Class 11 and 12 Notes

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SMILE-2023
Special Module for Improvement of Learning in public Exams
= MATHEMATICS =
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Dear Teachers and Students,
This is a concerted endeavour by a team of Mathematics teachers from Kannur

district to support District Panchayath and DIET in accelerating the activities of
SMILE-2023
This is a carefully prepared material for the students of Plus One Mathematics for
the year 2022-23.This material consists of important definitions ,equations,solved
problems and practice problems from all chapters.
This is a humble effort submitted before you with immense delight.We hope that our
attempt will help you to achieve better result
With regards
SMILE Mathematics Team
Kannur
2
SMILE Mathematics Team, Kannur

1. Biju Kumar A M
Iritty HSS
9947742359
2. Pramesh K V
GVHSS Karthikapuram
9495615149
3. Dhanya Puthusseri
Chembilode HSS Thalavil
9447437144
4. Hima M P
AKGHSS Malapattam
9961384623
5. Rasmi P P
Govt Brennen HSS Thalassery
9497604656
6. Remya R
AKSGHSS Malappattam
9526885627
3
Contents
Page
1 SETS 5
2 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 10
3 TRIGONOMETRY 14
5 COMPLEX NUMBERS 16
6 LINEAR INEQUALITIES 19
7 PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS 21
8 BINOMIAL THEOREM 27
9 SEQUENCE AND SERIES 29
10 STRAIGHT LINES 31
11 CONIC SECTIONS 34
12 INTRODUCTION TO THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 41
13 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 43
15 STATISTICS 46
16 PROBABILITY 48
Tap on the chapter name for direct access
4
Chapter 1
SETS
∗ A set is a well defined collection of objects

for example
• Set of triangles in a plane
• Set of circles centered at origin
• Set of vowels in English alphabet.
We can call these collection of numbers as sets
∗ N : Set of Natural numbers

∗ Q : Set of Rational numbers
∗ Z :Set of Integers
∗ R: Set of Real numbers
Representation of a set
∗ Set of prime numbers less than 10
This can be represented as {2,3,5,7}
This method of representing a set is called Roster form or Tabular form
∗ The set of all vowels in the English alphabet.
This set can be represented as {x : x is a vowel in the Engish alphabet}
This method of representation is called Set builder form or Rule method
Questions and Answers
1. Write the following sets in roster form
a. A={x : x is a natural number less than 5}

Answer:- A = {1,2,3,4}
b. B={x : x is a prime factor of 6}
Answer:- B={2,3,5}
c. C ={ x : x is an integer and −3 ≤ x < 4}
Answer:- C={-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3}
d. D= {x : x is a letter in the word MATHEMATICS}
Answer:- D = {M,A,T,H,E,I,C,S}
2. Write the following sets in Set builder form
5
a. {3,6,9,12}
Answer:-{x : x = 3n,where n=1,2,3,4}
b. {1,4,9,. . . 100}
Answer:-{x : x=n2 ,where n ∈N and n≤ 10}
c. {2,4,6,. . . }
Answer:- {x : x=2n ,where n ∈N}
d. {2,4,8,16,32}
Answer:- {x : x=2n ,where n ∈N and n ≤ 5}
Practice probems
1. Write the following sets in roster form.
i. {x :x is an integer and x2 − 9 = 0}
−1 9
ii. {x : x is an integer and <x< }
2 2
2. Match the following
(i) {P,R,I,N,C,A,L} (a) {x:x is a prime number and a divisor of 6}

(ii) {1,3,5,7,9} (b) {x is a natural number and a divisor of 6
(iii) {2,3} (c) {x:x is an odd natural number less than 10}
(iv) {1,2,3,6} (d) {x: x is a letter in the word PRINCIPAL}
∗ The empty set

A set which does not contain any element is called the empty set
∗ Finite and Infinite Sets

A set which is empty or consists of a definite number of elements is called finite
otherwise, the set is called infinite
∗ Equal Sets
Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have exactly the same elements
6
∗ Subsets
A set A is said to be a subset of a set B if every element of A is also an element
of B,then we write A⊂ B
• φ is a subset of every set,φ ⊂ A
• Every set is a subset of itself,A⊂ A
• A⊂ B if x ∈ A ⇒ x ∈ B
• If A ⊂ B and A 6= B,then A is called proper subset of B and B is called

superset of A
• If a set A has n elements then number of subsets of A is 2n
• If a set A has n elements then number of proper subsets of A is 2n − 1
∗ Intervals as subsets of set of Real numbers R
[a,b]={x : a 6 x 6 b}
(a,b)={x : a < x < b}
[a,b)={x : a 6 x < b}
(a,b]={x : a < x 6 b}
∗ Universal Set
A set that contains all sets in a given context is called the Universal Set
1. Let A={1,2,3}.Write all subsets of A

Answer:
Subsets are {1},{2},{3},{1,2},{1,3},{2,3} and {1,2,3}
Note:
Here n(A)=3
Number of subsets of A =23 = 8
2. Write the following sets in setbuilder form
i. (6,12)
Answer: (6, 12) = {x : 6 < x < 12}
ii. [-2,2]
Answer: [−2, 2] = {x : −2 ≤ x ≤ 2}
Venn Diagrams
Venn diagrams are visual representation of relationships betwwen sets.
7
Operations on sets
∗ Union of sets U
Let A and B be any two sets .
The union of A and B is the set which
consists of all elements of A and all the
elements of B.
A ∪ B ={x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B} A B
∗ Intersection of sets U
The intersection of two sets A and B is
the set of all elements which are com-
mon to both A and B
A ∩ B ={x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
A B
∗ Difference of sets U
Let A and B be any two sets .
The differnce of sets A and B is the set
of elements which belong A but not to
B.
A B
Symbolically we write A − B
A - B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ / B}
∗ Complement of sets : U
The set of all elements belongs to U and
does not belong to A is the complement
of set A denoted by A0 or Ac
A0 = {x : x ∈ U and x ∈ / A}=U−A
A
∗ Disjoint sets
Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint if A ∩ B = φ
8
∗ A∪ A0 =U ∗ A∩ A0 =φ
De Morgan0 s laws
∗ (A∪B)0 =A0 ∩ B0 ∗ (A∩B)0 =A0 ∪ B0
1. A and B are two sets such that A⊂ B ,then A∪B is
i A ii B
iii Null set iv {φ}
Answer:
ii B
2. Let A ={1,2,3,4} and B={3,4,5,6}. Find
(i) A ∪ B (ii) A ∩ B (iii) A − B
Answer:
(i) A ∪ B ={1,2,3,4,5,6}
(i) A ∩ B = {3,4}
(i) A − B ={1,2}
3. Let U={1,2,3,4,5,6},A ={2,3},B={3,4,5}.Find

A0 ,B0 , A∪ B and hence show that (A∪B)0 =A0 ∩ B0
A0 = {1, 4, 5, 6} B 0 = {1, 2, 6}
A ∪ B = {2, 3, 4, 5} ⇒ (A ∪ B)0 = {1, 6}
A0 ∩ B 0 = {1, 6}
∴ (A ∪ B)0 = A0 ∩ B 0
Practice Problems
1. Let A ={3,5,7,9} and B ={2,4,6,7}Find
(i) A ∪ B (ii) A ∩ B (iii) A − B
2. Let U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8},A ={2,4,6,8},B={2,4,8}.Find
(i) A0 (ii) B0 (iii) A∪ B
and hence show that (A∪B)0 =A0 ∩ B0
9
Chapter 2
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Cartesian Product of two sets
∗ Cartesian product of the sets A and B is A × B ={(x,y):x ∈ A,y ∈ B}

∗ If n(A) = p,n(B) = q,then n(A×B)= pq
1. If (x+ 1, y − 2) = (3,1), find the values of x and y

Answer:
x+1 = 3 and y−2 =1
x = 2 and y = 3
2. If A = {1,2} and B ={3,4} Find A× B

Answer:
A× B ={(1,3),(1,4),(2,3),(2,4)}
Practice Problems

x 2 5 1
(1) If + 1, y − = , Find the values of x and y
3 3 3 3
(2) If the set A has 3 elements and the set B = {3, 4, 5}, then find the number of elements
in A× B
(3) If P = {6, 7} and Q= {1,3, 5}, find P × Q and Q × P
Relations
∗ Every relation from A to B is a subset of A× B

∗ If n(A) = p, n(B) = q, then number of relations from A to B is 2pq
∗ The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R from a set A to a
set B is called the domain of the relation R
∗ The set of all second elements of ordered pairs in a relation R from a set A to a set
B is called the range of the relation R.
∗ The whole set B is called the codomain of the relation R.
∗ Range ⊂ codomain
10
1. Let A = {1,2} and B = {3,4}, Find the number of relations from A to B

Answer:
Number of relations = 24 = 16
2. Let A = {1,2,3,4,5,6} . Define a relation R from A to A by R = {(x, y):y = x + 1 }
(a) Depict the relation using an arrow diagram

(b) Write down the domain, codomain and range of R.
Answer:
(a) Arrow diagram
(b) Domain of R={1,2,3,4,5} Codomain = A

Range = {2,3,4,5,6}
3. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}. Let R be the relation on A defined by{ (a,b): a,b∈A, b is exactly
divisible by a}.
(i) Write R in roster form

(ii) Find the domain of R
(iii) Find the range of R.
Answer:
(i) R = {(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,6),(2,2),(2,4),(2,6),(3,3),(3,6),(4,4),(6,6)}
(ii) Domain ={1,2,3,4,6}
(iii) Range ={1,2,3,4,6}
Functions
∗ A function f : A → B is a relation in which each element of A has one and only

one image in B
∗ If f : A → B,then A is called the domain of the function and B is called codomain
11
(1) Let N be the set of natural numbers and the relation R be defined on N such that R
= {(x,y) : y = 2x, x, y ∈ N}. What is the domain, codomain and range of R? Is this
relation a function?
Answer:-
The domain of R is the set of natural numbers N.
The codomain is also N. The range is the set of even natural numbers. Since every natural
number n has one and only one image, this relation is a function.
Practice Problems
1. Determine the domain and range of the relation R defined by R = {(x,x+5) : x ∈ {0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5}}
2 Write the relation R = {(x, x3 ) : x is a prime number less than 10} in roster form
∗ Graphs of some special functions
Identity function f(x) = x f(x) =x2
Domain=R, Range =R
Domain=R, Range =[0, ∞)
Modulus function f(x) = |x| f(x) =x3
Domain=R, Range =[0, ∞)

Domain=R, Range =R
12
Signum
 function Greatest Integer function f(x)= [x]
 1 if x > 0

f (x) = 0 if x = 0

−1 if x < 0

Domain=R, Range =Z
Domain=R, Range ={1,0,-1}
f
1. Let f(x)=x2 ,g(x)=2x + 1,find (f+g)(x),(f-g)(x),fg(x) and (x)
g
Answer:
(f+g)(x)= f(x)+g(x)=x2 + 2x + 1
(f-g)(x)=f(x)-g(x)=x2 − (2x + 1) = x2 − 2x − 1
(f g)(x) = f(x)g(x)= x2 (2x + 1)
f f (x) x2
(x) = =
g g(x) 2x + 1
√
2. Find the domain and range of the function 9 − x2
√ √
f (x) = 9 − x2 ⇒ 9 − x2 ≥ 0
⇒ x2 ≤ 9
⇒ −3 ≤ x ≤ 3
⇒ Domain = [−3, 3]
Range = [0, 3]
Practice Problems
1. A function f is defined by f(x) = 2x−5. Write down the values of
(i) f (0) (iii) f(-3)

(ii) f(7) (iv) f(-1)
2. Write the domain and range of the following functions
(i) f(x)=x ii. f(x) = |x| iii f(x)= x2
13
Chapter 3
TRIGONOMETRY
∗ sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 ∗ sec2 x − tan2 x = 1 ∗ cosec2 x − cot2 x = 1
3
1. sin x = ,x lies in second quadrant,find the other five trigonometric functions
5
3 5
sin x = ⇒ cosec x =
5 3 2
2 2 2 2 3
sin x + cos x = 1 ⇒ cos x = 1 − sin x = 1 −
r r 5
9 16
⇒ cosx = 1 − =
25 25
−4
Then cos x = (∵ x lies in second quadrant)
5
1 −5 sin x −3 cos x −4
sec x = = tan x = = cot x = =
cos x 4 cos x 4 sin x 3
Practice Problems
−3
1. If cos x = , x lies in the third quadrant, find the values of other five trigonometric
5
functions.
−3
2. If sin x = ,x lies in the fourth quadrant, find the values of other five trigonometric
5
functions
−1
1. If cos x = ,x lies in the third quadrant, find the values of other five trigonometric
2
functions.

x+y x−y
∗ sin x + sin y = 2 sin cos
2 2

x+y x−y
∗ sin x − sin y = 2 cos sin
2 2

x+y x−y
∗ cos x + cos y = 2 cos cos
2 2

x+y x−y
∗ cos x − cos y = −2 sin sin
2 2
14
cos 7x + cos 5x
1. Prove that = cot x
sin 7x − sin 5x

7x + 5x 7x − 5x
2 cos cos
cos 7x + cos 5x 2 2
=
sin 7x − sin 5x 7x + 5x 7x − 5x
2 cos sin
2 2
cos 6x cos x
=
cos 6x sin x
cos x
=
sin x
= cot x
π
2 (a) tan = ......
4
Ans: 1
(b) sin(π − x) = . . .
Ans: sin x
Practice Problems
sin 5x + sin 3x
1. Prove that = tan 4x
cos 5x + cos 3x
sin x + sin 3x
2. Prove that = tan 2x
cos x + cos 3x
15
Chapter 5
COMPLEX NUMBERS
√
• Complex number is a number of the form a + ib, a,b ∈ R where i = −1
• If z = a + ib
(i) Real part of z denoted as Re(z) = a
(ii) Imaginary part of z denoted as Im(z) = b
• If z = a + ib ;
√
(i) Modulus of z denoted as |z| = a2 + b2
(ii) Conjugate of z denoted as z = a − ib
• z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id
(i) z1 + z2 = (a + c) + i(b + d)
(ii) z1 − z2 = (a − c) + i(b − d)
(iii) z1 z2 = (ac − bd) + i(ad + bc)
• Powers of i
(i) i2 = −1 (ii) i3 = −i (iii) i4 = 1
In general
(i) i4k = 1; (ii) i4k+1 = i (iii) i4k+2 = −1; (iv) i4k+3 = −i
• Multipicative inverse of a complex number

1
Multiplicative inverse of z is denoted as z−1 = , z 6= 0
z
If z = a + ib then
1 1 1 a − ib
= = ×
z a + ib a + ib a − ib
a − ib
= 2
a + b2
1 z
z −1 = =
z |z|2
16
1. Express the following in the form of a+ib

a. 3(7+i7) + i(7+i7)
3(7 + i7) + i(7 + i7) = 21 + 21i + 7i + 7i2

= 21 + 28i + 7 × −1
= 21 − 7 + 28i
= 14 + 28i
b. (−5i)( 18 i)
1 1
(−5i)( i) = −5 × × i2
8 8
−5
=− × −1
8
5
=
8
5
= + 0i
8
√
5 + 2i
c. √
1 − 2i
√ √ √
5 + 2i 5 + 2i 1 + 2i
√ = √ × √
1 − 2i 1 − 2i 1 + 2i
√ √
5 + 5 2i + 2i − 2
= √
12 − ( 2i)2
√
3 + 6 2i
=
1 + 2√
3(1 + 2 2i)
=
3
√
= 1 + 2 2i
d. (5 − 3i)3
(5 − 3i)3 = 53 − 3 × 52 × 3i + 3 × 5 × (3i)2 − (3i)3

= 125 − 225i − 135 + 27i
= −10 − 198i
e. i39
i39 = i36+3
= i36 × i3
= i3
= −i ∵ i4k = 1
=i=0+i
17
f. i−35
i−35 = i−36+1
= i−36 × i1
= i1 ∵ i4k = 1
=i=0+i
2. If z = 2 − 3i; Find
a) z b) |z| c) Multiplicative inverse of z
Answer:-
a) z = 2 + 3i
√ √
b) |z| = 22 + 32 = 13
c) z −1 = 1
z
= z
|z|2
= 2+3i
13
√
3. Find the multiplicative inverse of 5 + 3i
Answer:-
1
z −1 =
z
z
=
|z|2
√
5 − 3i
= √
( 5)2 + 32
√
5 − 3i
=
√5 + 9
5 − 3i
=
14
Practice Problems
1. Express the following complex number in the form of a + ib

a. i9 + i19 b. (1 − i)2 c.(1 + i)3 d.(2 − i)3 .
2. Find the multiplicative inverse of the following complex number

a. 4 − 3i b. −i c. 2 + 3i b. 1 + i
18
Chapter 6
LINEAR INEQUALITIES
* Same number may be added (or subtracted) to both sides of an inequation

with out changing the sign of the inequality.
* Both sides of an inequality can be multiplied ( or divided ) by the same

positive number with out changing the sign of inequality
* When both sides of an inequality are multiplied or divided by a negative

number ,then the sign of inequality is reversed
1. Solve 5x − 3 < 3x + 1 when i)x is an integer ii) x is a real number
5x − 3 < 3x + 1 ⇒ 5x − 3x < 1 + 3
2x < 4 ⇒ x < 2
i) x ∈ {. . . . . . − 3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2}
ii)x ∈ (−∞, 2)
5 − 2x x
2. Solve ≤ −5
3 6
5 − 2x x
≤ −5
3 6
5 − 2x x − 30
≤
3 6
6(5 − 2x) ≤ 3(x − 30) ⇒ 30 − 12x ≤ 3x − 90
−12x − 3x ≤ −90 − 30
−15x ≤ −120
−15x −120
≥
−15 −15
x≥8
Soution set is [8, ∞]

3x − 4 x+1
3. Solve ≥ − 1. Show the graph of the solution on a number line
2 4
3x − 4 x+1
≥ − 1 ⇒ 2(3x − 4) ≥ x + 1 − 4
2 4
⇒ 6x − 8 ≥ x − 3 ⇒ 5x ≥ 5
⇒x≥1
19
x≥ 1
−∞ -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 ∞
4. Solve 3(1 − x) < 2(x + 4)
3(1 − x) < 2(x + 4) ⇒ 3 − 3x < 2x + 8

⇒ −3x − 2x < 8 − 3
⇒ −5x < 5
⇒ x > −1
Practice Problems
1. Solve 5x − 3 < 7 where i) x is an integer ii) x is a real number.

2. Solve the inequality and show the graph of the solution on number line
3(1 − x) < 2(x + 4)
3(x − 2) 5(2 − x)
3. Solve ≤
5 3
20
Chapter 7
PERMUTATIONS AND
COMBINATIONS
Fundamental Principle of coounting (Multiplication Principle)

If an event occur in m different ways, following which another event can occur in n
different ways, then the total number of occurrence of the events in the given order
is m × n
1. How many 2 digit even numbers can be formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 if the
digits can be repeated?
Answer:-
Unit’s place can be filled using the digits 2 and 4 only. following which the tens
place can be filled by any of the 5 digits
10’s place 1’s place
5 ways 2 ways
Therefore, by the multiplication principle, the required number of two digits even
numbers is 5 × 2=10.
2. How many two digit even numbers are there in which 10’s place occupies an odd
number
We can fill 10’s place using any of the 5 numbers 1,3,5,7,9

Also we can fill 1’s place using any of the 5 numbers 0,2,4,6,8
10’s place 1’s place
5 ways 5 ways
∴ By fundamental principle of counting ,the required number of two digits even

numbers is 5×5=25
3. How many three digit numbers are there in which digits are not repeated ?
We can fill 100’s place using any of the 9 numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

(note that we can’t use 0 at 100’s place)
21
Since repetition of digits is not allowed we can fill 10’s place with any of the remaining
9 numbers (including 0)
Then we can fill 1’s place with any of the remaining 8 numbers
100’s place 10’s place 1’s place
9 ways 9 ways 8 ways
∴ By fundamental principle of counting ,the required number of three digits numbers

is 9×9×8=648
4. How many three digit numbers can be formed using the digits 1,2,3,4 and 5 assuming
that
(a) Repetition of digits is allowed
(b) Repetition of digits is not allowed
(a) We can fill 100’s place using any of the 5 numbers
Since repetition of digits is allowed we can fill 10’s place with any of the 5
numbers
Also we can fill 1’s place with any 5 numbers

∴ By fundamental principle of counting ,the required number of three digits
numbers is 5×5×5=125
(b) We can fill 100’s place using any of the 5 numbers
Since repetition of digits is not allowed we can fill 10’s place with any of the
remaining 4 numbers
Then we can fill 1’s place with any of the remaining 3 numbers

∴ By fundamental principle of counting ,the required number of three digits
numbers is 5×4×3=60
5. Find the number of 4 letter words, with or without meaning, which can be formed
out of the letters of the word ROSE, where the repetition of the letters is not allowed.
Answer:-
There are as many words as there are ways of filling in 4 vacant places by the 4
letters, keeping in mind that the repetition is not allowed.
1st letter 2nd letter 3rd letter 4th letter
4 ways 3 ways 2 ways 1 way
∴ By fundamental principle of counting ,the required number of four letter words is

4×3×2×1 =24
22
Practice Problems
1. How many 3-digit even numbers can be formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 if the digits
can be repeated?
2. How many 4-letter code can be formed using the first 10 letters of the English alphabet,
if no letter can be repeated?
3. How many 5-digit telephone numbers can be constructed using the digits 0 to 9 if each
number starts with 67 and no digit appears more than once?
The Factorial
The continued product of first n natural numbers is called “n factorial”
and is denoted by n!
1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × . . . × (n − 1) × n = n!
1!= 1
2!=1×2 =2
3!=1 × 2 × 3=6
4!=1 × 2 × 3 × 4 = 24
5!=1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 = 120 and so on
Note:-
0!=1
In general
n! = n×(n-1)!
n! = n(n-1)×(n-2)!
Question and Answers
1 1 x
1. If + = ,find the value of x.
8! 9! 10!
1 1 x
+ =
8! 9! 10!
1 1 x
+ =
8! 8! × 9 8! × 9 × 10
1 x
1+ =
9 9 × 10
10 x
=
9 9 × 10
x
10 =
10
∴ x = 100
Practice Problems
1 1 x
2. If + = , find x ?
6! 7! 8!
23
Permutations
∗ A permutation is an arrangement of a number of objects which can be made by
taking some or all at a time
∗ The number of permutations of n different objects taken r at a time is denoted by
n
Pr
n n!
Pr =
(n − r)!
∗ The number of permutations of n different objects taken all at a

time is n!
n!
∗ n Pr = = n(n − 1)(n − 2)...(n − r + 1)
(n − r)!
∗ n P0 = 1 n
Pn = n!
∗ The number of permutations of n objects,where p objects are of the same kind
n!
and rest are all different =
p!
∗ The number of permutations of n objects,where p1 objects are of one kind,p2 are

of second kind,. . .,pk are of k th kind and the rest,
n!
are of different kind is
p1 !p2 ! . . . pk !
Question and Answers
1. Find the values of the following
i. 5 P3 iv. n P2
ii. 6 P4 v. n Pn
iii. n P1 vi. n P( n − 1)
5 5! 5! 6 6! 6!
(i) P3 = = (ii) P4 = =
(5 − 3)! 2! (6 − 4)! 2!
5 × 4 × 3 × 2! 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2!
= =
2! 2!
= 5 × 4 × 3 = 60 = 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 = 360
n n! n n!
(iii) P1 = (iv) P2 =
(n − 1)! (n − 2)!
n × (n − 1)! n × (n − 1) × (n − 2)!
= =
(n − 1)! (n − 2)!
=n = n(n − 1)
24
n n! n n!
(v) Pn = (vi) Pn−1 =
(n − n)! (n − (n − 1))!
n! n!
=
0! (n − n + 1)!
n! n!
= = n! = = n!
1 1!
1. Find the number of permutations of the letters of the word ALLAHABAD.

Here there are 9 objects(letters)of which there are 4A’s,2L’s and rest are all different.
9!
Therefore required number of arrangements =
4! × 2!
9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4!
=
4! × 2
9×8×7×6×5
= =7560
2
2. How many 4-digit numbers can be formed by using the digits 1 to 9 if repetition of digits
is not allowed?
Number of permutations(arrangements) of 9 different digits taken 4 at a time.
9! 9!
Therefore, the required 4 digit numbers = 9 P4 = = = 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 = 3024
(9 − 4)! 5!
3. In how many ways can 4 red, 3 yellow and 2 green discs be arranged in a row if the discs
of the same colour are indistinguishable ?
Total number of discs are 4 + 3 + 2 = 9.
Out of 9 discs, 4 are of the first kind (red), 3 are of the second kind (yellow) and 2 are of
the third kind (green).
9!
Therefore, the number of arrangements = 4!3!2! = 1260
Practice Problems
1. How many 3-digit numbers can be formed by using the digits 1 to 9 if no digit is repeated?
2. How many 4-digit numbers are there with no digit repeated?
3. Find the number of 4-digit numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 if no
digit is repeated. How many of these will be even?
4. How many words, with or without meaning, can be formed using all the letters of the
word EQUATION, using each letter exactly once?
25
Combinations
∗ Number of combinations of n different objects taken r at a time

is denoted by n Cr
n!
∗ n Cr =
r!(n − r)!
(i) n C0 = 1 (iii) n Cn = n
(ii) n Cn = 1 (iv) n Cr =n Cn−r
∗ n Ca = n
Cb ⇒ n = a + b or a = b
∗ n Cr +n Cr−1 =n+1 Cr
∗ Questions and Answers

1. If n C9 =n C8 find n C17
We have n C9 =n C8
n
Ca = n Cb ⇒ n = a + b ⇒ n = 9 + 8 = 17 Therefore n C17 =17 C17 = 1
2. A committee of 3 persons is to be constituted from a group of 2 men and 3 women. In
how many ways can this be done? How many of these committees would consist of 1 man
and 2 women?
There will be as many committees as there are combinations of 5 different persons 5 taken
5! 4×5
3 at a time. Hence, the required number of ways = 5 C3 = = = 10
3!2! 2
Now, 1 man can be selected from 2 men in 2 C1 ways and 2 women can be selected from
3 women in 3 C2 ways
2! 3!
Therefore, the required number of committees = 2 C1 ×3 C2 = × =6
1!1! 2!1!
3. How many chords can be drawn through 21 points on a circle?
21 21 × 20
The number of chords = C2 = = 210
1×2
4. A bag contains 5 black and 6 red balls. Determine the number of ways in which 2 black
and 3 red balls can be selected.
Black-5, Red-6
2 Black and 3 Red balls, Total selection = 5 C2 ×6 C3 = 10 × 20 = 200
Practice Problems
1. In how many ways can a team of 3 boys and 3 girls be selected from 5 boys and 4 girls?
2. Find the number of ways of selecting 9 balls from 6 red balls, 5 white balls and 5 blue
balls if each selection consists of 3 balls of each colour.
3. In how many ways can one select a cricket team of eleven from 17 players in which only
5 players can bowl if each cricket team of 11 must include exactly 4 bowlers?
26
Chapter 8
BINOMIAL THEOREM
Binomial theorm for any positive integer n
* (a + b)n = an +n C1 an−1 b +n C2 an−2 b2 + . . . + bn
* (a − b)n = an −n C1 an−1 b +n C2 an−2 b2 − . . . + (−1)n bn

1. a) Number of terms in the expansion of (a + b)9 is . . .
Answer:- 10
6
1
b) Expand x + using Binomial theorem.
x
Answer:-
6 2 3 4
1 6 6 51 6 4 1 6 3 1 6 2 1
b) x + = x + C1 x + C2 x + C3 x + C4 x
x x x x x
5 6
1 1
+6 C5 x +
x x
15 6 1
= x6 + 6x5 + 15x2 + 20 + 2 + 4 + 6
x x x
4
3
2. Expand x2 −
x
Answer:-
4 2 3 4
2 3 2 4 4 2 3 3 4 2 2 3 4 2 3 3
x − = (x ) − C1 (x ) + C2 (x ) − C3 (x ) +
x x x x x
3 9 27 81
= x8 − 4x6 + 6x4 2 − 4x2 3 + 4
x x x x
108 81
= x8 − 12x5 + 54x2 − + 4
x x
3. Expand (101)4
Answer:-
(101)4 = (100 + 1)4

= (100)4 +4 C1 (100)3 +4 C2 (100)2 +4 C3 (100) + 1
= (100)4 + 4(100)3 + 6(100)2 + 4(100) + 1
= 100000000 + 4 × 1000000 + 6 × 10000 + 400 + 1
= 104060401
27
4. Expand (x + 2)6
Answer:-
(x + 2)6 = x6 +6 C1 x5 .2 +6 C2 x4 (2)2 +6 C3 x3 (2)3 +6 C4 x2 (2)4 +6 C5 x(2)5 + (2)6

= x6 + 12x5 + 60x4 + 160x3 + 240x2 + 192x + 64
5. Find √ √ 4 √ √ 4
a)(a + b)4 − (a − b)4 b)Hence evaluate 3+ 2 − 3− 2
Answer:-
a)
(a + b)4 − (a − b)4 =(a4 +4 C1 a3 b +4 C2 a2 b2 +4 C3 ab3 + b4 )

−(a4 −4 C1 a3 b +4 C2 a2 b2 −4 C3 ab3 + b4 )
=8a3 b + 8ab3
=8ab(a2 + b2 )
√ √
b) Put a = 3 b= 2
√ √ 4 √ √ 4 √ √ √ 2 √ 2 √ √
3+ 2 − 3 − 2 = 8 3 2( 3 + 2 ) = 8 6 × 5 = 40 6
Practice Problems
1. Expand (2x − 3)6
2. Find (98)5 using binomial theorem

6
2 x
3. Expand − using Binomial theorem.
x 2
√ √
4. Find (x + 1)6 + (x − 1)6 . Hence evaluate ( 2 + 1)6 − ( 2 − 1)6
28
Chapter 9
SEQUENCE AND SERIES
Series
Let a1 ,a2 ,...,an be a given sequence. Then the expression a1 + a2 + ... + an +... is called
the series associated with the given sequence.
1. Write the five terms in the sequence an = 2n + 5

Answer:-
a1 = 2 × 1 + 5 = 7
a2 = 2 × 2 + 5 = 9
a3 = 2 × 3 + 5 = 11
a4 = 2 × 4 + 5 = 13
2. Write the 20th term of the sequence an = (n − 1)(2 − n)(3 + n)
a20 = (20 − 1)(2 − 20)(3 + 20)
= 19 × −18 × 23
= −7866
Practice Problems
1. Write the first five terms of each of the sequences in Exercises (i) to (iii) whose nth terms
are:
n 2n − 3
(i) an = n(n + 2) (ii) an = (iii) an =
n+1 6
2. Find the terms a17 , a24 in the sequence whose nth term is given by an = 4n − 3
n2
3. Find the terms a1 , a2 , a3 in the sequence whose nth term is given by an =
2n
Geometric Progression (G P)
A sequence a, ar, ar2 , ar3 , ... is called a G P (a is called first term, r is called common
ratio of GP)
General term or nth term of a G P = an = arn−1 .
Sum to n terms of G P
Let Sn denotes sum to first n terms of a G P. Then
1 − rn
n
r −1
Sn = a or Sn =
1−r r−1
29
1. Find the 10th and nth terms of the G P 5, 25, 125, . . .

Answer:-
a = 5, r = 5
10th term, a10 = ar9 = 5 × 59 = 510
nth term, an = arn−1 = 5 × 5n−1 = 5n
2. Find the sum of n terms and the sum of first 5 terms of the geometric series
2 4
1 + + + ... Answer:-
3 9
2
a = 1, r =
3 n
2
n 1− n
a(1 − r ) 3 2
Sn = = =3 1−
1−r 2 3
1−
" 5 # 3
2 211 211
S5 = 3 1 − =3× =
3 243 81
3. Find the sum of the sequence 7,77,777,7777,... to n terms.
Sn = 7 + 77 + 777 + 7777 + ...nterms

7
= [9 + 99 + 999 + 9999 + ...nterms]
9
7
= [(10 − 1) + (102 − 1) + (103 − 1) + (104 − 1) + ...nterms]
9
7
= [(10 + 102 + 103 + ...n terms) − (1 + 1 + 1 + ...n terms)]
9
7 10(10n − 1) 7 10(10n − 1)

= −n = −n
9 10 − 1 9 9
4. Insert three numbers between 1 and 256 so that the resulting sequence is a G P
Let x1 , x2 , x3 be three numbers between 1 and 256 so that 1, x1 , x2 , x3 ,256 sequence is a
GP
Then first term a = 1 and 5th term = ar4 = 256⇒ r4 =256⇒ r = 4
Three numbers are
∴ x1 = ar = 1 × 4 = 4
x2 = ar2 = 1 × 22 = 16
x3 = ar3 = 1 × 23 = 64
Hence, we can insert 4, 16, 64 between 1 and 256 so that the resulting sequences are in
G.P.
Practice Problems
1. Find 20th term and nth term of the G P 2,8,32,...
2. Find the sum of the sequence 8,88,888,...
3. In a G P, the 3rd term is 24 and the 6th term is 192.Find the 10 th term.
30
Chapter 10
STRAIGHT LINES
Important POINTS to Note
∗ Slope (m)
(i) If θ is the inclination of the line , then slope ,m = tan θ

y2 − y1
(ii) If (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) are points on a line , then slope , m = or
x2 − x1
y1 − y2
x1 − x2
∗ Condition for Parallelism and Perpendicularity
If L1 and L2 are two lines with slopes m1 and m2 , then
(i) L1 k L2 =⇒ m1 = m2
(ii) L1 ⊥ L2 =⇒ m1 m2 = −1
∗ Angle between Two Lines

If L1 and L2 are two lines with slopes m1 and m2 , and if θ be the angle between
m2 − m1
them , then, tan θ =
1 + m1 m2
∗ The distance of a point from a line
Distance of a point (x1 , y1 ) from the line ax + by + c = 0 is ,

ax1 + by1 + c
d = √
a2 + b2
∗ Equations of line
No Form of Line Equation

i Slope Point Form (y − y1 ) = m(x − x1 )
y − y1 x − x1
ii Two Point Form =
y2 − y1 x2 − x1
x y
iii Intercept Form + =1
a b
31
1. Find the slope of the line

(a) making inclination of 60◦ with the positive direction of X axis
(b) passing through the points (3, −3) and (−1, 4)

Answer:-
√
(a) m = tan θ = tan(60◦ ) = 3
y2 − y1 4 − (−3) 7 −7
(b) m = = = =
x2 − x1 −1 − 3 −4 4
2. Line through the points (−2, 6) and (4, 8) is perpendicular to the line through the points
(8, 12) and (x, 24) , Find the value of x.
Answer:-
L1 : Line passes through (−2, 6) and (4, 8) with slope = m1
L2 : Line passes through (8, 12) and (x, 24) with slope = m2
y2 − y1 8−6 2 1
m1 = = = =
x2 − x 1 4 − −2 6 3
y2 − y1 24 − 12 12
m2 = = =
x2 − x1 x−8 x−8
L1 ⊥ L2 =⇒ m1 m2 = −1

1 12
=⇒ = −1
3 x−8
=⇒ 3x − 24 = −12
=⇒ 3x = 12
=⇒ x = 4.
π 1
3. If the angle between two lines is and slope of one the lines is , find the slope of the
4 2
other line.
Answer:-
m2 − m1
tan θ =
1 + m1 m2
1 π
Let m1 = , m2 = m and θ =
2 4
1

−

π m
tan = 2
4 1
1 + m

2
1
m− π
2 = ±1 (tan = 1)
1 4
1+ m
2
32
1
1 m−
m− 2 = −1
2 =1 1
1 1+ m
1+ m 2
2 1 m
1 m m− =− 1+
m− =1+ 2 2
2 2 2m − 1 = −2 − m
2m − 1 = 2 + m 3m = −1
m=3 −1
m=
3
4. Find the equation of the line passing through (−2, 3) with slope −4
Answer:-
y − 3 = −4(x − (−2))
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
y − 3 = −4x − 8
(x1 , y1 ) = (−2, 3)
4x + y = −5
m = −4
4x + y + 5 = 0
5. Find the equation of the line through the points (1, −1) and (3, 5) .
Answer:-
5 − (−1) y2 − y1
y − (−1) = (x − 1) y − y1 = (x − x1 )
3−1 x2 − x1
y + 1 = 3(x − 1) (x1 , y1 ) = (1, −1)
−3x + y + 4 = 0 (x2 , y2 ) = (3, 5)
6. Find the distance of the point (3, −5) from the line 3x − 4y − 36 = 0.
Answer:-
Given line , 3x − 4y − 36 = 0 =⇒ A = 3, B = −4, C = −36
(x1 , y1 ) = (3, −5)

Ax1 + By1 + C 3x3 + (−4)(−5) + (−36)
d = √ = p
A2 + B 2 32 + (−4)2

9 + 20 − 36
= √
9 + 16

−7 7
= =
5 5
Practice Problems:-
1 Find the slope of the line passing through the points (3, −2) and (7, −2).
1
2 Find the equation of the line passing through the point (−4, 3) with slope .
2
3 Find the equation of the line passing through the points (−1, 1) and (2, −4) .
4. By using the concept of equation of a line , prove that the three points(3, 0), (−2, −2)
and (8, 2) are collinear
33
Chapter 11
CONIC SECTIONS
Standard equation of circle is (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2 , where (h,k) is centre and r is
radius

1. Find the equation of the circle with centre (−3, 2) and radius 4.
Answer:-
Here h = −3, k = 2, r = 4
Equation is;
(x − −3)2 + (y − 2)2 = 42
(x + 3)2 + (y − 2)2 = 16
2. Find the centre and radius of the circle x2 + y 2 + 8x + 10y − 8 = 0

Answer:-
x2 + y 2 + 8x + 10y = 8
x2 + 8x + 16 + y 2 + 10y + 25 = 8 + 16 + 25
(x + 4)2 + (y + 5)2 = 49
h = −4, k = −5, r = 7
centre=(−4, −5), Radius=7
Practice Problems
1. Find the equation of circle with

a) Centre (0,2) and radius 2√
b) Centre (1,1) and radius 2
2. Find the centre and radius of the circles

a) (x + 5)2 + (y − 3)2 = 36
b) x2 + y 2 − 4x − 8y − 45 = 0
Parabola
A parabola is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed line
and a fixed point on the plane
34
∗ y 2 = 4ax
Focus=(a,0)
Directrix, x = −a
Length of Latus rectum = 4a
Axis of parabola- X axis
∗ y 2 = −4ax
Focus=(−a,0)
Directrix, x = a
Axis of parabola- X axis
∗ x2 = 4ay
Focus=(0,a)
Directrix, y =-a
Axis of parabola- Y axis
∗ x2 = −4ay
Focus=(0,−a)
Directrix, y = a
Axis of parabola- Y axis
35
1. Find the co-ordinates of the focus, axis, equation of the directrix and length of latus
rectum of the parabola y 2 = 8x
Answer:-
Comparing the given equation with y 2 = 4ax
4a = 8 ⇒ a = 2
Focus=(2,0)
Directrix, x = −2
Length of Latus rectum = 4a =4 × 2 = 8
Axis of parabola- x axis
2. Find the equation of the parabola with focus (2,0) and directrix, x = −2
Answer:-
Since the focus (2,0) lies on the X-axis, itself is the axis of the parabola.
Equation of parabola is of the form y 2 = 4ax where a = 2
y 2 = 4ax ⇒ y 2 = 4 × 2 × x
⇒ y 2 = 8x
Practice Problems
1. Find the co-ordinates of the focus, axis of the parabola, the equation of the directrix and
length of the latus rectum
a)y 2 = 12x b)x2 = −9y c)y 2 = −8x d)x2 = 6y
2. Find the equation of the parabola that satisfies the given condition
a) Focus(6,0); directrix, x=-6
b) Focus(3,0); vertices (0,0)
Ellipse
An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane the sum of whose distance from two
fixed points in the plane is a constant.
The two fixed points are called the foci of the ellipse
∗ The mid point of the line segment joining the foci is called the centre of the ellipse
∗ The line segment through the foci is called major axis and the line segment through
centre and perpendicular to major axis is called minor axis of the ellipse
∗ The end points of the major axis are called vertices of the ellipse
∗ Length of major axis is 2a
∗ Length of minor axis is 2b
∗ The distance between the foci is 2c
∗ Relation between a,b and c
a2 = b2 + c2
36
x2 y 2
∗ 2 + 2 =1
a b
Focus=(±c, 0)
vertices =(±a, 0)
Length of major axis = 2a
Length of minor axis =2b
c
eccentricity =
a
2b2
Length of Latus rectum =
a
x2 y 2
∗ + 2 =1
b2 a
Focus=(0,±c)
vertices =(0,±a)
Length of major axis = 2a
Length of minor axis =2b
c
eccentricity =
a
2b2
a
1. Find the co-ordinates of the foci, the vertices, the length of major axis, length of minor
axis , eccentricity and length of latus rectum of the ellipse
x2 y 2
(a) + =1
25 9
Answer:- √ √ √
Here a2 = 25 ⇒ a = 5, b2 = 9 ⇒ b = 3 , c= a2 − b2 = 25 − 9 = 16 = 4
∗ foci=(4,0) and (-4,0)
∗ vertices (5,0) and (-5,0)
c 4
∗ eccentricity e = =
a 5
∗ Length of major axis 2a = 10
Length of minor axis 2b=6
2b2 2 × 32 18
∗ Length of latus rectum = = =
a 5 5
2 2
x y
(b) + =1
4 9
Answer:- √ √ √
Here a2 = 9 ⇒ a = 3, b2 = 4 ⇒ b = 2 , c= a2 − b2 = 9 − 4 = 5
√ √
∗ foci=(0, 5) and (0,- 5)
∗ vertices (0,3) and (0,-3)
√
c 5
∗ eccentricity e = =
a 3
37
∗ Length of major axis 2a = 6

Length of minor axis 2b=4
2b2 2 × 22 8
∗ Length of latus rectum = = =
a 3 3
(2) Find the equation of ellipse,with major axis 20 and foci (0,±5)
Answer:-
√ Length of√major axis is√2a=20 ⇒ a=10 ,c=5
Here
b= a2 − c2 = 102 − 52 = 75
Equation of the ellipse is
x2 y2
+ =1
75 100
Practice Problems
(1) Find the coordinates of the foci and the vertices,the eccentricity the length of latus rec-
tum of the ellipse
x2 y 2
(a) + =1
16 9
x2 y2
(a) + =1
25 100
(b) 16x2 + y 2 = 16
Hyperbola
A hyperbola is a set of all points in a plane the difference of whose distance from
two fixed points in the plane is a constant.
The two fixed points are called the foci of the hyperbola
∗ The mid point of the line segment joining the foci is called the centre of the hyper-
bola
∗ The line segment through the foci is called transverse axis and the line segment
through centre and perpendicular to transverse axis is called conjugate axis of the
hyperbola
∗ The end points of the transverse axis are called vertices of the hyperbola
∗ Length of transverse axis is 2a
∗ Length of conjugate axis is 2b
∗ The distance between the foci is 2c
∗ Relation between a,b and c
c2 = a2 + b 2
38
x2 y 2
∗ 2 − 2 =1
a b
Focus=(±c, 0)
vertices =(±a, 0)
Length of transverse axis = 2a
Length of conjugate axis =2b
c
eccentricity =
a
2b2
a
y 2 x2
∗ − 2 =1
a2 b
Focus=(0,±c)
vertices =(0,±a)
Length of transverse axis = 2a
Length of conjugate axis =2b
c
eccentricity =
a
2b2
a
(1) Find the coordinates of the foci and the vertices,the eccentricity the length of latus rectum
of the hyperbola
x2 y 2
(a) − =1
9 16 √ √
a=3: b=4: c= a2 + b2 = 9 + 16 = 5
foci (±5, 0)
vertices (±3, 0)
c 5
Eccentricity e= =
a 3
2b2 32
Length of latus rectum = =
a 3
(b) y 2 − 16x2 = 16
y 2 x2
− =1
16 1 √ √ √
a=4,b=1,c=√ a2 + b2 + 16 + 1 = 17
foci (0,± 17)
vertices (0, ±4) √
c 17
Eccentricity e= =
a 4
2b2 1
Length of latus rectum = =
a 2
39
Practice Problems
(1) Find the coordinates of the foci and the vertices,the eccentricity the length of latus rec-
tum of the hyperbola
x2 y 2
(a) − =1
16 9
y 2 x2
b) − =1
9 25
40
Chapter 12
INTRODUCTION TO THREE
DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
• Three mutually perpendicular planes divide the entire space into eight parts called
the octants , namely , I, II, III, IV, V, V I, V II, V III
Co-ordinates I II III IV V VI VII VIII

x + - - + + - - +
y + + - - + + - -
z + + + + - - - -
Position of Point Nature of Point Position of Point Nature of Point

X axis (x, 0, 0) XY Plane (x, y, 0)
Y axis (0, y, 0) Y Z Plane (0, y, z)
Z axis (0, 0, z) XZ Plane (x, 0, z)
• Distance between two points
The distance between two points A(x1 , y1 , z1 ) and B(x2 , y2 , z2 ) in space is given by,
q
AB = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2
1. The plane formed by X axis and Y axis together is .............

(Ans : XY Plane)
2. The co-ordinates of any point on XZ plane are of the form .............

(Ans: (x, 0, z) )
3. The Z co-ordinate of any point on XY plane is ..........

(Ans : 0 )
4. Which of the following points lies in the fifth octant ?

(i) (2, 3, −4) (ii) (−2, 3, −4) (iii) (2, −3, 4) (iv) (2, −3, −4)
(Ans : (i) (2, 3, −4)
41
5. Find the distance between the points P (2, −5, 7) and Q(5, 3, 2) .
p
PQ = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2
p
= (5 − 2)2 + (3 − (−5))2 + (2 − 7)2
√
= 9 + 64 + 25
√
= 98.
6. Show that the points P (−2, 3, 5) Q(1, 2, 3) and R(7, 0, −1) are collinear.
p √ √
PQ = (1 − (−2))2 + (2 − 3)2 + (3 − 5)2 = 9 + 1 + 4 = 14.
p √ √ √
QR = (7 − 1)2 + (0 − 2)2 + (−1 − 3)2 = 36 + 4 + 16 = 56 = 2 14
p √ √ √
P R = (7 − (−2))2 + (0 − 3)2 + (−1 − 5)2 = 81 + 9 + 36 = 126 = 3 14
√ √ √
14 + 2 14 = 3 14
P Q + QR = P R
Hence P , Q and R are collinear.
7. Show that the points A(0, 7, 10) , B(−1, 6, 6) and C(−4, 9, 6) are the vertices of right
angled triangle.
p √ √
AB = (−1 − 0)2 + (6 − 7)2 + (6 − 10)2 = 1 + 1 + 16 = 18
p √ √
BC = (−4 + 1))2 + (9 − 6)2 + (6 − 6)2 = 9+9+0 = 18
p √ √
AC = (−4 − 0)2 + (9 − 7)2 + (6 − 10)2 = 16 + 4 + 16 = 36
√ √
AB 2 + BC 2 = ( 18)2 + ( 18)2
= 18 + 18
= 18 + 18
= 36
= AC 2
AB 2 + BC 2 = AC 2
Hence A, B, C form the vertices of a right angled triangle.
Practice Problems
1. Verify that A(2, 3, 4) B(−1, 2, −3) and C(−4, 1, −10) are collinear.
2. Verify that (0, 7, −10) (1, 6, −6) and (−4, 9, 6) are vertices of an isosceles triangle.
42
Chapter 13
LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES
LIMITS
∗ For a polynomial function f(x)

lim f (x) = f (a)
x→a

sinx
∗ lim =1
x→0 x
x n − an

∗ For any positive integer n, lim = nan−1
x→a x−a
sin(5x)
3 2 (2) Find lim
(1) Find lim (2x − 3x + 1) x→0 x
x→1
sin(5x) sin(5x)
lim (2x3 − 3x2 + 1) = 2 × 13 − 3 × 12 + 1 lim = lim ×5
x→1 x→0 x x→0 5x
=2−3+1=0 =5×1=5
4x + 3 sin(4x)
(3) Find lim (4) Find lim
x→4 x − 2 x→0 sin(2x)
4x + 3 4×4+3 sin(4x)
lim = lim × 4x
x→4 x − 2 4−2 sin(4x)
16 + 3 lim = x→0 4x
= x→0 sin(2x) sin(2x)
2 lim × 2x
x→0 2x
19 4
= = =2
2 2
x5 − 32 x3 − 1
(5) Find lim (6)Find lim
x→2 x − 2 x→1 x − 1
Answer:- Answer:-
x5 − 32 x5 − 25 x3 − 1 x3 − 13
lim = lim lim = lim
x→2 x − 2 x→2 x − 2 x→1 x − 1 x→1 x − 1
= 5 × 25−1 = 3 × 13−1
= 5 × 24 = 80 =3×1=3
43
Practice Problems
1. Find lim (2x2 − 4x + 8) x4 − 81

x→−2 4. Find lim
x→3 x − 3
x2 − 5x + 6 x5 − 32
2. Find lim 5. Find lim
x→3 x−3 x→2 x3 − 8
sin(10x) sin(4x)
3. Find lim 6. Find lim
x→0 sin(8x) x→0 2x
Derivatives
* Derivative of a function using first principle method

The derivative of a real valued function f(x) at x is given by
f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim (provided limit exists)
h→0 h
d d
∗ (c) = 0 where ’c’ is a constant . ∗ (sin x) = cos x
dx dx
d n d
∗ (x ) = nxn−1 ∗ (cos x) = − sin x
dx dx
∗ Product Rule :-
d d d
(f (x)g(x)) = f (x) · (g(x)) + g(x) · (f (x))
dx dx dx
∗ Quotient Rule :-
d d
d

f (x)
g(x) · (f (x)) − f (x) · (g(x))
= dx dx
dx g(x) (g(x))2
1. Find derivative of sin x with respect to x , by first principle
f (x) = sin x
f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
x + h + x) x+h−x
2 cos sin
sin(x + h) − sin x 2 2
= lim = lim
h→0 h h→0
h
(2x + h) h h h
2 cos ) sin 2 cos(x + ) sin( )
2 2 2 2
= lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
h h h
cos(x + ) sin sin
2 2 h 2
= lim = lim cos(x + ) lim = cos x × 1
h→0 h h→0 2 h→0 h
2 2
= cos(x)
44
2. Find the derivative of f (x) = 3x5 + 2x + 5 sin x − 3 cos x + 8
f (x) = 3x5 + 2x + 5 sin x − 3 cos x + 8

d
f 0 (x) = (3x5 + 2x + 5 sin x − 3 cos x + 8)
dx
d d d d d
= 3 x5 + 2 (x) + 5 (sin x) − 3 (cos x) + (8)
dx dx dx dx dx
= 3 × 5x4 + 2 + 5 cos x + 3 sin x
= 15x4 + 5 cos x + 3 sin x + 2
3. Find derivative of sin x cos x with respect to x

d d d
(sin x cos x) = sin x cos x + cos x sin x
dx dx dx
= sin x × − sin x + cos x × cos x
= cos2 x − sin2 x
= cos 2x
x2 + 5
4. Find the derivative of
sin x
d 2 d
d

x2 + 5
sin x × (x + 5) − (x2 + 5) × sin x
= dx dx
dx sinx sin2 x
sin x × (2x + 0) − (x2 + 5) × cos x
=
sin2 x
2
2x sin x − x cos x − 5cosx
=
sin2 x
Practice Problems
1. Find derivative of cos x with respect to x by first principle.
2. Find derivative of tan x with respect to x by first principle.
3. Find f 0 (x) if f (x) = 5x10 − 8x5 + 3x2 − 8
4. Find derivative of
(i) x3 cosx x+1

(ii)
x−1
45
Chapter 15
STATISTICS
Mean,Variance and Standard Deviation
For ungrouped data: For grouped data:

Σxi Σfi xi
∗ Mean x= ∗ Mean x=
n N
Σx2i Σfi x2i
∗ Variance σ = 2
− x2 ∗ Variance σ 2 = − x2
n N
∗ Standard
√ Deviation ∗ Standard
√ Deviation
σ = V ariance σ = V ariance
(a) Find mean , variance and standard deviation for the following data 5, 8, 9, 12, 16
Answer:-
xi x2i
5 25
8 64
9 81
12 144
P 16 P 256
xi = 50 x2i = 570
P
xi 50
Here n=5 , mean ,x = = = 10
P 2 n 5
xi 570
Vaiance = σ 2 = − x2 = − 102 = 114 − 100 = 14
n √ 5 √
standard deviation = variance = 14 = 3.74
(b) Consider the following data
xi 3 8 13 18 23
fi 7 10 15 10 6
i) Find mean
ii)Find variance and Standard deviation
Answer:-
46
xi fi f i xi x2i fi x2i
3 7 21 9 63
8 10 80 64 640
13 15 195 169 2535
18 10 180 324 3240
23 6 138 529 3174
N=48 Σfi xi =614 Σfi x2i =9652
P
fi x i
i)Mean = x = N P
= 614 48
= 12.79
fi x2i
ii)Variance= σ = N − x2 = 9652
2
48
− (12.79)2 = 37.496
iii)Standard deviation=σ = 6.12
(c) Calculate mean , variance and standard deviation for the following frequenvcy dis-
tribution
Classes 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

F requency 5 8 15 16 6
Answer:-
xi fi Mid point xi f i xi x2i fi x2i

0-10 5 5 25 25 125
10-20 8 15 120 225 1800
20-30 15 25 375 625 9375
30-40 16 35 560 1225 19600
40-50 6 45 P 270 2025 P 12150
N = 50 fi xi = 1350 fi x2i = 43050
P
fi x i
x= N
= 1350
50
= 27
fi x2i
P
σ2 = − x = 43050
2
− (27)2 = 861 − 729 = 132
N √ 50 √
∴ SD = σ = V ariance = 132 = 11.49
Practice Problems
(a) Find Mean ,variance and standartd deviation for the following data
i) 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 4, 8, 12
ii) 6, 8, 12, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24
(b) Find Mean ,variance and standartd deviation for the following data
xi 4 8 11 17 20 24 32
fi 3 5 9 5 4 3 1
(c) Calculate mean , variance and standard deviation for the following frequency distri-
bution
Classes 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100

F requency 3 7 12 15 8 3 2
47
Chapter 16
PROBABILITY
Event
∗ Any subset of a sample space of a random experiment is called an event.

If A is an event
∗ Event not A : A0 or S − A
∗ Event A or B : A∪B
∗ Event A and B : A∩B
∗ Event A but not B : A−B

no. of elements of A n(A)
∗ P(A) = =
no.of elements of S n(S)
∗ P(A ∪ B) =P(A)+P(B)−P(A∩B)
∗ If A and B are mutually excusive,

P(A ∪ B)=P(A) + P(B)
∗ P(not A) = P(A)0 = 1−P(A)
(1) Describe the sample space of the following random experiments
(i) A coin is tossed two times

(ii) A die is thrown two times
(iii) A coin is tossed three times
Answers:-
(i) S={HH,HT,TH,TT}
(ii) S={(1,1),(1,2),(1,3). . . ,(6,6)}
(iii) S={HHH,HHT,HTH,THH,TTH,THT,HTT,TTT}
(2) A die is thrown .Describe the following events
(i) A : a number less than 4

(ii) B : a multiple of 3
(iii) C : a number not less than 3
48
Also find A ∪ B, A ∩ B, B ∪ C and A − B

Answers:
Sample space S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
(i) A={1,2,3}
(iii) B={3,6}
(iii) C={3,4,5,6}
A ∪ B={1,2,3,6}
A ∩ B = {3}
B ∪ C = {3,4,5,6}
A − B = {1,2}
(3) A coin is tossed twice.What is the probability that atleast one tail occurs
Answer:
Sample space S = {HH,HT,TH,TT}
Let A : atleast one tail occurs
A={HT,TH,TT}
n(A) 3
∴ P(A) = =
n(S) 4
1 1 1
(4) IF P(A) = ,P(B) = ,P(A∩ B) = ,find P(A∪ B)
3 5 15
Answer:
P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B)
1 1 1
= + −
3 5 15
5+3 1
= −
15 15
8 1
= −
15 15
7
=
15
(5) A and B are events such that P(A) =0.42,P(B) = 0.48 and P(A and B) =0.16.Determine
(i) P(A or B) (iii) P(not B)

(ii) P(not A) (iv) P(not A and not B)
Answer:
P(A) =0.42,P(B) = 0.48 and P(A and B) =0.16
(i)
P (A or B) = P (A ∪ B)
= P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B)
= 0.42 + 0.48 − 0.16
= 0.9 − 0.16
= 0.74
49
(ii) P(not A)=1−P(A) = 1−0.42 =0.58
(iii) P(not B)=1−P(B) = 1−0.48 =0.52

(iv)
P ( not A and not B ) = P (A0 ∩ B 0 )

= P ((A ∪ B)0 )
= 1 − P (A ∪ B)
= 1 − 0.74
= 0.26
3 1
(6) Given P(A) = and P(B) = .Find P(A or B) if A and B are mutually exclusive events .
5 5
Answer:
3 1 4
Since A and B are mutually exclusive,P(A ∪ B) = P(A)+P(B) = + =
5 5 5
Practice Problems
1. If P(E)=0.35,P(A∩ B) =0.25 and P(A∪B) = 0.6,find P(B)

1 1 1
2. If E and F are events such that P(E)= ,P(F)= and P(E and F) = ,find
4 2 8
(i) P(E or F)
(ii) P(not E and not F)
2
3. If is the probabiity of an event ,what is the probabibility of the event ‘not A ’.
11
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗∗
50

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Dear Teachers and Students,

This is a concerted endeavour by a team of Mathematics teachers from Kannur

SMILE Mathematics Team

SMILE Mathematics Team, Kannur

2 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 10

7 PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS 21

9 SEQUENCE AND SERIES 29

12 INTRODUCTION TO THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 41

13 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES 43

∗ A set is a well defined collection of objects

• Set of triangles in a plane

• Set of circles centered at origin

• Set of vowels in English alphabet.

We can call these collection of numbers as sets

∗ N : Set of Natural numbers

Questions and Answers

1. Write the following sets in roster form

a. A={x : x is a natural number less than 5}

2. Write the following sets in Set builder form

1. Write the following sets in roster form.

(i) {P,R,I,N,C,A,L} (a) {x:x is a prime number and a divisor of 6}

∗ The empty set

∗ Finite and Infinite Sets

• φ is a subset of every set,φ ⊂ A

• Every set is a subset of itself,A⊂ A

• If A ⊂ B and A 6= B,then A is called proper subset of B and B is called

• If a set A has n elements then number of subsets of A is 2n

• If a set A has n elements then number of proper subsets of A is 2n − 1

∗ Intervals as subsets of set of Real numbers R

(a,b)={x : a < x < b}

Questions and Answers

1. Let A={1,2,3}.Write all subsets of A

2. Write the following sets in setbuilder form

∗ (A∪B)0 =A0 ∩ B0 ∗ (A∩B)0 =A0 ∪ B0

Questions and Answers

1. A and B are two sets such that A⊂ B ,then A∪B is

iii Null set iv {φ}

2. Let A ={1,2,3,4} and B={3,4,5,6}. Find

(i) A ∪ B (ii) A ∩ B (iii) A − B

3. Let U={1,2,3,4,5,6},A ={2,3},B={3,4,5}.Find

1. Let A ={3,5,7,9} and B ={2,4,6,7}Find

(i) A ∪ B (ii) A ∩ B (iii) A − B

2. Let U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8},A ={2,4,6,8},B={2,4,8}.Find

(i) A0 (ii) B0 (iii) A∪ B

and hence show that (A∪B)0 =A0 ∩ B0

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Cartesian Product of two sets

∗ Cartesian product of the sets A and B is A × B ={(x,y):x ∈ A,y ∈ B}

Questions and Answers

1. If (x+ 1, y − 2) = (3,1), find the values of x and y

2. If A = {1,2} and B ={3,4} Find A× B

(3) If P = {6, 7} and Q= {1,3, 5}, find P × Q and Q × P

∗ Every relation from A to B is a subset of A× B

Questions and Answers

1. Let A = {1,2} and B = {3,4}, Find the number of relations from A to B

2. Let A = {1,2,3,4,5,6} . Define a relation R from A to A by R = {(x, y):y = x + 1 }

(a) Depict the relation using an arrow diagram

(a) Arrow diagram

(b) Domain of R={1,2,3,4,5} Codomain = A

(i) Write R in roster form

∗ A function f : A → B is a relation in which each element of A has one and only

Questions and Answers