k care th at i t sho ul d be

.

smooth an d cl ean I m ade a fram e O f 2 by 3 h a f d

.

wood i n su ch a way as to m o u n t the bl owe r i n a co n

v e n i e n t p ositi o n n ear m y forge A d r i v in g wh eel .
-

grooved o n th e fan t o acco m m odate a b ol t o f the

2 10 BL AC K S M I T H I N G .

ki n d ab o ve described an d operated with a cran k i s

, ,

faste ned to two standards at t h e fro n t o f the frame ,

th u s aff ord i ng m otive powe r M y fan co n st ructed .

,

i n th i s man n er h as n ow bee n i n u se o ver two ye ars

, ,

an d i s i n perfect co nd it io n at th e p resen t tim e I t .

gives al l th e blast that I requ ire an d ru n s n o iselessly , .

B y N o N AM E .

F IG . 2 02 .
-
CRO SS S EC TI ON TH RO U G H CO M P L E T ED FA N .

H O E M A DE F A N F O R A B L AC K S M I T H S F ORGE
M -
’
.

I th i n k an yo n e wi th ordi nary mechan ical S kill by ,

f ol lowi n g th e di rect io n s wh i ch I S hal l attempt to pre .

se n t wi ll have n o di f fi cul t y i n bu ildi ng a fan which

,

w i ll perform sati s fact o rily .

F i rst c u t twel ve p iece o f gal van i z ed i ro n to th e

sha p e an d d i me n si o n s s h ow n i n Fi g 1 9 9 The se . .
 B LAC K S M I T H I N G . 2 I I

sh oul d be a b o u t 1 1 6 o f an i n ch th i c k F o u r square
-
.

stu ds abou t three qu arte rs of a n i n ch l o ng are l eft

-

o n the edges o f e a ch plate T he d i stan ce fro m A .

to A i s 3 1 2 i n ches fro m B t o E 4 1 2 i n ch es a n d
-

, ,
-

fro m C t o C 4 1 2 i n ches P u n ch two fu l l quarter

,
-
.

i n ch hol es i n each p iece M ake a m i d dle p iece o f .

F IG . 2 03 .
—S I DE E L EVATI ON O CO M P L ET ED FA F N .

m et a l l i ke F ig 2 0 0 wh i ch sh o u l d b e ab o u t fi ve
.
,

i n ches i n diamete r an d seve n eighths o r a n i n ch

,
-

th ick. T h i s can be m ade of b rass z i n c o r i ro n , , ,

D ril l two h ol es i n each arm to m atch the h ol e s i n -

pl ates show n i n F ig 1 9 9 T h e n pu t two o f these

. .

p lates o n eac h arm with q u arter i nc h bolt s as i s

,
-
2 I2 B L A C A S M IT H IN G .

shown at A i n F ig 2 0 0 The n c u t two c i rcular

. .

pl ates after th e pattern sh o w n i n F ig 2 0 1 T h ese . .

are to b e d i sh ed as sh ow n i n F i g 2 0 2 i n o rde r t o .
,

fi t the m i ddle of the fan n i cel y H ave th e m qu ite as

.

large as th e m i dd l e o f th e fan I n th e ce n ter o f .

these plates are d ra u g h t h o le s E th ro ugh wh ich the

, ,

F IG . 2 04 .
—L ONG IT U D I NA L S EC TI ON TH RO U G H CO M P L E T E D FA N .

air W il l e n ter th e fan T hese are t o be fo u r i n ch es

.

i n d iamete r E ach pl ate has twelve l o n g n arrow

.

h oles p u n ched i n i t as sh ow n i n F ig 2 0 1 a n d a .
,

stro ng z i n c washer i s s ol dered u p o n i t T h is plate i s .

n ow forced o n t o th e s i de o f th e f a n T h e stud s will .

 BLA C K S M I T H I N G . 1 3

of c o u rse p roject th ro ugh th is pl ate rathe r m o re

t h an h al f an i n ch B y taki ng a ch i sel o r sc rew
.

dr i ve r a n d p u tt i n g i t bet wee n t h e stud s o r l ugs o n e

, ,

part c an be tu rn ed o n e wa y an d th e o th e r th e oth e r ,

as i n F ig 2 0 1 a n d t he plates w i ll be f ast A goo d

.
, .

b i t o f sol der s h o u ld t h e n b e ru n o ve r th e wh ole as

‘

sh ow n b y t he dotted l i n es at F i n F ig 2 0 1 The . .

n ext th i ng i s t o ta k e two o f p i eces 1 1 4 i n ch plank -

an d c u t t he m t o th e shape sh ow n i n Fig 2 0 3 T hey . .

sh o u l d be groove d as sh own by th e dotted l i n e

abou t o n e an d o n e fo u rth i n ches from th e e d ge .

T h i s p orti o n is t o form th e box fo r th e fan F ig . .

F IG . 205 .
—S P I ND L E A N D P U L L E Y FOR DR I V I NG T H E FA N .

2 04 shows th e fa n p u t t oge th er b u t with o n e s ide ,

an d o n e plat e removed N o w a sh ee t o f i ro n 3 3 2 .
-

o f an i n ch th i ck an d say fi ve i n ch es w i de m u st be
, ,

ben t to t he shape o f th e gro ove S h ow n b y t h e dot

ted l i n e i n Fi g 2 0 3 P u t th is i n to th e groove s
. .

betwee n th e two woode n s ides an d bol t al l together ,

w ith qu arter i n ch bolts a n d n u t s

-
T he bolts S ho ul d .

be p u t i n fo ur i n ch es apart al l arou nd Z i n c bear .

i ngs fou r i n ch es w ide S hou ld be u sed an d th e whole ,

made to fi t fi rm ly to a o n e i n ch board abo u t twel v e -

i nches w ide T u rn a wooden pu ll ey ab ou t th re e

.
,
2 14 BLA C K S M I T H I N G .

i nches i n d iameter with a co n vex face somet hi n g

, ,

l i ke that sh own i n F ig 2 0 5 T h e sp i n dle o f th i s .

.

pulley sho ul d be th ree fo u rths of a n i n ch i n diam eter-

an d eigh teen i n ches l o ng Th e outlet at th e m o u th of .

the fan is fou r i n ches squ are The n o z z l e i n th e fi re .

can be made two I n ches o r an y de sire d s i z e Ey K — , . .

M I N ER S TOO L S A N D S M I T H W OR K
’
.

W he n I was o n B allarat D iggi ngs fro m 1 8 5 2 to 5 9 ’

there were sledge ham mers i n u se for vario u s p u r

poses ; th u s i n my s h O p I had sledge ham m ers for
the o rd i nary st ri ke rs wh i ch weighed say I 4 l bs each
, , .
,

an d as a S ort of corps de reserve o n e o f 2 8 lbs ; an d , .

as a good striker was n o t always to th e fore I u su ally ,

wielded a h an d ham mer mysel f o f 4 l b s for sh arpe n i ng .

’
th e m i n ers p icks for wh i ch I rece ived whe n a ru sh
,

was o n 2 5 per poi n t n e v e r le s s th an 1 s 6d per p o i n t

, .
, . .
,

6a for ste el i ng an d 5 5 for layi ng an d steel i ng ;

’
.
, .

also I got 1 0 5 for m aki ng an o rdi n ary C orn i sh

.

hamm er headed dri v i ng p ick I th i n k that the

-

weight I stated would be abou t th e average for stri k

i ng th e head s of j u mpers for quartz reef an d wh at ,

we termed ceme n t wh ich m ight b e l i ken ed to m asses

,

of sto ne i mbedded i n a sl aggy sort o f gl ass ; b ut as

,

th ose e ngaged i n t h e search fo r th e p reci o u s m etal

w ere represen tatives of say eve ry cou n try cal li n g , , ,

an d wan t o f cal li ng u p o n t h is sublu n ary sph ere so ,

”
were the tool s a n d th e S h ootin g i ro n s wh ich came
t o me for repa i r .
 BLA C KS M I T H I N G . 2 1 5

I was ren ow n ed fo r te mper i ng the m i ne rs gear I

’
.

th in k that abo u t 1 i n 5 0 0 sm i ths is fi t t o be tru sted to

m a n f a c t u re an y to ol fro m cast s teel w i th o u t o v e r
heati ng sam e I have n o t bee n b rough t u p a b lac k
.

sm ith be i n g m o re i n the l i n e o f a fi tte r o f the k n o t s t i c k

,

species an d I h ave n o t ye t met w i th a b l acksm i th

,

that I woul d tru st to fo rge m e any k i n d of to ol s for

l ath e etc N O W please to bear i n m i n d that th i s
, .
,

does n ot appl y t o m e n wh o m ake a spec i al ty o f to ol

m ak i n g b u t o nl y t o t h e ordi n ary gen e ral me n o f t h e
sh op s A d ul l red i n a du sty pl ace i s n ot e n o ugh
.

fo r th e wel fare o f cast steel b u t th is e ntai l s a l o t o f

,

additi o n a l h am meri ng wh ich tell s u po n a m an s wr i st

,
’

i n an u n pl easan t man n e r A t same h eat I d i p dri l l s o r

.

j u mpe rs steadi l y i nto o rd i n ary water n ot con tai n in g

an y sort o f qu ack med i ci nes the rei n .

A p roper sm ith s h an d h amme r al ways h as a co m

’

a ra t i v e l s m al l rou n de d pan e t h e pan e for draw i ng

p y ,

o u t p u rposes bei ng u p o n th e sl edge h a Ir m e r b u t I ,

empl oyed o u t o n th e D iggi ngs fo r all ro u n d j obs a -

G erman w h o p robably co u l d m ake anyth i ng co m

,

p le t e w i th ham m ers al o n e fro m a n el,bow fo r stove

p ipes t o fi gu re s an d fol i age a n d h e sp oke o f h avi n g
,

alo ngside t h e an v il i n G e rman y say som e fi fty d i f ,

f e re n t so rts a n d weigh ts of h am mers .

T o sto p the ri n g o f an anv i l L e t th e sp i ke .

,

wh ich ough t to be i n th e bloc k to keep th e a nv i l i n

fi t th e h ol e i n i t t i g h t an d let th e adj a ce n t i ro n
,

o f th e anv il s botto m b ed u po n said block an d i ts

’

,
2 1 6 B LAC K S M I T H I N G .

vibratio n will be stopped on ce for al l T h e reaso n .

why we do n t have m ore articles u po n sm ithwork is

’

u ndo ubtedly because i n the bulk E ngl i sh s m ith s are

, ,

u nedu cated an d l i ke al l s u ch gru dge t o a f ford any

, ,

i nformatio n u po n th at or an y other s u bj ect an d ,

they ab ou n d i n qu as i n ostru ms for accompl ish i ng

man y th i ngs .

W ith regard t o ma k i n g a weld 0 e o f yo u r cor

’

”
respon de n ts says : D i p each p iece i n san d
“
etc , .

N ow there are m an y varieties o f san d s u ch as that

, ,

abo u t h ere whi ch i s defi cie n t i n th e m atter o f S i lica

, ,

wh ich I O pi n e is th e m aterial wh i ch by m el ti n g at ,

th e n ecessar y heat j u st p revi ous t o t h e m el t i n g o f th e

iron forms a coati ng of glass over the i ro n an d so
, ,

preven ts its oxidati o n d u ri n g i t s heat i ng an d t ran si t

to th e an v il ; therefore I fi n d i t better t o collect th e
,

b otto ms ou t of a gri n dst on e trough tak i ng care th at ,

n o debris o f z i nc copper lead ti n or an yth i ng abou n d

, , , .

i n g i n su lphu r b e u sed u po n sai d sto n e ; an d h e has

,

om i tted t o m en ti o n th at an i mportan t facto r i n a

sou n d wel d is th at at th e i n stan t of t a ki n g th e two
,

p ieces t o th e anvil th e operator or operators S h ou ld

, , ,

strike each p iece ge n tly behi n d th e h eated part , ,

u po n the anv il i n o rder t o k n ock o f f al l i mp ed imen ta ;

,

w ith l ight n i ng rap idity place o n e u p o n the other tap

, ,
”
ge ntly u po n th e cen ter o f th e weld a n d qu ickly
“
,

close u p th e two th i n en ds b u t beari ng i n m i n d to ,

work fro m th e ce n ter t o the o utsi de

A n amateu r wil l fi n d that a seri o u s d i f fi culty will
 B L A C K S M IT III N G . 2 1 7

be e nco u n tered wh e n h e trie s t o h old anyth i n g m ore ,

especial l y cast steel i n a to ngs W he n l earn i ng h o w

, .

t o t u r n th e w o r k u po n i ts s i de b e su re t o t u rn so
,

th at th e b ac k o f t he han d i s u pp ermost o r a b ad
“
,

striker w il l b e l i k el y by l owe ri ng h i s b ac k h a n d to
pl an t a l o t o f th e h o t sl a g i n to the pal m o f yo u r han d ,

or y o u m a y acc o m p l i sh th i s b y b ad str i ki ng u po n
you r o w n acco u n t W h e n h itt i ng a j o b u po n th e
.

an v i l d o n o t stri ke i n v ari o u s pl aces a s a rul e u n

, , ,

l ess whe n n ecessary t o p l ace th e wo r k o v e r a parti

c u la r part as th e edge o r o n th e beak
, K eep yo u r .

ham m er go i ng u p an d d own as i f i t we re i n gu i des

, ,

drawi n g th e w ork b ack o r for ward as requ ired .

T here i s an art i n m aki ng an d keep i n g u p the

fi re . I t depe nd s very m u ch u p o n th e fuel u sed If .

a h eavy weld i ng he at be requ i red w e m u st take two ,

or m o re sh ove ls of w et sl ack ( after o f cou rs e l ight , ,

i ng Up ) an d tam p t h i s down ge ntl y wi th th e shovel ,

s o that i t form s a n arched ove n as i f w ere an d p oke , ,

a h ole o r h ole s t o ru n i n th e bar o r pl u ral I f we .

observe a bl u e o r gree n i sh t i nge i n th e flam es we ,

wi ll p robabl y con sider as t o th e adv i sabi l ity of

sh ovel i ng o f f al l the fi re an d b egi n n i n g agai n as
“ ”
,

su l ph u r i s i n th e asce n dan t .

S ulph u r w o ul d cau se the wh ite h o t i ro n to ru n -

away i n drops M i n e is a p ortabl e fo rge an d by

.
,

drawin g ou t the pl ug at th e back i n th e ai r p ipe whe n -

k nockin g o ff fo r a spel l th is n ot o nl y al l ows th e e n

,

t ran ce o f ai r to keep fi re al igh t b u t preven ts th e l ia

,
2 1 8 B L A C K S M IT H I N G .

b i li t y
th ere i s t o bl ow i n g u p a bel l ows i f fresh coal ,

is p u t o n a n d i m medi atel y a fte r m ore e sp eciall y i f

, ,

i t be wet slack the bl ow i ng be stopped as i n t h is

, ,

eve n t th e l arge qu an ti ty of gas ge n erated fi n ds its

way i n t o th e sai d elbo w s a n d wh e n th e c u lp ri t n ext
,

draws dow n th e h an dl e h e m i xes It w i th th e ai r an d

, ,

a vi olen t expl osio n i s th e result as well as probably ,

the spl i tti ng o f th e i ns i d e m i ddle b oard This is .

the reaso n why th e n oz zle o f an ordi n ary bel lows

ought n ot t o b e j a m med i n to th e tu yere ; bu t th ere
sh ou ld be say I 4 i n ch clear space arou n d its e n d
, ,
.

A steady co nti n u ou s bl ast i s far m ore e f fi cac i ous

than sh ort j erky forc ing .

T h e pu tti ng o f salt o r anyth i ng else i n th e wat e r

fo r temp eri n g i s b osh .

W h en a sm i t h appl ies to m e fo r a j ob I always set ,

— —
h i m i f i n w an t o f on e t o m ake h i s h am m e r an d a
pai r of t ongs \\ he n an am ateu r c an make a to ngs
.
7

that d oes n ot ope n wh e n i t ough t to sh u t h e W il l ‘

k now a th i n g o r two an en t forgi ng an d whe n a sm ith ,

can m ake a goo d cast steel ham m er i t i s tolerably

-

certai n th at h e i s u p t o th e h am mer an d i f h e does n t ,

’

wan t to wet i t too ofte n deserves tak i n g o n

, .

A s t o th e sile n t langu age i t w o ul d n ever d o i f o n e

‘

had to say to a striker W ill you be k i n d e n ough to

,
“

h it so and so P there fore i f we wan t th e striker we

”
,

ri n g o n the h an d h ammer ; h e i s al l atte n ti o n W e .

wh ip o u t th e bar and gently ti ckle it t ogether wh il st

i n a mel ti ng mood ; n ext we t a p It In an i n v it ing
,
'
 B LAC K S M I T H I N G . 19

man n e r u p o n th e sp o t wh ere he o ug h t t o strike it ,

w h ich as before stated sh o u l d a s a ru le b e i n th e cen

, , , ,

ter o f th e an vil A t fi rst bo th st ri ke al ternatel y

.
,

b u t as th e redu c i ng e f f e ct o f th e sl edge beco m es evi

de n t we th e s m ith j u d i c i o usly i nte rsperse o u r bl ows
, , ,

u po n th e j obs b y t aps u p o n th e a n v il always sh i ft in g ,

ou r i ro n s ; b u t u n le ss w e t o u ch a ce rtai n spo t wi th
ou r ham m er h e i s t o keep o n stri k i n g i n th e m i d dle ,

an d whe n we requ ire h i m t o k n oc k o f f we bri n g d ow n

o u r h am m er i n su ch a way th a t i t i n a se n se ri n gs
u po n th e an v il M ec /z a m c a n d Wo r ld of
'

S me
'

zf ze .

TH E H AC K SA W .

P ro b abl y n o to ol d ev ised fo r th e u se o f i ro n wor k

ers in rece n t y ears ca n be e m plo yed to greater

FI G . 2 06 .
-
S H O W I NG TH E H AC K S AW .

advan tage by a b lac k sm ith th an a h ac k saw In .

many sh op s it h as al m ost s u ppl an ted the col d Ch isel ,

as i t can be u se d i n n earl y al l cases wh ere th e latte r

to ol com es i n p l ay an d d oes i ts work m ore e x ,
2 20 BLA C K S M I T H I N G .

edi t wi ll cu
t i o u s ly
I t i ro n al m ost as rapidly as an
p .

ord i n ary saw cuts wood I ts ch eap ness bri ngs it .

with i n the ran ge o f every mechan i c h avi ng i ro n t o

cu t T he engravi ng F ig 2 0 6 gives a correc t idea
.
, .
,

of its appearan ce .

A DJ U S T A B L E TO N GS .

I lately cam e across abo u t as h an dy a bl acksm ith s

’

tool as o n e co u ld w ish to fi n d I t was an adj ust .

able p ai r o f tongs th at w ill h o ld t igh t e n ou gh for an y

l ight work T h e j aw f F ig 2 0 7 is p rovi ded with
.
, , .
,

a sl ot S a n d the rivet i s carried at that e n d i n 3

, ,

FI G . 207 .
-
A DJ U S TA B L E T ONG S , As DE SCR I B ED BY N EW Y OR K ER .

tongu e A that p asses th rough a lu g E an d i s fast

, , , ,

en e d by a key K s o that i t can be set with th e han d

, ,

ham mer an d w ith o u t an y wre n ch I have fou n d i t .

an excellen t tool an d am su re th at an ybody t h at ,

W —
ma k es o n e ill be pl eased wi t h i t E y N E W Y OR K ER . .

TO N GS F OR M AKI NG S PR I N G CL I PS , S L E I G H J AC K S ,
ET C .

I sen d y o u a sketch F ig o f a pai r of to n gs for , . 2 08,

maki n g slei gh j acks sp ri n g cl i ps staples etc A is , , , .

a cl i p to be be n t as at E F ig 2 0 9 T he pai r of , . .
 B LA C K S M I T H I N G . 22 I

to ngs h as i n j a w , C, F ig 2 1 0 a h ole fo r th e s t e m t h e
.
, ,

w i dth o f the j aw ,
D be i ng th at requ i red betwee n the
,

j aws o f t he cl ip . I f both j aws ha v e holes t h rough

FI G . 2 09 .

F IG . 2 10 .

F IG . 208 .

them an d a re o f d i ff ere n t w i dth s t w o s iz es o f cl ip s

—
c an b e b e n t o n o n e pai r of to n g s By R R M . . .

EN D O F VO LU M E I .
 I N D EX .

A NV L I F
f o r re n c h c i s lp 1 75 F i t k e p i m ll
re o e n s a co mp a ss . 61
vl m Fl tt
,

A n i s, h ow ade 99 a er 1 53
A n vl i p
ut t i n a h o rn o n g 1 13 Fl tt a d dg
e r , ro u n e e 1 54
vl i m pl
,

A n i s, Shar p
o r ro u n d e d g es I IO F g or e a s e 38
vl F g Af i
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,

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vi l f bl
.
,

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F g b k m i th
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,

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m F g i g fift h w h l
-
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or or en n 1 55
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B EN C H f or s m hi g o ot n 71
re n c

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1 56
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.

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.

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.

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p m v ll g
a e r, ac n s ss 1 2
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.

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a rr a e sh o , a o d e rn i a e 52 a e r, e 10
i g h p H mm h f
.

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C i m l
a e r, t e c ro ss ace 1
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-

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a e r, e se 1
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.

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h i se , t h e c o d 1 47 H wt h t l
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.
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,

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.
,

s f o r fi th w e e s , t o
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.

s, to o f or a n 191 A H E, r e 29

C l bl k mi
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AL L E m t e s one a so n s
’
1 1

DI I M d lf
,

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an re o r n u ts 1 58

E Y ES l l f o r to o han d es 1 31 P LA N o f bl ka c s m i th
’
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P
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,

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F I h ll
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.
,

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Fi re , p o i n t s Pu n c h ,
ro u n d 1 8
4
 22 4 I N D EX .

P un ch th e b ob Ton g
f o r ro u n d w o r
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P un c h
,

t h e s q u a re Ton g
s f o r sh a r e n i n c h i se s p g l
P u n ch
,

to mk
a e Ton s, h o g ow b i t ll
,

Ton s i g mp
ro e r s h a e p p
R bl k m i th
’
s sh o p Ton g
s f o r i rre u a r w o r g l k
OOF f or ac s .

Ton s, icg up p k
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i n ce r p
S A D D LE , f o r o r e d i e ce s
k
.

Ton s, g p
ro e r b o w o f j a w s p
S a w (h a c ) .

g Ton s, g p
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T
.

S a w s , t o st ra i h t e n
p on s, g p
ro e r s h a e o f j a w s p p
S h o , c a re o f
l g g p
.

Ton s g
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,

l k
S qu a re , T
Ton g
s , ro u n d b i t
T
O O O O O O O O O O O O O

on s w i th g en t bi t b
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es Ton g
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e o tto m or an vi l Ton g
s w i t h c ro o e d i ts k b
T l
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,

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.

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on
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en .

m o d e rn .
,
 22
5

£1q tn /
“

l
B o t C u t t e rs ,
Ri ver To o/S .

han an d o d pw er, D ri ll i ng

G ree n R i v er Mac h i n e s,

S c r e w P la t es
Li g h t n i n g
P un c h i n g

Sc re w Pl a t es.
P resse s ,

F i ne To p s
Ti re Up se t t e rs ,

an d Di es, T i re B en d e rs ,
B oo me rs,
l
B o t Cli pp e r s,
Ta p Wr en c h es .
o 60
WILEY
, .

RUSSELL Green field, M ase

The Cham
.

bers and Riret Clippers .

Every To o/ Te s te d an d
Gu a r a n t e e d .

M k N U FA C T U R E D BY

Chambers Bros Co, .

Fi f ty —
S ec on d St b el L a n c a st e r A P h i la d e lp hi
. ve , a , P a .

FISHE
R NORRIS TIBIIIUII N J , , . .

OR I G I NAL A N ON LY M A K E R S D OF T H E

W A R R A N T ED E A G L E
BEIIBI than lllBEBSI EIIQIISII AIlIll
T
.

B e st oo l Cost S t e e l e r f e ct l y We !
-
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.

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d p v l
H
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O f th e ha r
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of t o ug h
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d
tem er a n d ne er t o se t t e.

s t e e l, ne v er 0
b re a k o r ben d .

0 n [y a n z! i 1
ma d e i n U . S .

d as a bo ve
LE
c

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.

N o n e g e n u i n e w z t lz o u t o u r
AG
Tr a d e M a r é a n d “ F I S H E 1 8 43
R
-

An i vl s of 1 00 to 8 00 lb s 1 00 e r lb
, p .

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'
Wh e re E A G L E A N V I S a re n o t
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,

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W ri te f o r C I r o u la r o f D e s on
,
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t i o n 8. c C a s t; p f sc ou n t . p
 ® &Y B RQ S
IR O N A N D S T E E L,
AN D

Blacksm
i ths Machines
’
.

IMPOR ERS OF NORWAT Y IRON,

E v e ry th i n l
g , a rg e o r s m a ll to m pl e te a n

w
, co

o utfi t . S t a te t h e a rt i c les o f h i ch y o u
d e s i re i n f o rm a t i o n .

CATALOGUE FREE . SEND ADDRESS .

4 l9 4 21 N S econ d St reet,
.

P H ILA D E L P H l A , P A .

Patent A stable DUPLE

X Die Stock
“
.

Wa r r a n t e d t o d o M O RE No w r e n c h es or sc r ew

ER w d ri v er f or y a j u st
an d
an d B ETT ork

ma d
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en e d on a g ri n d sto n e .

H AR T M AN F G CO C le v e l a n d , O h i o
’
.
,
.

S T O D D A R I) L IG H T N IN G U P SET T ER .

F U L I O N
' ‘

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Irbn E rks
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D E T R OI T , M ICK .

Estab i shed 1 85 2 l
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N SHEARS
IRO , HNND PUNGHES ,

ANVILS AND VISES ETC , .

Our Automa ti c Qui c k li f t S teel ,

-

Ta c kle Bloc /r wr/l hold loa d

a t a ny p oi n t .
 22 7

S . D . K IM B A R K ,

M IC H IG A N A V E . AN D LA K E ST C H I C A G O , IL L .
,

j o B B ER o r

s an 11 i es ,
OF EV E R Y D E S C R I P T IO N .

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Han d an d Po w e r.

BOYNTON PLUMMER
W OR C E ST E R ma s s “
,
M A N UF A C U R T E
,
RS O F

Blac ksmi t h Dri lls, Bolt Cut ters,Ti re Benders ,

Ti re Shri nkers, and Too ls adapt ed to
t he Blacksmi t h Carri age Trade .

S E N D F O R C A T A L O G U E .
2 2 8

D e ty M flg i i

J A N ES V IL L E , W IS .

I
COMB NED P U NCH A ND S H EAR , f
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We i g h t , 65 0 o u n d s
.

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v
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p
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Th n ee set s o f k n i es a n d o n e u n c h a ll i n d e p e n en t of e a c h ot h e r
P
u n c h e s t o c e n t e r of 8 i n c h es r i c e , $ 8 5 oo
. P
p d
. .
.

M A N U FA C T U RERS OF

Hand and Belt i nching and 8111111

11 Pu 1Mah
c i ner
y
F or B la ck smi t h s, Ca r r i M a k er s, a ge an d Wa g on
A g r i c u lt u r a l I m p le men t a n d P low M a k er s
‘

S E N D F O R C IR C U L A R

B o th t h e
o u r Sta r
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a c k Sa s a re n o w a s p e r
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r i c e of No 6 ra me ,
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$ 1 00
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C am ,
l
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M I L L E R S F A L L S C O . , 9 3 R e a 0 S t re e t , N e w Y o r k .
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T H E M OS T S U C C ES S FU L

COMBINATIO
N PUNCH SHEARAND UPSET ,

EV ER O FF E RED TH E P UB LI C .

In Un i versa l Us e f rom M a i n e to Aus tra li a .

Ev un v M o m ma r b e f o re le a v i n
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H a s s e l sdyn st rn g i e s a n d p u n
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T h e U r s sr i s a m i e b y a ll w h o h a v e us e i t to be t h e w :
t s r o m e fl D l I R Afi t l wo a x s u
t y d
' ‘

ch t h c h t t
.

U p se s b ug g A x u ma n d o r i n a ry W A G O N T IR ES o n e
in a t 11 ea W i ll u p se n x u ra or a n y k i n o f Iro n f ro m 51 to 1
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S e e Le t e r
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