1.1 Introduction To Systems of Linear Equations

Linear Equations
Linear systems with two and three unknowns

Augmented Matrices
Elementary Row operations
Section 1.1: Introduction to systems of linear

equations
Dr K
Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathemathematics
University of Johannesburg
Dr K Introduction to systems of linear equations

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
1 Linear Equations
2 Linear systems with two and three unknowns
3 Augmented Matrices
4 Elementary Row operations

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Goals:
To introduce matrices
Develop a way to solve matrices
To interpret the solution (if it exists)

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Linear Equations
In two dimensions a line is given by:
ax + by = c.
In three dimensions a plane is given by:
ax + by + cz = d.
These are examples of linear equations
Generally, we define a linear equation on the n variables

x1 , x2 , . . . , xn as
a1 x1 + a2 x2 + . . . + an xn = b.
where a1 , a2 , . . . , an and b are constants such that not all the

a’s are zeros.
Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Linear Equations
ax + by = c.
ax + by + cz = d.

x1 , x2 , . . . , xn as
a1 x1 + a2 x2 + . . . + an xn = b.

a’s are zeros.
Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Linear Equations
ax + by = c.
ax + by + cz = d.

x1 , x2 , . . . , xn as
a1 x1 + a2 x2 + . . . + an xn = b.

a’s are zeros.
Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Linear Equations
In the special cases where n = 2 or n = 3, we will often use

variables without subscripts and write linear equations as
a1 x + a2 y = b (a1 , a2 not both 0)

a1 x + a2 y + a3 z = b (a1 , a2 , a3 not all 0)
A homogeneous linear equation in the n variables

x1 , x2 , . . . , xn can be written as
a1 x1 + a2 x2 + . . . + an xn = 0.

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Linear Equations

a1 x + a2 y = b (a1 , a2 not both 0)


a1 x1 + a2 x2 + . . . + an xn = 0.

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Linear Equations

a1 x + a2 y = b (a1 , a2 not both 0)


a1 x1 + a2 x2 + . . . + an xn = 0.

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Identifying linear equations
Example
Which of the following are linear equations in the variables
x, y , z, w, x1 , x2 , x3 ?
x − 3y + 4z − 17w = 6 Linear
sin x + 7y = 6 Not linear
xy + 6z = 4 Not linear
−3x 2 +y =0 Not linear
5x3 + 4x1 − x2 = 1 Linear
πx1 − x2 = 6 Linear

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Example
x, y , z, w, x1 , x2 , x3 ?
x − 3y + 4z − 17w = 6 Linear
5x3 + 4x1 − x2 = 1 Linear

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Example
x, y , z, w, x1 , x2 , x3 ?
x − 3y + 4z − 17w = 6 Linear
5x3 + 4x1 − x2 = 1 Linear

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Example
x, y , z, w, x1 , x2 , x3 ?
x − 3y + 4z − 17w = 6 Linear
5x3 + 4x1 − x2 = 1 Linear

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Example
x, y , z, w, x1 , x2 , x3 ?
x − 3y + 4z − 17w = 6 Linear
5x3 + 4x1 − x2 = 1 Linear

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Example
x, y , z, w, x1 , x2 , x3 ?
x − 3y + 4z − 17w = 6 Linear
5x3 + 4x1 − x2 = 1 Linear

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Example
x, y , z, w, x1 , x2 , x3 ?
x − 3y + 4z − 17w = 6 Linear
5x3 + 4x1 − x2 = 1 Linear

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Systems of linear equations
Definition
A system of linear equations or linear system is a finite
collection of linear equations.
Example
x +y −z +w =1
2x − y + 4z = 11
−3x + 4w = −6
The variables are called unknowns.

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
m equations in n unknowns
A linear system of m equations in the n unknowns x1 , x2 , . . . , xn

can be written as
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ··· + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + ··· + a2n xn = b2
.. .. .. ..
. ··· . . .
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + · · · + amn xn = bm

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Solutions to systems of linear equations

Definition
A solution of a linear system in n unknowns x1 , x2 , . . . , xn is a
sequence of n numbers
s1 , s2 , . . . , sn
for which the substitution
x1 = s1 , x2 = s2 , ..., xn = sn
makes each equation a true statement.
The solution can be written as (s1 , s2 , · · · , sn ) which is called an

ordered n-tuple.
If n = 2: ordered pair;
if n = 3: ordered triple.
A linear system is called consistent if it has at least one
solution and inconsistent if it has no solution.
Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices

Definition
s1 , s2 , . . . , sn
x1 = s1 , x2 = s2 , ..., xn = sn

ordered n-tuple.
Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices

Definition
s1 , s2 , . . . , sn
x1 = s1 , x2 = s2 , ..., xn = sn

ordered n-tuple.
Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
The solution of Linear systems in two unknowns arise in

connection with intersections of lines.
For example, consider the linear system
a1 x + b1 y = c1
a2 x + b2 y = c2
in which the graphs of the equations are lines in the xy-plane.
Each solution (x, y ) of this system corresponds to a point of

intersection of the lines, so there are three possibilities. i.e.

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices

a1 x + b1 y = c1
a2 x + b2 y = c2


Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices

a1 x + b1 y = c1
a2 x + b2 y = c2


Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
The lines may be parallel and distinct, in which case there

is no intersection and consequently no solution.
The lines may intersect at only one point, in which case the
system has exactly one solution.
The lines may coincide, in which case there are infinitely

many points of intersection (the points on the common line)
and consequently infinitely many solutions.

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices



Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices



Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
The same is true for a linear system of three equations in three

unknowns
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d3
in which the graphs of the equations are planes.
The solutions of the system, if any, correspond to points where

all three planes intersect, so again there are only three
possibilities?no solutions,one solution, or infinitely many
solutions

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices

unknowns
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d3

solutions

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices

unknowns
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d3

solutions

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices

unknowns
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d3

solutions

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices

unknowns
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d3

solutions

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices

unknowns
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = d3

solutions

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Example of linear system with one solution
Example
Solve the linear systems:
x +y =1
2x − y = 11
x =4
y = −3
or (x, y ) = (4, −3).

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Example of linear system with no solution
Example
x +y =4
3x + 3y = 6
no solution

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Example of linear system with infinitely many solution
Example
4x − 2y = 1
16x − 8y = 4
infinitely many solutions

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Augmented Matrices
Definition
The linear system
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + ··· + a1n xn = b1

a21 x1 + a22 x2 + ··· + a2n xn = b2
.. .. .. ..
. ··· . . .
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + · · · + amn xn = bm
can be abbreviated to the augmented matrix

 
a11 a12 · · · a1n b1
 a21 a22 · · · a2n xn b2 
 
 .. .. .. .. 
 . . ··· . . 
am1 am2 · · · amn bm
Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Augmented matrices
Example
The system of linear equations
x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 9
2x1 + 4x2 − 3x3 = 1
3x1 + 6x2 − 5x3 =0
 
1 1 2 9
has the augmented matrix 2 4
 −3 1 
3 6 −5 0

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
The basic method for solving a linear system is to perform

algebraic operations on the system.
These operations do not alter the solution set and that produce
a succession of increasingly simpler systems, until a point is
reached where it can be ascertained whether the system is
consistent, and if so, what its solutions are.
Typically, the algebraic operations are:
Multiply an equation through by a nonzero constant.
Interchange two equations.
Add a constant times one equation to another.

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices


Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices


Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices


Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices


Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Since the rows (horizontal lines) of an augmented matrix

correspond to the equations in the associated system,these
three operations correspond to the following operations on the
rows of the augmented matrix:
Multiply a row through by a nonzero constant.
Interchange two rows.
Add a constant times one row to another.

These are called elementary row operations on a matrix.

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices



Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices



Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Elementary row operations

Definition
The following elementary row operations can be performed
on the rows (horizontal lines) of an augmented matrix:
1 Multiply a row by a nonzero constant.
cRi (Example: −3R2 )
2 Interchange two rows.
Ri ↔ Rj (Example: R1 ↔ R3 )
3 Add a constant times one row to another row.
Ri + kRj (Example: R2 + 4R1 )
Note that:
Ri denotes the ith row.
The row you are changing must be written first.
Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Example
Use row operations to solve the system
x + y + 2z = 9
2x + 4y − 3z = 1
3x + 6y − 5z = 0

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Solution:
Augmented matrix
x + y + 2z = 9  
1 1 2 9
2x + 4y − 3z = 1 2 4 −3 1 
3x + 6y − 5z = 0 3 6 −5 0
   
1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9
R2 −2R1 R3 −3R1
−→ 0 2 −7 −17  −→ 0 2 −7 −17 
3 6 −5 0 0 3 −11 −27
   
1 1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9
R
2 2 R3 −3R2
−→0 1 − 72 − 17
2
 −→ 0 1 − 72 − 17
2

0 3 −11 −27 0 0 − 12 − 23

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Solution:
Augmented matrix
x + y + 2z = 9  
1 1 2 9
2x + 4y − 3z = 1 2 4 −3 1 
3x + 6y − 5z = 0 3 6 −5 0
   
1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9
R2 −2R1 R3 −3R1
−→ 0 2 −7 −17  −→ 0 2 −7 −17 
3 6 −5 0 0 3 −11 −27
   
1 1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9
R
2 2 R3 −3R2
−→0 1 − 72 − 17
2
 −→ 0 1 − 72 − 17
2

0 3 −11 −27 0 0 − 12 − 23

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Solution:
Augmented matrix
x + y + 2z = 9  
1 1 2 9
2x + 4y − 3z = 1 2 4 −3 1 
3x + 6y − 5z = 0 3 6 −5 0
   
1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9
R2 −2R1 R3 −3R1
−→ 0 2 −7 −17  −→ 0 2 −7 −17 
3 6 −5 0 0 3 −11 −27
   
1 1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9
R
2 2 R3 −3R2
−→0 1 − 72 − 17
2
 −→ 0 1 − 72 − 17
2

0 3 −11 −27 0 0 − 12 − 23

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Solution:
Augmented matrix
x + y + 2z = 9  
1 1 2 9
2x + 4y − 3z = 1 2 4 −3 1 
3x + 6y − 5z = 0 3 6 −5 0
   
1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9
R2 −2R1 R3 −3R1
−→ 0 2 −7 −17  −→ 0 2 −7 −17 
3 6 −5 0 0 3 −11 −27
   
1 1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9
R
2 2 R3 −3R2
−→0 1 − 72 − 17
2
 −→ 0 1 − 72 − 17
2

0 3 −11 −27 0 0 − 12 − 23

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Solution:
Augmented matrix
x + y + 2z = 9  
1 1 2 9
2x + 4y − 3z = 1 2 4 −3 1 
3x + 6y − 5z = 0 3 6 −5 0
   
1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9
R2 −2R1 R3 −3R1
−→ 0 2 −7 −17  −→ 0 2 −7 −17 
3 6 −5 0 0 3 −11 −27
   
1 1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9
R
2 2 R3 −3R2
−→0 1 − 72 − 17
2
 −→ 0 1 − 72 − 17
2

0 3 −11 −27 0 0 − 12 − 23

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Solution:
Augmented matrix
x + y + 2z = 9  
1 1 2 9
2x + 4y − 3z = 1 2 4 −3 1 
3x + 6y − 5z = 0 3 6 −5 0
   
1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9
R2 −2R1 R3 −3R1
−→ 0 2 −7 −17  −→ 0 2 −7 −17 
3 6 −5 0 0 3 −11 −27
   
1 1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9
R
2 2 R3 −3R2
−→0 1 − 72 − 17
2
 −→ 0 1 − 72 − 17
2

0 3 −11 −27 0 0 − 12 − 23

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Example continued
   
1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9
−2R3
0 1 − 7 − 17  −→ 0 1 − 72
 − 17 
2 2 2
0 0 − 21 − 32 0 0 1 3
R1 − 11 R3
1 0 11 35
   
2 2
2 1 0 0 1
R2 + 72 R3
R1 −R2
−→ 0 1 − 72 − 17
2
 −→ 0 1 0 2 
0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3
The solution x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 is now evident.

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Example continued
   
1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9
−2R3
0 1 − 7 − 17  −→ 0 1 − 72
 − 17 
2 2 2
0 0 − 21 − 32 0 0 1 3
R1 − 11 R3
1 0 11 35
   
2 2
2 1 0 0 1
R2 + 72 R3
R1 −R2
−→ 0 1 − 72 − 17
2
 −→ 0 1 0 2 
0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Example continued
   
1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9
−2R3
0 1 − 7 − 17  −→ 0 1 − 72
 − 17 
2 2 2
0 0 − 21 − 32 0 0 1 3
R1 − 11 R3
1 0 11 35
   
2 2
2 1 0 0 1
R2 + 72 R3
R1 −R2
−→ 0 1 − 72 − 17
2
 −→ 0 1 0 2 
0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Example continued
   
1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9
−2R3
0 1 − 7 − 17  −→ 0 1 − 72
 − 17 
2 2 2
0 0 − 21 − 32 0 0 1 3
R1 − 11 R3
1 0 11 35
   
2 2
2 1 0 0 1
R2 + 72 R3
R1 −R2
−→ 0 1 − 72 − 17
2
 −→ 0 1 0 2 
0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Example continued
   
1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9
−2R3
0 1 − 7 − 17  −→ 0 1 − 72
 − 17 
2 2 2
0 0 − 21 − 32 0 0 1 3
R1 − 11 R3
1 0 11 35
   
2 2
2 1 0 0 1
R2 + 72 R3
R1 −R2
−→ 0 1 − 72 − 17
2
 −→ 0 1 0 2 
0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Example continued
   
1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9
−2R3
0 1 − 7 − 17  −→ 0 1 − 72
 − 17 
2 2 2
0 0 − 21 − 32 0 0 1 3
R1 − 11 R3
1 0 11 35
   
2 2
2 1 0 0 1
R2 + 72 R3
R1 −R2
−→ 0 1 − 72 − 17
2
 −→ 0 1 0 2 
0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Example continued
   
1 1 2 9 1 1 2 9
−2R3
0 1 − 7 − 17  −→ 0 1 − 72
 − 17 
2 2 2
0 0 − 21 − 32 0 0 1 3
R1 − 11 R3
1 0 11 35
   
2 2
2 1 0 0 1
R2 + 72 R3
R1 −R2
−→ 0 1 − 72 − 17
2
 −→ 0 1 0 2 
0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
In conclusion: Do you know these concepts?
Linear Equation
Consistent linear system
Homogenous linear
Inconsistent linear
equation
system
System of linear
Augmented matrix
equation
Elementary row
Solution of a linear
operations
system

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Can you?
Determine whether a given equation is linear.

Determine whether a given n-tuple is a solution of a linear
system
Find the augmented matrix of a linear system
Find the linear system corresponding to a given
augmented matrix
Perform elementary row operations on a linear system and
on its corresponding augmented matrix
Determine whether a linear system is consistent or
inconsistent
Find the solution to a consistent linear system

Linear Equations
Augmented Matrices
Exercise:
(a)
Solve the following linear systems
x + 3y + z = 5
2x + 7y + 2z = 4
(b) x + 2y + 2z = 3
3y − z = 4
x + 3y + z = 1
(c) x + 2z = 4
2x + 4y − 6z = 2
−x − 2y + 3z = −1
x +y +z = 3
(a) (x, y , z) = (31, −6, −8) (b) Inconsistent.
(c)(x, y , z) = (5, −2, 0) + t(−5, 4, 1)

1.1 Introduction To Systems of Linear Equations

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1.1 Introduction To Systems of Linear Equations

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Linear Equations

Linear systems with two and three unknowns

Section 1.1: Introduction to systems of linear

Dr K Introduction to systems of linear equations

2 Linear systems with two and three unknowns

4 Elementary Row operations

Dr K Introduction to systems of linear equations

Dr K Introduction to systems of linear equations

In three dimensions a plane is given by:

These are examples of linear equations

Generally, we define a linear equation on the n variables

where a1 , a2 , . . . , an and b are constants such that not all the

In three dimensions a plane is given by:

These are examples of linear equations

Generally, we define a linear equation on the n variables

where a1 , a2 , . . . , an and b are constants such that not all the

In three dimensions a plane is given by:

These are examples of linear equations

Generally, we define a linear equation on the n variables

where a1 , a2 , . . . , an and b are constants such that not all the

In the special cases where n = 2 or n = 3, we will often use

a1 x + a2 y = b (a1 , a2 not both 0)

A homogeneous linear equation in the n variables

Dr K Introduction to systems of linear equations

In the special cases where n = 2 or n = 3, we will often use

a1 x + a2 y = b (a1 , a2 not both 0)

A homogeneous linear equation in the n variables

Dr K Introduction to systems of linear equations

In the special cases where n = 2 or n = 3, we will often use

a1 x + a2 y = b (a1 , a2 not both 0)

A homogeneous linear equation in the n variables

Dr K Introduction to systems of linear equations

Identifying linear equations

Dr K Introduction to systems of linear equations

Identifying linear equations

Dr K Introduction to systems of linear equations

Identifying linear equations

Dr K Introduction to systems of linear equations

Identifying linear equations

Dr K Introduction to systems of linear equations

Identifying linear equations

Dr K Introduction to systems of linear equations

Identifying linear equations

Dr K Introduction to systems of linear equations

Identifying linear equations

Dr K Introduction to systems of linear equations

Systems of linear equations

The variables are called unknowns.

Dr K Introduction to systems of linear equations

A linear system of m equations in the n unknowns x1 , x2 , . . . , xn

Dr K Introduction to systems of linear equations

Solutions to systems of linear equations

makes each equation a true statement.

The solution can be written as (s1 , s2 , · · · , sn ) which is called an

Solutions to systems of linear equations

makes each equation a true statement.

The solution can be written as (s1 , s2 , · · · , sn ) which is called an

Solutions to systems of linear equations

makes each equation a true statement.

The solution can be written as (s1 , s2 , · · · , sn ) which is called an

The solution of Linear systems in two unknowns arise in

For example, consider the linear system