Nabua National High School

Science Department
San Miguel, Nabua, Camarines Sur

Research Plan

Working Title: Allelopathic Effects of the Aqueous Shoot Extracts of Powell Amaranth
(Amaranthus powellii) on the Seed Germination of Mung Bean (Vigna
radiata)

Proponents: Mary Joy T. Costales, Gayle B. Dagarat, Amira Sarah R. Garcillanosa,

Aliyah Marie P. Laurente

Campus: Nabua National High School

Grade and Section: 10-SOC1

Research Teacher: Mr. Jan Ervin S. Babor

Research Methodology Adviser: Ms. Muriel M. Sapinoso

I. RATIONALE

Weed is a serious pest that damages most of the crops and is everlasting problem for

our agriculture. This pest can cause the reducing quality and quantity of the yield that triggers

economic loss. According to the Australian Government, weeds reduce farm and forest

productivity, for they invade crops, smother postures and in some cases weeds can harm

livestock. They aggressively compete for water, nutrients and sunlight, resulting in reduced crop

yield and poor crop quality. Weeds can also cause human health problems, such as skin

irritation and weeds can also be poisonous. Weed infestation is a serious concern for farmers.

In the recent years, the use of chemical weed control has increase. However, the

reliance to synthetic herbicide is not sustainable as it may affect the fertility of the soil and cause
adhere effects to non- target organisms (Montanya, 2013). Agriculture research has undergone

a paradigm shift, aiming to improve the performance of cropping systems without poor effects to

the other organisms and the other environment. Instead of chemicals, past researchers studies

the use of other variable, which is the plant tissue, against other plants to determine its

allelopathic effects: whether it’ll suppress or encourage its growth. This paved the way the use

of bio-herbicide in weed management. Past researchers studied effects of plant to another plant

species—which is known as allelopathic effect. Studies showed that the species in the genus

Amaranthus has an allelopathic potential on growth and developmental changes and can inhibit

the germination percentage of some crops. A study asserted that several allelochemicals are

present on A. retroflexus, A.spinosus, A. viridis. The seedling growth of soybean, sunflower,

cabbage, aubergine, pearlmillet, tomato, pepper, carrot and corn was inhibited (Suma, S. et al.,

2002).

Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii), a species of amaranth, is a vigorous

annual plant with an erect stem growing to a maximum near 2 meters. It has leaves up to 9 cm

long. According to the Gray’s Manual of Botany. Eighth Edition, the edible leaves and seeds are

sometimes gathered from the wild and used locally. This plant is mostly found on waste places,

agricultural fields, railroads, roadsides, banks or rivers, lakes, and streams. It prefers a well-

drained fertile soil in a sunny position and requires a hot sheltered position if it is to do well.

Mung bean (Vigna radiata), a species of legume family, is an annual crop, highly

branched reaching 0.15 m to 1.25 m and having trifoliate leaves. It is cultivated in temperate

climates and native to Asia. According to Azarian Journal of Agriculture (2018), mung beans are

grown widely for used in cuisines as it is highly nutritious and the green pods are eaten as

vegetable. Being a legume, the beans enrich the soil heath through biological nitrogen fixation

and are the cheapest source of dietary protein for human and livestock. However, an

uncontrolled weed population results to 30-90% yield losses in mung bean (Azeem, 2018).
 According to the article Role of Allelopathy in Vegetables Crops Production, the

production of vegetables are important worldwide but due to soil sickness, autotoxicity and

allelopathic effects of other crops, weeds and trees, the yields of vegetables are reduced. Thus

the allelochemical interactions and their effects on vegetables are important in vegetable

production. In nature, many plant species grow together and interact with each other by

inhibiting or stimulating the growth and development through allelopathic interactions.

Because of the gathered facts and information, the researchers came up to a study

on how powell amaranth inhibits or stimulates the seed germination of mung bean. With the

help of this aqueous shoot extracts of powell amaranth, the researchers can determine whether

it has a potential to be an effective organic fertilizer or it will affect the seed germination of the

mung bean negatively. Also, it can provide knowledge to the farmers the effects, if mung bean

was grown near powell amaranth or if an interaction between the two plants occurs.

II. QUESTIONS OR PROBLEMS BEING ADDRESSED:

This study entitled “Allelopathic Effects of the Aqueous Shoot Extracts of Powell

Amaranth (Amaranth powellii) on the Seed Germination of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata)” seeks

to determine the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of the aqueous shoot extracts of Powell

Amaranth (Amaranth powellii) on the seed germination of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata).

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions.

1. Is there a significant difference between the allelopathic effects of the following

concentrations of the aqueous shoot extracts of powell amaranth on the seed

germination of mung bean?

 a. 30% concentration

b. 50% concentration

c. 70% concentration

d. 90% concentration

2. What is the germination percentage and rate of germination yielded by each

concentration after 10 days?

3. Is there a significant difference between the effects of the extracts of powell amaranth,

distilled water and commercial herbicide on the seed germination of mung bean?

III. EXPECTED OUTCOMES

This study aims to evaluate the allelopathic effects of Powell Amaranth on the seed

germination of Mung Bean. The effects of the aqueous extracts of Powell Amaranth on the seed

germination of the Mung Bean will be studied with the objective of determining whether it has a

potential to be an organic fertilizer or it will affect the seed germination of mung bean negatively,

IV. HYPOTHESES

Null Hypothesis

The aqueous extracts of powell amaranth have no significant allelopathic effect

to the seed germination of mung bean

Alternative Hypothesis

The aqueous extracts of powell amaranth have significant allelopathic effect to

the seed germination of mung bean

V. METHODS AND PROCEDURE

a. CAUSAL DIAGRAM

Amount of concentrations

Linking Variable

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Powell amaranth shoot a. Germination percentage

extract b. Germination rate

Experimental Unit: Mung bean

Extraneous Variable
a. Variety of Seed
b. Temperature

a. RESEARCH DESIGN

This study will use the experimental method of research in determining the seed

germination of the nut grass.

It will be laid out in Completely Randomized Design wherein the 6 treatments

will be replicated three times.

Tp1 Tp2 T1 T2 T3 T4

R4 R15 R16 R8 R2 R5

R14 R12 R17 R11 R6 R10

 R3 R13 R1 R7 R9 R18

Wherein:

Positive Control 1 (Tp1) = commercial herbicide

Positive Control 2 (Tp2) = distilled water

Treatment 1 (T1) = 90% leaf extract concentration

Treatment 2 (T2) = 70% leaf extract concentration

Treatment 3 (T3) = 50% leaf extract concentration

Treatment 4 (T4) = 30% leaf extract concentration

b. PROCEDURES

The following steps will be followed by the researchers in conducting the

experimentation procedure.

PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III PHASE IV PHASE V

Collection of Preparation Aqueous Treatment Analysis of

Powell of the extraction of application of the growth of
amaranth Risk
to materials for the shoot Powell nut grass in
be used as an extraction system of Amaranth terms of
independent and Powell aqueous number and
variable treatment amaranth extract to the color of
application mung bean leaves, height
set up

Preparation of
Mung bean
and the Interpretation
experimentation of data
setups gathered

PHASE 1
 - Fully matured shoot system of Amaranthus powelli will be collected in and around the

vicinity of Sto. Domingo, Nabua Camarines Sur in the month of February 2020.

- Plant species will be identified by verifying the colour pictures followed by description

and identification characters.

- The plant will be thoroughly washed with tap water to avoid dusts and other unwanted

materials accumulated on the leaves from their natural environment. The dust free

leaves will be allowed to dry under shade in the Teaching Resource Center for 24 hrs.

The dried leaves will be cut into small pieces and will be further minced by using the

electric blender.

PHASE II

- Materials needed for extraction and treatment application will be prepared. The materials

are paper cups, 1 roll tissue paper, ¼ kg mung bean, distilled water, materials for

extractions (50 ml conical flask, 50 ml beaker, 1000 conical flask, 100 ml beaker,

blender, stirring rod, mortar and pestle, muslin cloth, strainer and droppers.

- A total of twenty one setups will be prepared—3 replications for each treatment.

- Instead of using petri dishes in bio assay, use the paper cups layered with tissue papers

containing 10 mung bean seeds each setup

PHASE III

- Fifty grams of the plant materials will be kept in 1L conical flask and added 200 mL of

solvent (distilled water). The mouth of the conical flask will be covered with aluminum foil

and kept for 24 hr with regular shaking. Filter the extract by using kitchen strainer

followed by muslin cloth. Collect the filtrate and use it for the experimentation. Further

dilute the extracts to prepare the 30, 50, 70, and 90% concentration
PHASE IV

- Apply 20 ml of distilled, herbicide, and the different concentration of powell amaranth

aqueous extract to each set up of mung bean.

PHASE V

- Count the germination at daily interval and continue up to 10th day (240 h). About 2mm

long radicle will be considered as germinated seed.

- Calculate the germination percentage, rate of germination and coefficient of velocity of

germination by using the formula reported by Maghsoudi and Arvin(2010) and Maguire

(1962).

c. MATERIALS

1. 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask

2. 50 ml beaker

3. 1000 ml Erlenmeyer flask

4. 100 ml beaker

5. Blender

6. stirring rod

7. mortar and pestle

8. muslin cloth

9. strainer

10. droppers

11. Distilled water

Allelopathic Effects of the Aqueous Shoot Extracts of Powell Amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) on the Seed Germination of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata)

Month Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

A
Decemb
er B

January E

G
February
H

March M

d. TIMELINE
Legend:

A- Looking for alternative variable

B- Revision of the rationale, problem, expected outcomes, hypothesis

C- Revision of Methodology

D- Consultation on Research Methodology Adviser

E- Constructing the Causal Diagram , timeline of tasks and the material, equipment and facilities sourcing plan for the

project

F- Consultation on Research Methodology Adviser

G- Finalizing the Research Plan

H- Collection of Amaranthus Powelli

I- Preparation of the equipment for the extraction and treatment application

J- Cutting the Amaranthus into smaller pieces

K- Preparation of Mung bean and the experimentation setups

L- Aqueous extraction of the shoot system of Powell Amaranth

M- Treatment application on seed germination bioassay of Mung bean

N- Analysis of the germination effect in mung bean in terms of number of germinated seed

O- Interpretation of data gathered

 IMMEDIATELY ESTIMATED
TASK OBSERVABLE
TASK DESCRIPTION PRECEEDING DURATION
CODE INDICATORS*
TASKS (in days)

Looking for alternative Logbook

A B Dec 26
independent variable

Research plan and

B Revision of the rationale, C Jan 14
problem, expected logbook
outcomes, hypothesis 4

Revision of Methodology Research Plan and

C --- Jan 18 log book

Consultation on Research Logbook

Methodology Adviser E
D Jan 25

Constructing the Causal -- See the causal

E Jan 25
Diagram, timeline of tasks diagram, timeline of
7
and the material, equipment tasks, equipment and
and facilities sourcing plan facilities sourcing
for the project. plan for the project
Consultation on Research Research plan and
Methodology Adviser logbook
F G 5

Finalizing the Research Plan Research plan

G H 2
Collection of Amaranthus 50 grams of Powell
Powelli Feb 2 Amaranth
H --
3

Preparation of the Materials: paper

equipment for extraction and J 7 cups, 1 roll tissue
I
treatment application paper, ¼ kg mung
bean, distilled water,
materials for
extractions (50 ml
conical flask, 50 ml
 beaker, 1000 conical
flask, 100 ml beaker,
blender, stirring rod,
mortar and pestle,
muslin cloth, strainer
and droppers)
Cutting the Amaranthus into Powell Amaranthus
smaller pieces --- 5 cut into small pieces
J

Preparation of Mung bean Experimentation

and the experimentation L 1 setup
K
setups

Aqueous extraction of the Powell Amaranth

shoot system of Powell M 5 aqueous extracts
L
Amaranth with different
concentrations
Treatment application on
seed germination bioassay N 5
M
of Mung bean

Analysis of the germination Complete draft of

effect in mung bean in terms O 10 Results
N
of number of germinated
seed

Interpretation of data Complete Discussion

gathered --- 7 write up
O

e. PROTOCOLS, MATERIALS AND BUDGETARY ALLOCATION

Protocol Date needed Qty/ unit Materials Potential Remarks

needed source(s)
Collection of February 1, 4 pairs Rubber TRC
Powell 2020 gloves
amaranth to be - Gardening TLE
used as an tools department
independent resources
variable

Extraction of February 6- 50 g Minced powell -

Powell 29, 2020 amaranth
amaranth leaves
2 pcs Mortar and TRC
pestle
1 pc Electric TRC
blender
1 pc Strainer TRC

2 pcs Scissors TRC

1 pc Weighing TRC
scale
15 pcs Filter paper Stores Approximate
cost is pesos
each
5 pcs 100 ml TRC
Graduated
cylinder
1 liter Distilled Grocery Approximate
water stores cost is 30
pesos each
2 pcs Stirring rod TRC

16 pcs Surgical Stores Approximate

masks cost is 10
pesos each
16 pairs Plastic gloves Grocery Approximate
stores cost is 30
pesos per box
containing 100
pcs
Collection of February 13- 220 pcs Mung bean Stores Approximate
Mung bean 29, 2020 cost is 25
and pesos for ¼
experimental kg
set ups
22 pcs Paper cups Grocery Approximate
Stores cost is 75
pesos
2 pcs Tissue Paper Stores Approximate
Roll cost is 10
pesos each
Dilution of February 15- 5 pcs 250 ml TRC
aqueous 28, 2020 Erlenmeyer
 extracts of Flask
Powell 2 pcs 6 ml Syringe TRC
amaranth
3 pcs 1 ml Dropper TRC

1 pc 100 ml TRC
Graduated
cylinder
1 pc 50 ml Beaker TRC

1 pc Aluminum Foil TRC

30 pcs Plastic pots Stores Approximate

cost is 30
pesos each
300 pcs Nut grass Rice fields
seeds
4 liter Distilled water Grocery Approximate
stores cost is 60 per
4 liter
container
1 pc Weighing TRC
scale
Treatment March 3-9, 1pc 50 ml beaker TRC
Application 2020

VI. RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT

 RISKS
MANAGEMENT

RISKS

The researchers might be in  Always wear gloves

danger when using sharp and masks.

Physical Hazards objects such as knives while  Observe the

preparing the powell amaranth Laboratory Safety

for extraction Rules.

Contact with the extracted  Ask assistance

solution may trigger irritation from the adults and

Chemical Hazards
and bad effects to the professionals.

researchers.  Be sure to follow

The researchers might the usual safety

encounter organisms or pests precautions when

present on the plant of test as handling the

they collect weeds. materials and

organisms.
Powell amaranth causes allergic  Use proper
Biological Hazard reaction in some humans and
laboratory
may cause a hazard to human
apparatus
health
 VII. FORMS

Checklist for Adult Sponsor (1)

Students Checklist (1A)

Risk Assessment Form (#)

Approval Form (1B)

VIII. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The data gathered will be interpreted by mean

s of Completely Randomized Design using One Way Analysis of Variance to determine the

significant difference between the treatments.

( ∑ of all obeservations)
2

CM =
r ab
SStotal=∑ (each observation) −CM
2

a
∑ A i2
i−1
SS ( A )= −CM
rb

b
∑ B i2
i −1
S S ( A )= −CM
ra

a b
2
∑ ∑ ( AB)
i−1 j−1
SS ( AB ) = −CM −SS ( A )−SS(B)
r

SSE=SStotal −SS ( A )−SS ( B )−SS ( AB)

 IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anbu, R. et al., (2015).Allelopathic Potential of Weed Species Ageratum Conyzoides L. and

Cleome viscosa L. on Germination and Growth of Sesamumindicum L. Retrieved
January 27, 2020, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286932084_ALLELOPATHIC_POTENTIA
L_OF_WEED_SPECIES_AGERATUM_CONYZOIDES_L_AND_CLEOME_VISCOS
A_L

Belel, M. et al., (2015). Allelopathic effect of leaf and seed extracts of nut grass on the
germination of beans. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from
https://www.com.tandfonline.com/doi/full

Chanty, R. (2009).Weeds of Upland Cambodia. Retrieved February 5, 2020, from

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperus_rotundus

Cheng, Z. & Cheng, F. (2016).Research Progress on the Use of Plant Allelopathy in Agriculture
and the Physiological and Ecological Mechanisms of Allelopathy. Retrieved
December 30, 2019, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC467110/

Donayre, D. et al., (2015). Prevalence of Lowland Ecotype Cyperusrotundus L. and Weed

Management of Rice Farmers in Aliaga, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Retrieved January
27, 2020, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272092546_Prevalence_of_Lowland_Ecot
ype_Cyperus_rotundus_L_and_Weed_Management_of_Rice_Farmers_in_Aliaga_
Nueva_Ecija_Philippines

Iranshashy, M, et at., ( 2017). A review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of

PorulacaOleracea L. Retrieved from January 25, 2020, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/28495602

Montanya, A. et al. (2013). Weed Management in Cereals in Semi-Arid environments: A review

Retrieved January 18, 2020, from https://www.intechopen.com/books/herbicides-
 current-research-and-case-studies-in-use/weed-management-in-cereals-in-semi-
arid-environments-a-review#B3

Nitesh J. et al., (2015) International Journal of Bioassays. Retrieved January 24, 2015, from
https://www.academia.edu/23436422/Seed_Germination_Studies_ on_Allelopathic_
Effects_of_ weeds_on_Vigna_radiata_L

Suma, S. et al., (2002) Allelopathy Journal 10(1):1-12. Retrieved July 2002, from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286992211_ Allelopathic_
plants_6_Amaranthus_spp

Xuan, T. et al., (2004). Method to Determine Allelopathic Potential of Crop Plants for Weed
Control. Retrieved February 2, 2020, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270280342_Method_to_determine_allelop
athic_potential_of_crop_plants_for_weed_control
 ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS SHOOT EXTRACTS
OF POWELL AMARANTH (Amaranthus powellii) ON THE SEED GERMINATION
OF MUNG BEAN (Vigna radiata)

A Research Paper

Presented to the
Science Department
Nabua National High School
San Miguel, Nabua, Camarines Sur

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Research III

Mary Joy T. Costales

Gayle B. Dagarat

Amira Sarah R. Garcillanosa

Aliyah Marie P. Laurente

Jan Ervin S. Babor

 March 2020

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Researcher : Mary Joy T. Costales

Age : 16 years old

Address : Santiago Old, Nabua, Camarines Sur

Date of Birth : November 11, 2003

Mother : Marilou T. Costales

Father : Francisco Ll. Costales

Sibling(s) : Harold T. Costales

Christian Jake T. Costales

Princess Annalyse T. Costales

Francis T. Costales

Contact No. : 09482055284

Researcher : Gayle B. Dagarat

Age : 16 years old

Address : Sto. Domingo, Nabua, Camarines Sur

Date of Birth : November 9, 2003

Mother : Rosemarie B. Dagarat

Father : Clemente P. Dagarat Jr.

Sibling(s) : John Ervin B. Dagarat

Gladys D. Mahilum

Glaiza May B. Dagarat

Cedric Harvey B. Dagarat

Contact No. : 09482112745

Researcher : Amira Sarah R. Garcillanosa

Age : 16 years old

Address : San Miguel, Nabua, Camarines Sur

Date of Birth : November 9, 2003

Mother : Ma. Concepcion R. Garcillanosa

Father : Marco P. Garcillanosa

Sibling(s) : Arabella R. Garcillanosa

Contact No. : 09198280737

Researcher : Aliyah Marie P. Laurente

Age : 16 years old

Address : Lourdes Young, Nabua, Camarines Sur

Date of Birth : December 16, 2003

Mother : Jaycel P. Laurente

Father : Lyndon L. Laurente

Sibling(s) : Gian Steven P. Laurente

Beatrice Maryluth P. Laurente

Contact No. : 09663914474

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, praises and thanks to Almighty God for his blessings throughout the

research work. For giving the researchers wisdom and knowledge to complete the research

successfully.

The researchers would like to acknowledge Sir Charles Sarmiento and Ma’am Muriel

Sapinoso for sharing their knowledge and for giving advices and recommendations about the

study.

The researchers would also like to thank the Teaching Resource Center (TRC)

Custodian, Ma’am Maria Teresa C. Cańeso for letting them borrow the materials needed and for

giving them permission to conduct the procedures of the experiment on the School’s TRC. And

also for her consideration and patience while waiting for the equipment to be returned.

The researchers would also like to extend their heartfelt gratitude to their Research

Adviser, Mr. Jan Ervin S. Babor for sharing them the inference of the study and suggesting

more ideas and for the motivation to finish the study.

To Costales, Dagarat, Garcillanosa and Laurente family, for their unending support

financially and morally and for the guidance throughout the study.

And lastly, to 10-SOC1 for helping the researchers while on the experimentation

phase of the study.

The Researchers
Costales, M. J. T., Dagarat, G.B., Garcillanosa, A. S. R., Laurente A. M. P. 2020.

ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF THE AQUEOUS SHOOT EXTRACTS OF POWELL

AMARANTH (Amaranthus powellii) ON THE SEED GERMINATION OF MUNG BEAN (Vigna

radiata). A Research Paper. Nabua National High School, Nabua, Camarines Sur.

ABSTRACT

The study entitled Allelopathic Effects of the Aqueous Shoot Extracts of Powell

Amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) on the Seed Germination of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) aimed

to evaluate the allelopathic effects of Powell Amaranth. The allelopathic affects were perceived

after performing the four treatments with three replications using Completely Randomized

Design. The extracts were applied every 2 days within 10 days. Results showed that the

aqueous shoot extracts of Powell Amaranth inhibit the seed germination of mung bean. With

this, the researchers rejected the null hypothesis and accepted the alternative hypothesis

wherein the aqueous extracts of Powell Amaranth have significant effect on the seed

germination of mung bean.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. RESEARCH PLAN

2. FORMS

A. Student Checklist (1A)

B. Approval Form (1B)

C. Risk Assessment Form (3)

3. RESEARCH PAPER

A. TITLE PAGE

B. PRELIMINARY PAGES

a. Biographical Data ii

b. Acknowledgement iii

C. ABSTRACT

D. INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Problem and Its Background 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem 3

1.3 Assumption 3

1.4 Hypotheses 4

1.5 Significance of the Study 4

1.6 Scope and Delimitations 5

1.7 Definitions of Terms 5

E. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

2.1 Powell Amaranth 7

2.2 Mung bean 8

2.3 Germination Percentage 9

2.4 Germination Rate 10

 2.5 Seed Germination 10

2.6 Synthesis-of-the-state-of-the-Art 11

F. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design 14

3.2 Equipment and Tools 14

3.3 Methodology 14

3.3.1 Plant Material Collection and Processing 15

3.3.2 Extraction Procedure and test concentration preparation 16

3.3.3 Set up Preparation and experimentation 16

3.3.4 Final Trial/ Physical Analysis

16

G. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Germination Percentage 19

4.2 Rate of Germination 19

4.3 Significant Difference among the Treatments in terms of its 19

effect to the Mung Bean

H. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary 21

5.2 Findings 21

5.3 Conclusion 22

5.4 Recommendation 23

I. BIBLIOGRAPHY

J. APPENDIX

A. Experimental Raw Data 26

B. Photos 28
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Description Page

1 Germination Percentage and Rate of Germination 18

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Description Page

1 Conceptual Paradigm for the study Allelopathic 14

Effects of the Aqueous Shoot Extracts of Powell
Amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) on the Seed
Germination of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata)

2 Flowchart of the Procedure 16

3 Seed Germination of Mung Bean in Different 26

Treatment Application

4 ANOVA Single Factor Result for Seed Germination 26

5 Rate of Germination of Mung Bean in Different 27

Treatment Application

6 ANOVA Single Factor Result for Rate of Germination 27

7 Powell Amaranth 28

8 Measuring the exact grams of the weed 28

9 Extraction of powell amaranth 29

10 Extraction of powell amaranth 29

11 4 concentrations (30%,50%,70%,90%) 29

12 Seed germination of mung bean at 30

240 hours (10th day)

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Problem and Its Background

Weed is a serious pest that damages most of the crops and is everlasting

problem for our agriculture. This pest can cause the reducing quality and quantity of the

yield that triggers economic loss. According to the Australian Government, weeds

reduce farm and forest productivity, for they invade crops, smother postures and in some

cases weeds can harm livestock. They aggressively compete for water, nutrients and

sunlight, resulting in reduced crop yield and poor crop quality. Weeds can also cause

human health problems, such as skin irritation and weeds can also be poisonous. Weed

infestation is a serious concern for farmers.

In the recent years, the use of chemical weed control has increase. However, the

reliance to synthetic herbicide is not sustainable as it may affect the fertility of the soil

and cause adhere effects to non- target organisms (Montanya, 2013). Agriculture

research has undergone a paradigm shift, aiming to improve the performance of

cropping systems without poor effects to the other organisms and the other environment.

Instead of chemicals, past researchers studies the use of other variable, which is the

plant tissue, against other plants to determine its allelopathic effects: whether it’ll

suppress or encourage its growth. This paved the way the use of bio-herbicide in weed

management. Past researchers studied effects of plant to another plant species—which

is known as allelopathic effect. Studies showed that the species in the genus

Amaranthus has an allelopathic potential on growth and developmental changes and

can inhibit the germination percentage of some crops. A study asserted that several

allelochemicals are present on A. retroflexus, A.spinosus, A. viridis. The seedling growth

of soybean, sunflower, cabbage, aubergine, pearlmillet, tomato, pepper, carrot and corn

was inhibited (Suma, S. et al., 2002).

Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii), a species of amaranth, is a

vigorous annual plant with an erect stem growing to a maximum near 2 meters. It has

leaves up to 9 cm long. According to the Gray’s Manual of Botany. Eighth Edition, the

edible leaves and seeds are sometimes gathered from the wild and used locally. This

plant is mostly found on waste places, agricultural fields, railroads, roadsides, banks or

rivers, lakes, and streams. It prefers a well-drained fertile soil in a sunny position and

requires a hot sheltered position if it is to do well.

Mung bean (Vigna radiata), a species of legume family, is an annual crop,

highly branched reaching 0.15 m to 1.25 m and having trifoliate leaves. It is cultivated in

temperate climates and native to Asia. According to Azarian Journal of Agriculture

(2018), mung beans are grown widely for used in cuisines as it is highly nutritious and

the green pods are eaten as vegetable. Being a legume, the beans enrich the soil heath

through biological nitrogen fixation and are the cheapest source of dietary protein for

human and livestock. However, an uncontrolled weed population results to 30-90% yield

losses in mung bean (Azeem, 2018).

According to the article Role of Allelopathy in Vegetables Crops Production,

the production of vegetables are important worldwide but due to soil sickness,

autotoxicity and allelopathic effects of other crops, weeds and trees, the yields of

vegetables are reduced. Thus the allelochemical interactions and their effects on

vegetables are important in vegetable production. In nature, many plant species grow

together and interact with each other by inhibiting or stimulating the growth and

development through allelopathic interactions.

 Because of the gathered facts and information, the researchers came up to a

study on how powell amaranth inhibits or stimulates the seed germination of mung bean.

With the help of this aqueous shoot extracts of powell amaranth, the researchers can

determine whether it has a potential to be an effective organic fertilizer or it will affect the

seed germination of the mung bean negatively. Also, it can provide knowledge to the

farmers the effects, if mung bean was grown near powell amaranth or if an interaction

between the two plants occurs.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

This study entitled “Allelopathic Effects of the Aqueous Shoot Extracts of Powell

Amaranth (Amaranth powellii) on the Seed Germination of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata)” seeks

to determine the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of the aqueous shoot extracts of Powell

Amaranth (Amaranth powellii) on the seed germination of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata).

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions.

4. Is there a significant difference between the allelopathic effects of the following

concentrations of the aqueous shoot extracts of powell amaranth on the seed

germination of mung bean?

a. 30% concentration

b. 50% concentration

c. 70% concentration

d. 90% concentration

5. What is the germination percentage and rate of germination yielded by each

concentration after 10 days?

 6. Is there a significant difference between the effects of the extracts of powell amaranth,

distilled water and commercial herbicide on the seed germination of mung bean?

1.3 Assumption

The researchers assumed that the aqueous extracts of Powell amaranth

(Amaranthus powellii) have allelopathic effects to the seed germination of Mung bean (Vigna

radiata).Specifically, the aqueous extracts of Powell amarath are expected to show inhibition

property.

1.4 Hypotheses

Null Hypothesis

The aqueous extracts of Powell amaranth have no significant allelopathic effect to the

seed germination of Mung bean

Alternative Hypothesis

The aqueous extracts of Powell amaranth have significant allelopathic effect to the

seed germination of Mung bean

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study aimed to help the following:

Students. This study will serve as a guide and learning tool to students.

Educators. This study will be able to contribute to the learning material and serve as

basis for teaching.

 Community. This study will help the community, especially the farmers, as it can

provide knowledge about the effects of powell amaranth to mung bean.

Researchers. This will help the researchers to give knowledge to the society.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as a reference material to future researchers

for future studies.

1.6 Scope and Delimitation

This study will focus on determining whether the aqueous extract of Powell amaranth

(Amaranthus powellii) has allelopathic effect on Mung bean (Vigna radiata). The researchers

extracted the Powell amaranth and soaked it in water within 24 hours. After extraction, the

extracts will be applied to 18 set-ups of mung bean with different treatment. The researchers

conducted the experiment of this study in the Teaching Resource Center (TRC) of Nabua

National High School on February 3, 2020 to February 28, 2020.

1.7 Definition of Terms

Allelopathy- biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more biochemical

that influence the germination, growth, survival and reproduction of other

organisms (Wikipedia)

- beneficial or harmful effects of one plant on another plant from the release of

biochemical. (Stamp, 2003)

Allelochemical- a substance produced by members of one species that influences the behavior

or growth of members of another species. (encyclopedia.com)

Mung beans (Vigna radiata)- small green beans that belong to the legume family. It is lightly

hairy with a well- developed root system. (Lambriedes et al., 2006)

Powell Amaranth- a species of amaranth, an erect annual herb growing to a maximum height

near 2 meters. The in florescence holds several long, narrow clusters of both

male and female flowers interspersed with spiny green bracts. (Wikipedia)

Germination- a process by which an organism grows from a seed or similar structure.

(Wikipedia)

Aqueous extract- an extract obtained from a vegetable substance by steeping it in water.

(Webster’s Dictionary)

Germination percentage- is an estimate of the viability of a population of seeds. The equation

to calculate germination percentage is: GP = seeds germinated/total seeds x 100 . The

germination rate provides a measure of the time course of seed germination

Rate of germination- is the average number of seed that germinate over the 3- and 10- day

periods.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies which provided the

substantial research findings related to the present study as well as the synthesis-of-the-state-

of-the-art.

2.1. Powell amaranth

Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii), a species of amaranth, is a vigorous

annual plant with an erect stem growing to a maximum near 2 meters. It has leaves up

to 9 cm long and can emerge from soil depths of less than 1 inch. According to the

Gray’s Manual of Botany. Eighth Edition, the edible leaves and seeds are sometimes

gathered from the wild and used locally. This plant is mostly found on waste places,

agricultural fields, railroads, roadsides, banks or rivers, lakes, and streams. It prefers a

well-drained fertile soil in a sunny position and requires a hot sheltered position if it is to

do well.
 According to Michigan State University’s Department of Plant, Soil and

Microbial Sciences, Powell amaranth can produce 13,000 to 35,000 seeds per plant.

This plant can grow well on compacted soils and takes 3 years for the seed bank to be

reduced by 50% and about 20 years to deplete the seed bank by 99%. And amaranth

seed lying in the soil surface is a preferred food source of many insect seed predators,

including the northern field cricket and some species of ground (carabid) beetles.

According to Biological Agriculture & Horticulture , An International Journal for

Sustainable Production Systems Volume 34, Issue 4, 2018  , Amaranthus is a versatile plant

used as a food, but it is also a recognised weed due to its competitive ability. This plant is very

nutritious and preferred by rural communities as a leafy vegetable, but it also contains anti-

nutritional components and there are reports of allelopathic activity. In their study about the

effects of Amaranthus on seed germination, and the effects of Amaranthus grown in pots and in

the field on follow-up crops planted in the same soil, Extracts of the whole plant, stems, leaves,

flowers and roots of Amaranthus exhibited severe inhibition of seed germination of vegetables,

as well as of weed seeds of Conyza bonariensis. The Significant allelopathic effects were

observed on tomato seedlings in the pot experiment with reduced growth in two of the

treatments, all of the Amaranthus extracts exhibited have very high electrical conductivity (EC)

value. In a dilution experiment, the diluted extracts exhibited lower EC values, with no or limited

seed germination at concentrations higher than 3.12 mg ml−1 and corresponding EC value of

2.1 mS cm−1. The high EC values that were associated with the allelopathic effect, possibly

resulted from allelochemicals in the plant, but these were not identified in this study. The origin

and persistence of the allelopathic effect warrant further research to determine the risks for

agricultural crops.

2.2 Mung bean

 Mung bean (Vigna radiata), a species of legume family, is an annual crop, highly

branched reaching 0.15 m to 1.25 m and having trifoliate leaves. It is cultivated in

temperate climates and native to Asia. According to Azarian Journal of Agriculture

(2018), mung beans are grown widely for used in cuisines as it is highly nutritious and

the green pods are eaten as vegetable. Being a legume, the beans enrich the soil heath

through biological nitrogen fixation and are the cheapest source of dietary protein for

human and livestock. Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilezek) is an important grain

legume containing high protein percentage is seed. It is grown as summer and Kharif

crop.

According to Lambrides et al., Mung bean used to be known as Phaseolus

aureus Roxb. before many Phaseolus species were moved to the Vigna genus, this

plant is a fast-growing, warm-season legume. It reaches maturity very quickly under

tropical and subtropical conditions where optimal temperatures are about 28-30°C and

always above 15°C. This can be used as a cover crop before or after cereal crops, It

makes good green manure.

According to the SF Gate, Mung beans grow best in full sun in well-drained

sandy loam soil with moderately dry conditions, and this plant plant produces 30 to 40

pods averaging 3.5 inches long. Mung beans are germinated by leaving them in water

for four hours of daytime light and spending the rest of the day in the dark. This bean

can be grown under artificial light for four hours over the period of a week. They are

usually simply called "bean sprouts". However, when bean sprouts are called for in

recipes, it generally refers to mung bean or soybean sprouts.

In the Philippines, Mung beans are used for the specialty ginisáng monggó

(sautéed mung bean stew), also known as monggó guisado or balatong, a savoury stew
 of whole mung beans with prawns or fish. It is traditionally served on Fridays of Lent,

when the majority Roman Catholic Filipinos traditionally abstain from meat. Mung bean

paste is also a common filling of pastries known as hopia (or bakpia) popular in

Indonesia, the Philippines and further afield in Guyana (where it is known as ”black eye

cake”). In Indonesia, mung beans are also made into a popular dessert snack called es

kacang hijau, which has the consistency of a porridge. The beans are cooked with

sugar, coconut milk, and a little ginger.

2.3. Germination Percentage

Germination percentage is an estimate of the viability of a population of

seeds.  The equation to calculate germination percentage is:  GP = seeds

germinated/total seeds x 100. The germination rate provides an measure of the time

course of seed germination.  Germination rate is determined by calculating the GP at

different time intervals after planting and then plotting these data. 

2.4. Germination Rate

Germination rate is the number seeds germinated as per total number of seeds planted

from day of germination. Some investigators considered this as final germination percentage

and some researcher calculate it by dividing total germinated seeds to total days from start of

emergence to final count and expressed as seedlings/day. It describes how many seeds of a

particular plant species, variety or seed lot are likely to germinate over a given period. It is a

measure of germination time course and is usually expressed as a percentage, an 85%

germination rate indicates that about 85 out of 100 seeds will probably germinate under proper
conditions over the germination period given. Seed germination rate is determined by both the

seed genetic composition, morphological features and environmental factors.

The germination rate is useful for calculating the seed requirements for a given

area or desired number of plants. In seed physiologists and seed scientists "germination

rate" is the reciprocal of time taken for the process of germination to complete starting

from time of sowing. On the other hand, the number of seed able to complete

germination in a population (i.e. seed lot) is referred as germination capacity.

2.5. Seed Germination

Seed Germination is usually the growth of a plant contained within a seed; it results in

the formation of the seedling, it is also the process of reactivation of metabolic machinery of the

seed resulting in the emergence of radicle and plumule. This may be defined as the

fundamental process by which different plant species grow from a single seed into a plant. This

process influences both crop yield and quality.

According to Science Direct, Seed germination is defined as the sum of events that

begin with hydration of the seed and culminate in emergence of the embryonic axis (usually the

radicle) from the seed coat. It is a crucial process that influences crop yield and quality.

Therefore, understanding the molecular aspects of seed dormancy and germination is a great

significance for the improvement of crop yield and quality. Seed germination is the most

important stage in a plants life cycle. Water, air, temperature and light are all essential for the

seed germination process starting from imbibition, activation and succeeding manifestation.

Seed germination is a parameter of the prime significance, and fundamental to

total biomass and yield production and consists of a complex phenomenon of many

 physiological and biochemical changes leading to the activation of embryo (Parihar et

al., 2014).

2.6. Synthesis-of-the-State-of-the-Art

The following study were the study that showed relation to the present study. These are

the sources that helped the researchers acquire more information.

In the study about the Evidence for allelopathy has accumulated in the literature

over many years and many kinds of allelochemicals have been isolated and

characterized from various plants (Gross and Paritheir, 1994; Seigler, 1996) which

provided an extensive review of allelopathy emphasizing its importance in agriculture

and forestry. Unfortunately, research in allelopathy did not receive the attention it

deserved. Only a few historical reports are found prior to the beginning of twentieth

century. However, involvement of plant-produced chemicals in plant-plant interaction

was first suggested by the Swiss scientist M.A-R de Candolle in 1842 (Alam et al.,

2001).

Also the study of Allelopathy as a mechanism of plant interference in agro

ecosystems offers an opportunity to manage weeds in a crop sequence, but could also

adversely affect crop yields and influence choice of rotation (Moncef et al., 2001).

Evidence showed that higher plant releases diversity of chemicals into the environment,

which includes phenolics, alkaloids, long-chain fatty acids, terpenoids and flavinoids

(Chou, 1995) which are often observed to occur early in the life cycle, causing inhibition

of seed germination and /or seedling growth. Interpretations of mechanisms of action are

complicated by the fact that individual compounds can have multiple phytotoxic effects

(Einhelling, 2002).
 While on the study about The allelopathic effect of some plants, the effect was

studied including germination inhibition (Williamson et al., 1992, Patil, 1994, Djurdjevic,

2004), plumule and radical length (Tobe et al., 2000, Turk and Tawaha, 2003) seedling

growth retardation (Bhatt and Todaria, 1990, Kalburtji and Mosjidis, 1993a, b) poor

seedling survival (Smith, 1990). Oudhia (1999) found that extracts of some weeds as

Calotropis gigantea have caused allelopathic effects inhibited germination and growth of

Lathyrus sativus.

In the study of Rimando and Duke 2003; Maclas et al., 2007; Kong, 2008; Teslo

and Ferrero, (2010), Allelopathy is one of the options to weed control, it is the direct

influence of an organic chemical released from one living plant on the growth and

development of other plants. Allelochemicals can provide a competitive advantage for

host-plants through suppression of soil micro- organism and inhibition of the growth of

competing plant species because of their anti- bacterial, anti fungal and growth inhibitory

activities.

In the study of Fuji; Hassan; Dilday, Olofsdotter; Olofsdotter and Navare;

Marambe, et al. (1998), The potential use of allelopathy in weed control has been

explored by several researchers worldwide on the germination and growth of weeds

such as redstem, duck salad, barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus galli), dirty dora

(Cyperus deformis), toothcup (Ammannia coccinea Rottb.) and desert horsepurslane

Trianthema portulacastrum. It is, therefore, considered to be a suitable choice for both

identifying allelochemicals and studying allelopathy genetics

Allelopathy involves both inhibitory and stimulatory biochemical interactions

between plants. The phenomenon has received great attention since the 1980's all over

the world; however, in Turkey, research on allelopathy just started in the late 1980's.
 Studies have been done with many crops, trees, shrubs and weeds under both

laboratory and field conditions to determine their allelopathic potential and its use for

weed control. Crops belonging to the Brassica family are the most studied species for

allelopathic potential to control weeds. Among the Brassica species, garden radish

(Raphanus sativus) has been most studied to control johnsongrass (Sorghum

halepense). Allelopathic activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) also received some

attention. The role of allelopathy in weed interference on crop production was also

studied. In conclusion, allelopathy studies should parallel with contemporary studies

such as ecological and chemical studies, and an integrated approach should be adopted

to fully utilize the applicability of allelopathic plant species to control problem weed

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the methods used in the collection and analysis of data to

answer the specific questions of the study. It states the research design, procedures, timeline of

the study and the budgetary allocation or budget proposal of the study.

3.1. Research Design

 The study used the experimental method in determining the allelopathic effects of Powell

amaranth on the seed germination of mung bean. It laid out in a Completely Randomized

Design wherein the four treatments will be replicated three times.

3.2 Equipment and Tools

The laboratory rules used in the study were 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask, 50 ml beaker, 1000

ml Erlenmeyer flask, 100 ml beaker, blender, stirring rod, mortar and pestle, muslin cloth,

strainer and droppers. These were borrowed from the Schools TRC. Other tools used from the

study were from the Science teachers.

3.3 Methodology

Figure_1 showed the steps followed in conducting this study. This process consists of

five phases—(1) Collection of Powell amaranth to be used as an independent variable, (2)

Preparation of the materials for extraction and treatment application, (3) Aqueous extraction of

the shoot system of Powell amaranth, (4) Treatment application of Powell Amaranth aqueous

extract to the mung bean set up, (5) Analysis of the seed germination of mung bean in terms of

number of seeds germinated.

PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III PHASE IV PHASE V

Collection of Preparation Aqueous Treatment Analysis of

Powell of the extraction of application of the seed
amaranth Risk
to materials for the shoot Powell germination of
be used as an extraction system of Amaranth mung bean in
independent and Powell aqueous terms of
variable treatment amaranth extract to the number of
application mung bean seeds
set up germinated
 Preparation of
Mung bean
and the Interpretation
experimentation of data
setups gathered

Figure2. Flowchart of the

Procedure

3.3.1 Plant materials collection and processing

Mung beans were bought at Nabua Public Market on February 6, 2020.

Fully matured shoot system of Amaranthus powelli were collected in and around the

vicinity of Sto. Domingo, Nabua Camarines Sur in the month of February 2020. Plant species

was identified by verifying the colour pictures followed by description and identification

characters. The plant where thoroughly washed with tap water to avoid dusts and other

unwanted materials accumulated on the leaves from their natural environment. The dust free

leaves were allowed to dry under shade in the Teaching Resource Center for 24 hrs. The dried

leaves were cut into small pieces. Finally, the small pieces was further minced by using the

electric blender.

3.3.2. Extraction procedure and test concentration preparation

Fifty grams of the plant materials was kept in 1L conical flask and added 200 mL of

solvent (distilled water). The mouth of the conical flask was covered with aluminum foil and kept

for 24 hr with regular shaking. The extract was filtered by using kitchen strainer followed by

muslin cloth. The filtrate were collected and used for the experiment. The extracts were further

diluted to prepare the 30, 50, 70, and 90% concentration and was tested on the germination of

mung bean.
3.3.3 Set-up preparation and experimentation

Instead of using petri dishes, paper cups were used for bio assay. There were 3 paper

cups for each treatment. 20 mL of the extracts were applied for each treatment every 2 days

within 10 days. The extraction and the filtration of the weed were done every day. After 10 days,

the set ups were ready for observations.

3.3.4. Final Trial/Physical Analysis

The results were analysed by Mary Joy Costales, Gayle Dagarat, Amira Sarah

Garcillanosa and Aliyah Marie Laurente, the researchers of the study, using quantitative

interpretations.

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The present study was an attempt to identify the alellopathic potential of powell

amaranth on the seed germination of mung bean. As stated in the previous chapter, the
researchers did quantitative interpretation among the samples. The results obtained were put

through statistical analysis or ANOVA Single Factor.

Germination was counted at daily interval and continued up to 10 th day (240 h). About 2

mm long was considered as germinated seed.

Germination percentage was calculated by using the formulae.

No . of seeds germinated at final count

Germination Percentage¿ x 100
No .of seeds placed for germination

Maghsoudi and Arvin (2010) reported the formulae for determining rate of germination.

No. of seeds germinated at 72 h

Rate of Germination (%)¿ x 100
No . of seeds germinated at 240 h

Germination percentage and rate of germination of seeds of mung bean (VIgna radiata)

as affected by the different treatments of powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) extracts are

shown in Table 1.

GERMINATION RATE OF
PERCENTAGE GERMINATION
TREATMENTS

T1R1 0% 0%

T1R2 0% 0%

T1R3 0% 0%

T2R1 0% 0%

T2R2 0% 0%

T2R3 0% 0%

T3R1 0% 0%

T3R2 0% 0%

T3R3 0% 0%

T4R1 20% 50%

T4R2 10% 0%

T4R3 30% 33%

Tp1R1 10% 0%

Tp1R2 10% 0%

Tp1R3 0% 0%

Tp2R1 60% 83%

Tp2R2 80% 75%

Tp2R3 100% 70%

Table 1. Germination Percentage

and Rate of Germination of the
Mung bean applied with different
treatments
 a. Germination Percentage

The results revealed that none of the seeds of mung bean germinated after the

application of T1 (90% leaf extract concentration), T2 (70% leaf extract concentration), and T3

(50% leaf extraction concentration) treatments. However, in T4 (30% leaf extract concentration);

wherein replication 1, there are 2 seeds germinated, in replication 2, there is 1, and in

replication 3, there are 3 seeds germinated. While in Tp1 (commercial herbicide) replication 1

and 2, there is 1 seed germinated respectively and in Tp2 (distilled water), the treatment where

almost of the seeds of mung bean is germinated.

b. Rate of Germination

The rate of germination of mung bean is shown in Table 1. T4 (30%) caused

considerable delay and reduction in rate germination in comparison with the positive control in

stimulatory effects. The rate of germination of different mung beans applied with different

treatment drastically reduced and they showed dissimilar results with increasing concentration

of aqueous extract of A. powelli. 90%, 70%, 50%, and the commercial herbicide resulted to 0%

rate of germination in mung bean. While in distilled water, 83%, 75%, 70% were the germination

rate of the 3 replicates. T1, T2, T3 showed greater inhibitory effects than that of herbicide.

c. Significant Difference among the Treatments in terms of its effect to the

Mung Bean

Since the p value is less than 0.05 which is 0.00000122, there is a significant

difference between the effects of the extracts of powell amaranth, distilled water and

commercial herbicide on the seed germination of mung bean. Therefore, the researchers

rejected the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis.

 In terms of germination rate, there is a significant difference on the effects of the

extracts of powell amaranth, distilled water and commercial herbicide since the p critical

is 0.00000614 which is less than the critical value of 0.05

 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter represents the summary, findings, conclusions and recommendations

based on the date analysed in the previous chapter. The aqueous extracts of powell amaranth

(Amaranthus powellii) were researched to determine the allelopathic effects to the seed

germination of mung bean (Vigna radiata).

5.1 Summary

The main goal of this study is to determine the the allelopathic effects of aqueous

extracts of powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) to the seed germination of mung bean (Vigna

radiata). Specifically, this seek to answer the specific questions (1) Is there a significant

difference between the allelopathic effects of the following concentrations of the aqueous shoot

extracts of powell amaranth on the growth of the nutgrass? (2) What is the germination

percentage and germination rate yielded by each concentration after 10 days? (3) Is there a

significant difference between the effects of the extracts of powell amaranth, distilled water and

commercial herbicide on the seed germination of mung bean? The researchers used six

treatments with three replicates.

5.2 Findings

Since none of the seeds of mung bean germinated in T1 (90% leaf extract

concentration), T2 (70% leaf extract concentration), and T3 (50% leaf extraction concentration)

and almost of the seeds in Tp2 (distilled water) are germinated among all of the treatments

within the 10 day-experimentation. With these data, the researchers observed and concluded
that the aqueous extract of powell amaranth has an inhibitory effect to the seed germination of

mung bean.

5.3 Conclusion

The researchers of this study entitled “Allelopathic Effects of the Aqueous Shoot Extracts

of Powell Amaranth (Amaranth powellii) on the Seed Germination of Mung Bean (Vigna

radiata)” concluded based on the data and findings gathered that the powell amaranth has an

allelopathic effect as it inhibited the seed germination of mung bean. Therefore, the alternative

hypothesis was accepted and the null hypothesis is rejected.

The effect of powell amaranth was described based on the germination percentage. The

mean of T1, T2,T3 was 0, in T4 was 30,Tp1 has 10 and the mean for Tp2 was 120. For the rate

of germination, the mean of T1,T2 and T3 was 0, T4 has 41.5, for Tp1 the mean was o and Tp5

has 114.

In rate of germination and germination percentage, since F is greater than F crit,

therefore the researchers decided to reject the null hypothesis then accept the alternative

hypothesis.

In the germination percentage, since the p value is less than 0.05 which is

0.00000122, there is a significant difference between the effects of the extracts of powell

amaranth, distilled water and commercial herbicide on the seed germination of mung

bean. Therefore, the researchers rejected the null hypothesis and accept the alternative

hypothesis.
 In terms of germination rate, there is a significant difference on the effects of the

extracts of powell amaranth, distilled water and commercial herbicide since the p critical

is 0.00000614 which is less than the critical value of 0.05

5.4 Recommendation

Based on the findings derive the following:

1. Further studies about the allelopathic potential and other biochemical of Powell

amaranth must be done.

2. The government should give a proper support and funds to schools and researchers for

they can have a good facility and equipment in conducting studies.

3. Future researchers should work on applying the aqueous extracts of Powell amaranth on

Mung bean grown in soil.

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tracts_Against_Seed_Germination_of_Some_Weeds
 APPENDIX A

EXPERIMENTAL RAW DATA

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
90% 70% 50% 30% Distilled
Herbicide
Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration Water
R1 0 0 0 20 10 60
R2 0 0 0 10 10 80
R3 0 0 0 30 0 100
sum 0 0 0 60 20 240
mean 0 0 0 30 10 120
Figure 3.Seed Germination of Mung Bean in Different Treatment Application

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Varianc
Groups Count Sum Average e
T1 3 0 0 0
T2 3 0 0 0
T3 3 0 0 0
T4 3 60 20 100
6.66666 33.3333
T5 3 20 7 3
T6 3 240 80 400

ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between 14844.4 2968.88 3.10587
Groups 4 5 9 33.4 1.22E-06 5
1066.66 88.8888
Within Groups 7 12 9

15911.1
Total 1 17
 Figure 4.ANOVA Single Factor Result for Seed Germination

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
90% 70% 50% 30% Distilled
Herbicide
Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration Water
R1 0 0 0 50 0 83
R2 0 0 0 10 0 75
R3 0 0 0 33 0 70
Sum 0 0 0 83 0 228
Mean 0 0 0 41.5 0 114
Figure 5.Rate of Germination of Mung Bean in Different Treatment Application

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Averag Varianc
Groups Count Sum e e
T1 3 0 0 0
T2 3 0 0 0
T3 3 0 0 0
27.6666 646.333
T4 3 83 7 3
T5 3 0 0 0
T6 3 228 76 43

ANOVA
Source of P-
Variation SS df MS F value F crit
Between 14250.9 2850.18 24.8082 6.14E- 3.10587
Groups 4 5 9 2 06 5
Within 1378.66 12 114.888
Groups 7 9

15629.6
Total 1 17

Figure 6.ANOVA Single Factor Result for Rate of Germination

APPENDIX B

PHOTOS

Figure7. Powell Amaranth

 Figure8. Measuring the exact grams of the weed

Figure9. Extraction of powell

amaranth

Figure10. Dilution of the

concentrations
Figure11. 4 concentrations
(30%,50%,70%,90%)

Figure12. Seed germination of mung bean at 240 hours (10th day)