6/10/23, 3:51 PM Endocrine System 6/10/23, 3:51 PM Endocrine System

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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Target tissue/organ: pituitary gland

Function: regulates activities of the pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH

Endocrine System
 
 
Growth hormone (GH)

12.6 Endocrine System Target tissue/organ: liver and adipose tissue

Function: stimulates growth especially in bone and muscle and regulates the metabolism of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates
 
Endocrine gland is a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood  
The endocrine gland consists of a mass of cells, tissues or organs Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Hormone is a chemical substance made up of proteins or steroids which can regulate physiological processes in humans and animals
Target tissue/organ: testis and ovary
 
Endocrine glands and their secretion: Function: stimulates the development of follicles in the ovary, stimulates the formation of sperms in the testis and stimulates the ovaries to
secrete oestrogen
 
Endocrine gland Secretion  
Hypothalamus Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Thyroid gland Thyroxine
Pituitary gland Growth hormone (GH) Target tissue/organ: testis and ovary

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Function: stimulates testis to produce testosterone in males and stimulates the ovary to perform ovulation and formation of corpus luteum in
females
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
 
Luteinizing hormone (LH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Target tissue/organ: thyroid gland

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) Function: stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine

Prolactin
 
Oxytocin Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Pancreas Insulin Target tissue/organ: adrenal gland

Glucagon Function: stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete corticoid hormones and regulates the growth of the adrenal cortex

Adrenal gland Aldosterone  

Oxytocin
Adrenaline
Target tissue/organ: uterus muscles and mammary gland
Androgen
Function: simulates the contraction of the uterus during birth and stimulates the mammary gland to secrete milk
Cortisol
 
Ovary Oestrogen Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Progesterone Target tissue/organ: kidney

Testis Testosterone Function: Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water and reduces the production of urine
 
Functions of hormones:  
  Prolactin

Target tissue/organ: mammary gland

Function: stimulates the mammary gland to secrete milk

 
Thyroxine

Target tissue/organ: all tissues

Function: stimulates, maintain the rate of metabolism in the body and controls physical growth and normal development of the brain

 
Insulin

Target tissue/organ: liver, muscles and adipose tissues

Function: lowers blood glucose level by stimulating the uptake of glucose into cells for metabolism and converts excess glucose into glycogen

 
Glucagon

Target tissue/organ: liver, muscles and adipose tissues

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6/10/23, 3:51 PM Endocrine System 6/10/23, 3:51 PM Endocrine System

Function: raises blood glucose level by stimulating the conversion of glycogen into glucose Nervous system Endocrine system
Consists of nerve tissue Comprises of endocrine glands
 
Adrenaline Signals are transmitted via nerve impulses and neurotransmitters The signal is sent via hormones

Target tissue/organ: heart, liver and muscles  The signal is sent along the neurones The signal is sent by blood circulation

Function: increases blood glucose level and rises metabolic activities such as heartbeat rate, breathing rate, vasodilation and vasoconstriction The transmission of electrical impulses is rapid The delivery of hormones is relatively slow
of blood vessels for preparing the body in a "fight or flight" situation
The region of response is small, limited to a specific region The region of response is wider, involved few target organs
 
The effect is short-lived and reversible Only involves involuntary actions
Aldosterone
Involves voluntary and involuntary actions Involves in physiological processes in the body
Target tissue/organ: kidney
Involves in the movement of the body
Function: stimulates the absorption of mineral salt in kidneys
 
 
Androgen

Target tissue/organ: reproductive organs

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Function: important to reach puberty and regulates the maturity of reproductive organs and the development of secondary sexual
characteristics

 
Cortisol

Target tissue/organ: all tissues

Function: stimulates the conversion of lipids and proteins into glucose and produced during fight and flight situations to increase the blood
sugar level

 
Testosterone

Target tissue/organ: male reproductive organs

Function: stimulates sperm production and stimulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males

 
Oestrogen

Target tissue/organ: female reproductive organs

Function: stimulates the development of female reproductive organs, repairs and build the uterine wall, and stimulates the secondary sexual
characteristics in female

 
Progesterone

Target tissue/organ: uterus

Function: maintains the thickening of the uterine wall for embryo implantation

 
Coordination of both nervous system and endocrine system in an anxious situation:

 
Stimulus of fear occurs
Nerve impulse sent to the central nervous system
Central nervous system interprets information
Heartbeat increases
Breathing rate increases
Blood pressure increases
Metabolic rate increases
Blood glucose level increases
Energy production increases
Skeletal muscles use the energy to fight or flight

 
Comparison between the nervous system and endocrine system:
 
Similarities
Both systems play important roles in the coordination and response of the body toward stimuli
Coordinates all body activities
Both systems have cell, tissue or organ as target

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