Unit - 1

Fourier Series
General Fourier series – Dirichlet’s conditions – Change of intervals – Odd and even functions – Half
range sine and cosine series – Root mean square – Parseval’s identity – Harmonic analysis.

Periodic function:

A function is said to be periodic if and only if is true for some value of

and every value of . The smallest possible value of is called the period of .

Ex:

are the periodic functions with period and respectively.

Dirichlet s Condition:

A function can be written as a Fourier series if

(i) is periodic, single valued and finite
(ii) has finite number of discontinuities in any one period
(iii) has at most finite number of maxima and minima.
The above three conditions are called as Dirichlet s condition, which is a sufficient condition for
existence of Fourier series of .
Fourier series:
If is a periodic function and satisfies Dirichlet s condition then it can be written as

where and are called Fourier coefficients.

Euler s Formula:
The Fourier series of a periodic function defined on is given by

where the Fourier coefficients can be obtained using the following formula.

The formula given above is called Euler s formula. The values are called Euler s constants.

defined on defined on

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

∫ ∫

Bernouli s formula:
Continuity of a function:
Left hand limit:
The left hand limit of at is defined as approaches from the left and is denoted
by .
.
Right hand limit:
The right hand limit of at is defined as approaches from the right and is
denoted by .
.
Continuous:
A function is said to be continuous in the closed interval if it is continuous at every point
of the interval.
ie, A function is said to be continuous at if .
Note:

Continuous Discontinuous
End points Middle points
Substitute the value directly Average values at end
points
Example: Example: Example:
in in
{
at at
at
( )

at
and

Problems:
1. Obtain the Fourier series of the function defined by in the interval .
Hence deduce that .
Solution:
The Fourier series defined on is
 ∑

where

Given ( )
Now

{∫ ( ) }

{( ) }

{( ) ( )}

{( ) }

{( )}

{ }

( )

{∫ ( ) }

{(( ) ) ( ( )) ( ( ))}

{
here ( )

( )

{(( ) (( )( )) ( ( )))

(( ) ( ( )) ( ( )))}

{(( ) ( ( )) ( ( )))

(( ) ( ( )) ( ( )))}

{( ( ( )) ( ( ))) ( ( ( )) ( ( )))}

{( ) ( )}

{ }

( )

{∫ ( ) }

{(( )( )) ( ( )) ( ( ))}

{
here ( )

( )

{(( ( )) (( )( )) ( ( )))

(( ( )) ( ( )) ( ( )))}

{(( ( )) ( ( )) ( ( )))

(( ( )) ( ( )) ( ( )))}

{( ( ( ))) ( ( ( )))}

{ }

The Fourier series is

( )
∑( ) ∑

Let . Then {

{ }

{ }

Subs in
 ∑

∑ {

2. Obtain the Fourier series of the function defined by ( ) in the interval .

Hence deduce that .

Solution:
The Fourier series defined on is

where

Given ( )
Now

{∫ }

{∫ }

{( ) }
 {( ) ( )}

{( ) ( )}

{( ) ( )}

{ }

( )

{∫ }

{∫ }

{( ) ( ( )) ( ( ))}

here

{(( ) ( ( )) ( ))

(( ) ( ( )) ( ))}
 {(( ( )) ( ( )) ( )) (( ( )) ( ( )) ( ))}

{( ) ( )}

{ }

( )

{∫ }

{∫ }

{( ( )) ( ( )) ( ( ))}

here

( )

{(( ( )) ( ( )) ( ))

(( ( )) ( ( )) ( ))}
 {(( ( )) ( ( )) ( ))

(( ( )) ( ( )) ( ))}

{( ) ( )}

{ }

The Fourier series is

( )
∑ ∑

Let . Then {

and

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Subs in

∑ {

∑
3. Obtain the Fourier series of the periodic function defined by {

and hence deduce that .

Solution:
The Fourier series defined on is

where

Given {

Now

{ }

{( ) ( ) }

{( ) (( ) ( ))}

{( ) (( ) ( ))}

{ (( ) ( ))}

{ }
 { }

{∫ ∫ }

{(( ) ( ( )))

(( ( )) ( ( ))) }

For the first Integral

here

For the second Integral

here

{( ) (( ( )) ) }

{{( ) ( )}

{(( ( )) ) (( ( )) )}}
 {{( ) ( )} {( ) ( )}}

{{ } { }}

{ }

{ }

{ }

{∫ ∫ }

{(( ( )) ( ( ))) (( ( )) ( )) }

For the first Integral

here

For the second Integral

here
 {( ) (( ( )) ) }

{{( ) ( )}

{( ( ) ) ( ( ) )}}

{{( ( ) ) } { ( ( ) )}}

{ }

The Fourier series is

∑ ( ) ∑

Let . Then {

and { {

Subs in

∑ {
 ( )

( ) ( )

4. Obtain the Fourier series of the periodic function defined by {

and hence deduce that .

Solution:
The Fourier series of a periodic function defined on (– ) is given by

where

Given {

Now

{∫ ∫ }

{ ( ) }

{{ } {( )}}

{( ) ( )}
 { }

{∫ ∫ }

{( ) (( ) ( ( ))) }

For the second Integral

here

{(( ) ( )) (( ) ( ))}

{(( ) ( )) (( ) ( ))}

{(( ) ( )) (( ) ( ))}

{ {( ) ( )}}

{ }

{ }
 {

{∫ ∫ }

{( ( )) ( ( ) ( )) }

For the second Integral

here

{( ) ( ) }

{(( ) ( )) (( ) ( ))}

{(( ) ( )) (( ) ( ))}

{(( ) ( )) (( ) ( ))}

{( ) (( ) )}

{ }

{ }
 { }

{ }

The Fourier series is

( )
∑ ( ) ∑ { }

∑ ∑ { }

Let . Then {

and { {

Subs in

{ }

{ }

{ }

( )( )