SUTC 148

SUGAR ANALYSIS & FACTORY

OPERATIONS CONTROL

RAW SUGAR FACTORY ANALYSIS:

TURBIDITY

Prepared by: JMR MANUEL & FNS PADILLO

 Background of
Sugar Turbidity
Turbidity refers to the
cloudiness of a sample solution
caused by the presence of
finely divided suspended
particles

Turbidity is not colour related,

but relates rather to the loss of
transparency due to the effect
of suspended particulates,
colloidal material, or both. SUTC 148:
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 Background of
Sugar Turbidity
The composition of the
particles covers a wide range of
organic and inorganic materials
and includes some colloidal
impurities (Moodley and
Schorn, 1997).

Contaminants that can impact

on turbidity are amorphous
silica, calcium oxalate, calcium
aconitate, coagulated proteins,
polysaccharides, bacteria and
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moulds that results to high SUGAR ANALYSIS &
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turbidity and/or high insoluble CONTROL

solids.
 IMPORTANCE
IMPORTANCE OF SUGAR TURBIDITY

The purpose of determining the

turbidity of Clarified Juice is to
know the efficiency of
clarification process

Visual  appearance, both color

and turbidity, of the sucrose-
in-process is important in
assessing the clarity and
presence of impurities
Definition: (a)  is defined as the measure
of the degree to which liquid
sample  (Clarified Juice in our
TURBIDITY case) looses its  transparency
due to the presence of
suspended particulates. 

(b)  is an expression of optical

properties that cause light to
be scattered or absorbed
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through a liquid sample and is

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largely a function of
refractive index, size and the
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shape of the particles

suspended in the solution
 SUTC 148
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Flow Chart of Raw Sugar Production
 Methods:

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Turbidity of
(1) Clarified Juice SPECTROPHOTOMETER
ICUMSA ACCEPTED METHOD

(2) Turbidity by
Automatic Turbidity
Photometer NEPHELOMETER
 Method 1:

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SUGAR ANALYSIS &
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Turbidity of Clarified Juice

This method measures absorbance due to

suspended solids in Clarified Juice.

The turbidity index (s) is defined as:

A
s=
b
where: A  = absorbance measured at a wavelength off
900 nm where the effect of light absorption is
assumed zero.

b - length of cell
 APPARATUS :PRINCIPLE
Spectrophotometer

Spectrophotometer
Measurement of intensity of the
transmitted light is a function of the
concentration of suspended particles
forms the basic principle
of spectrophotometer.

-180 degrees to
incident beam/light
source
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 APPARATUS
Spectrophotometer

Spectrophotometer
suitable for measurement of
absorbance at 900 nm with matched 1
cm cells. Spectral band pass is 10 nm
or less, wavelength reproducibility, 0.5
nm absorbance reproducibility, 0.003
at 1.0 absorbance

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 CONTROL
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SUGAR ANALYSIS &
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Cuvette
-Sample compartment

-may be circular or rectangular

-have different sizes

SUTC 148
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Parts of Spectrophotometer
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Parts of Spectrophotometer
Functions:

1) Light Source = to supply electromagnetic energy.

2) Monochromator= isolate the wavelength of interest.

3) Sample Compartment = to accomodate the sample solution.

4) Detector = to receive transmitted light and convert to electrical signal.

5) Digital/ Analog display = to indicate absorbance and transmittance.

Procedure
Cool sample to room temperature as soon as possible
and immediately perform the test. If necessary, the
sample may be stored in a sealed container in a
refrigerator (temp. approx. 5 degrees celsius) for up to 12
hours.

Rinse one of the matched cells with water and fill. RInse
and fill the other cell with sample.

Read absorbance of test solution against water in

spectrophotometer at wavelength 900 nm. Record
reading to the nearest 0.001 absorbance.
 Turbidity (S) = Turbidity index (s) x 100

Where
cell = 1cm

Turbidity (S) = absorbance (A) x 100

The expected range of results of Turbidity

Calculation and (S) is between 0-30. The absolute difference

between two results obtained under
assumption repeatability conditions should not be
greater than 0.3 units.
 Within the range of
Turbidity (S) 0-30, (ICUMSA
accepted) , Low turbidity
indicates efficient and
sufficient clarification and
a high quality juice-ready
Calculation and for the next process.
assumption
 SUTC 148
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Flow Chart of Raw Sugar Production

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Method 2:

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SUGAR ANALYSIS &
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Turbidity by Automatic
Turbidity Photometer
This method uses Nephelometric
Instruments  that measure the scattered light
from particles in suspension and direct light
passing through the liquid.

Matched or indexed cuvettes must be used for

instrument calibration or sample measurement
 APPARATUS
Nephelometer

Nephelometer
In Nephelometry,  Intensity of the
scattered light is measured not the
attenuation of light (absorbance)
caused by turbidity.

-90 degrees to incident beam

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SUTC 148
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Parts of Nephelometer
Procedure
*****For accurate measurement, use distilled water
which should give a reading of Formazin
Nephelometric Unit (FNU) = 0.1

Fill the cuvette with sample

Read the value of turbidity from the instrument.

Turbidity is directly equal to the reading.

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 SUTC 148
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Flow Chart of Raw Sugar Production

CONTROL
SUTC 148
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:> JMR MANUEL & FNS PADILLO
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