AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES

IN THE NOVEL ADVENTURE OF TOM SAWYER BY MARK TWAIN

Novia Asriyani

105026000948

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”

JAKARTA

2010
 AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES

IN THE NOVEL ADVENTURE OF TOM SAWYER BY MARK TWAIN

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Strata One

Novia Asriyani

105026000948

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”

JAKARTA

2010
 APPROVEMENT

AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES IN THE NOVEL

ADVENTURE OF TOM SAWYER BY MARK TWAIN

A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Strata One

NOVIA ASRIYANI
105026000948

Approved by:
Supervisor

Dr. Frans Sayogie, MPd.

Reg. 19700310 200003 1 002

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”
JAKARTA
2010
 LEGALIZATION OF EXAMINATION BOARD

A thesis entitled “An Analysis of Translation Procedures in the Novel

Adventure of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain” has been defended before the Letters
and Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee on….. The thesis has already
been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Strata
One.

Jakarta,
 ABSTRACT

Novia Asriyani. An Analysis of Translation Procedures in the Novel Adventure

of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain. Thesis. Jakarta: Letters and Humanities Faculty,
UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, 2010.

The thesis is aimed of finding out how the translation procedures are used
in the novel, how they are applied in the translation, whether using transposition,
modulation, adaptation or any kind of translation procedures, or whether the
structure of each sentence in the novel is appropriate to the procedures of
translation or not.

The writer analyzes the data using qualitative method. Firstly, the writer
reads the original novel and compares to its translation to find the data. Then she
looks up what the translation procedures are used in the data to analyze how the
translator applied the procedures. After that, she categorizes the data based on
each kind of translation procedure they are. Finally, if there is any incorrect or
mislead meaning in the translation, the writer looks up a reliable dictionary to
finds out whether the meaning is suitable or not

The writer concludes that the process of reforming source language to

target language using transposition procedure is first, the translator analyses the
SL words, in this case, those are verb, adjective and object. Secondly, he
determines which TL words that are equivalent with SL and he restructures the
verb into the form of passive verb in SL and put them forward. In this verb
transposition, the translator mostly changes the active verb into passive verb di-
and put them forward. The translator replaces the position of subject forward in
regular sentences of TL with the position of other units of sentences such as verb,
object and adjective without changing the essential meaning. It is causing
transposition. The writer also finds data of modulation. The translator analyses
what SL words or phrase refers to. Secondly, he changes the phrase or the words
become word or phrase that would be acceptable in TL’s based on point of view
of SL. In adaptation procedure, the translator much determines exclamation
procedures in SL to be translated into exclamation expression in TL. It is adapted
based on idiom that is equivalent with idiom which is usually used in TL.
 APPROVEMENT

AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES IN THE NOVEL

ADVENTURE OF TOM SAWYER BY MARK TWAIN

A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Strata One

NOVIA ASRIYANI
105026000948

Approved by:
Supervisor

Dr. Frans Sayogie, MPd.

Reg. 19700310 200003 1 002

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”
JAKARTA
2010
 LEGALIZATION

A thesis entitled “An Analysis of Translation Procedures in the Novel

Adventure of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain” has been defended before the Letters
and Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee on Monday, February 8th,
2010. The thesis has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of Strata One.

Jakarta, February 8th, 2010

Examination Committee

Signature Date

1. Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd. (Chair Person)

NIP. 19650919 200003 1 002 …………… ……………

2. Drs. A. Saefuddin, M. Pd. (Secretary)

NIP. 19640710 199303 1 006 …………… ……………

3. Dr. Frans Sayogie, M. Pd. (Advisor)

NIP. 19700310 200003 1 002 …………… ……………

4. Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M. Pd. (Examiner I)

NIP. 19650919 200003 1 002 …………… ……………

5. Drs. A. Saefuddin, M. Pd. (Examiner II)

NIP. 19640710 199303 1 006 …………… ……………
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the

award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher

learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Jakarta, January 2010

Novia Asriyani
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Alloh SWT, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.

All the praises be to Alloh SWT, the Sustainer of the worlds. The writer is

really sure that without His help and His Mercy this paper would not have been

completed. Peace and blessing be upon our prophet Muhammad SAW, His

family, His companion and all His followers in this earth.

This paper could not be completed without a great deal of help from many

people. The writer wants to thank to her beloved parents, Apa’ and Ibu, her only

one lovely brother, Aden F. M., who has dedicated their life, love, supports,

prayers and motivation to her. She also wants to thank Dr. Frans Sayogie, M. Pd.,

as her advisor who always guides and suggests her to make a good paper, from

beginning until the end.

The writer also wishes to say gratitude to the following persons:

1. Prof. Dr. Abdul Chaer, as the Dean of Faculty of Adab and Humanities,

State Islamic University “Syarif Hidayatullah” Jakarta.

2. Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M. Pd., the Head of English Letters Department,

and Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M. Pd. As the Secretary of English Letters

Department.

3. All lecturers of English Letters Department who have taught and educated

the writer during her study at State Islamic University “Syarif

Hidayatullah” Jakarta. All staff of Faculty of Adab and Humanities, staff

 of library Faculty of Adab and Humanities, staff of library State Islamic

University, staff of PKBB Atmajaya University.

4. The writer’s big family, her beloved grandparents, uncles, aunts, cousins,

nieces, and nephews, who always give her prayers, supports and

motivation.

5. All friends at English Letters Department especially in B class which

cannot be mentioned one by one. Our memories will never be forgotten.

6. All friends in Aisyah Al Khumaira STAN, especially Mba Dwika Yuni

and family, Kak Puput, Kak Tina, Kak Na, Tri, Debbi, Boni, Dhian, etc.

7. Tante Sirikit and family for helping her and her family in every single

problem.

To all neighbors, friends and persons who give their prayers, help and

support in writing this paper that could not be mentioned one by one. May Alloh

SWT always bless and protect them. Amin.

Tangerang, January 2010

Writer
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT
..............................................................................................................................
i

APPROVEMENT
..............................................................................................................................
ii

LEGALIZATION
..............................................................................................................................
iii

DECLARATION
..............................................................................................................................
iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
..............................................................................................................................
v

TABLE OF CONTENTS
..............................................................................................................................
vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1
A. Background of the study
1
 B. Focus of the study
4
C. Research question
4
D. Objectives of the study
4
E. Significance of the study
5
F. Research methodology
5

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

7
A. The Definition of Translation
......................................................................................
7
B. Kinds of Translation
......................................................................................
9
C. The Process of Translation
......................................................................................
10
D. The Principles of Translation
......................................................................................
12
E. The Procedures of Translation
......................................................................................
12
F. Translating the literary work
......................................................................................
18
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS
21
A. Data description ................................................................ 21
1. Transposition................................................................... 21
2. Modulation
.......................................................................................................
27
3. Adaptation
.......................................................................................................
32
B. Analysis
34

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions
.........................................................................................
37
B. Suggestions
38

BIBLIOGRAPHY
..............................................................................................................................
39

APPENDIX
..............................................................................................................................
41
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Translating activities nowadays continue to be more and more important

practices, especially in Indonesia, close to globalization era. Translation activity

has a large benefit in developing knowledge or science and international exchange

of culture. Translation is not only transformed one language to other, but also

must give right information in order the content of it can be conveyed well. In this

case, foreign literature influenced much toward Indonesian literature because they

are related to each other.

Nevertheless, translation activity is not always easy. Besides translating

language, the translator is also translating culture. Translation has a role to

transfer culture to other culture, with or without changing it. It means that if the

translator has to translate a word or a sentence which contains the cultural aspect

of a country, then they have to find its equivalence in the target language that is

suitable to the source language. In fact, many Indonesian translators who have

been proficient in English and familiar with various styles of English overlook

those aspects of translation works when the source language is English and the

target language is Bahasa Indonesia.

Translating activities have a large scope of various purposes. They need

not only high quality of knowledge in linguistics, but also involve the whole

aspects of communication, such as knowledge, culture, stylistic values etc.

Translators should realize that to be a professional one, they must be well

acquainted with all aspects of social life, besides being full of knowledge and

experience including translating activities.

In this thesis, the writer will discuss about translation in literary text. There

are some differences in translating literary text and non literary text. According to

Rachel Owens, since literary text are concerned with the world of the imagination

and are centered in human beings, sometimes reflected in their physical

characteristics and their natural and climatic backgrounds, whilst non literary text

describe the facts of reality, modified by human intelligence, the translator can not

take literary language of its “face” singular denotative value and has to bear

second often multiple connotative meaning in mine.1

As one of the literary texts, Adventure of Tom Sawyer still attracts many

novel readers. Besides it was written by one of the famous authors, Mark Twain, it

also has an interesting story about a boy named Tom Sawyer, who has some

adventures with his friends and has some problems to solve in his life.

Many countries have translated the novel into their own language,

including Indonesia. Indonesian edition of this novel is translated by Djokolelono

entitled Petualangan Tom Sawyer. The writer wants to know how the translation

procedures are used in the novel, how they are applied in the translation, whether

using transposition, modulation, adaptation or any kind of translation procedures,

or whether the structure of each sentence in the novel is appropriate to the

procedures of translation or not.

1
Rachel Owens, The Ttranslator’s handbook,. (London: The Association for Information
management. 1996) 3rd edition, p. 3
 The writer finds some examples of translation procedures application in

the novel translation page 21, “Showing off in Sunday school” translated into

Indonesian language, “Semangat di Sekolah Minggu”. In this translation, the

translator translated “Showing off” into “Semangat”. But if we read further to the

content of the chapter, the translator translated it into “jual tampang”. As in page

27, “Mr. Walters fell to ‘showing off’ with all sorts of official bustling and

activities, giving orders, delivering judgments, discharging directions here, there,

everywhere that he could find a target” translated into “Tuan Walters juga ‘jual

tampang’ dengan berbagai macam kesibukan, memberi perintah – perintah,

menentukan putusan, memberikan petunjuk di sana – sini dan di mana saja ia

bisa mendapat alasan untuk berbuat itu”.

The phrase showing off in Oxford dictionary means to try to impress

others by talking about your abilities, professions, etc. In Indonesian language,

showing off has its equivalent with sok pamer or tebar pesona. The point of view

of English people looked “showing off” is the same with Indonesian people looked

“tebar pesona”. They have the same sense or feel in those kinds of phrase. It is a

kind of translation procedures which called “Modulation”.

So the writer suggests that the phrase showing off is translated into Tebar

pesona. Therefore, the translation on page 21 will be “Tebar pesona di Sekolah

Minggu” and on page 27 will be “Tuan Walters juga tebar pesona dengan

berbagai macam kesibukan, memberi perintah – perintah…” It is because tebar

pesona will be easy to understand by the readers than semangat.

 For further analysis, the writer wants to do a research in the form of thesis

entitled “An Analysis of Translation Procedures in the novel Adventures of Tom

Sawyer by Mark Twain”.

B. The Focus of the Study

The writer focuses on kind of translation procedures that are used by the

translator and its application in the translation. It can be analyzed from the words,

sentences, or phrases in the translation whether it is used transposition,

modulation, adaptation or other translation procedures.

C. Research Question

Based on the explanation above, it is necessary to have the answer of these

questions below:

1. What sentences seem to be unnatural in the novel Petualangan Tom

Sawyer by Mark Twain?

2. How does the translator apply the translation procedures in the novel?

D. Objectives of the Study

The goal of the research is to discuss about translation procedures used in

the novel translation Petualangan Tom Sawyer and to discover what sentences

that seems to be unnatural in the translation. This research is also generally to add

more knowledge about translation procedures for students especially for English

letters students.
E. Significance of the Study

This research practically can motivate all students of English Letters

Department to analyze other aspects of translations in further research and

theoretically the significance of this thesis will help the students to enrich

knowledge about translation especially translation procedures.

F. Research Methodology

1. Method of the Study

The writer analyzes the data using qualitative method. She answers the

research questions by describing the problems in the research. She describes

the procedures of translation used and sentences that seem unnatural in the

novel.

2. Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis of this study is the novel Adventure of Tom Sawyer by

Mark Twain published by Bantam Classic Books New York in January 2004

and its translation Petualangan Tom Sawyer by Djokolelono published by PT.

Dunia Pustaka Jaya Jakarta in 2006.

3. The instruments

The instruments that are used in this research besides the original novel

and its translation are reference books from many sources that are related to

the research. The writer is also supported by other instruments; they are
articles, journals, internets and reliable dictionaries which are relevance with

the research.

4. The Technique for Data Analysis

Firstly, the writer reads the original novel and compares to its translation

to find the data. Then she looks up what the translation procedures are used in

the data to analyze how the translator applied the procedures. After that, she

categorizes the data based on each kind of translation procedure they are.

Finally, if there is any incorrect or mislead meaning in the translation, the

writer looks up a reliable dictionary to finds out whether the meaning is

suitable or not.
 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. The Definition of Translation

There are many definitions of translation. Most of all, translation is

described as an activity transferring source language (next called “SL”) form into

target language (next called “TL”). Translation is also the process of changing the

small units of language such as words, phrases, clauses, paragraphs and others

written or spoken into another language.

In Wikipedia, it is confronted that translation is an activity comprising the

interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language – source text - and the

production of a new, equivalent text in another language – called the target text, or

the translation.2

In the mean time, there are several definitions confronted by the expert

taken from many sources, such as:

1. Nida and Taber defined that translating consists in reproducing in the

receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language

message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.3

2. According to Catford, Translation is the replacement of a textual material

in one language by equivalent textual material in another language.4

2
http//:en.wikipedia.org, accessed on July 28th, 2009
3
Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation. (Leiden:
E. J. Brill. 1974), p.12
 3. Peter Newmark confronted that translation is a craft consisting in the

attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by

the same message and/or statement in another language.5

4. According to Larson, translation is basically a change of form. When we

speak of the form of a language, we are referring to the actual words,

phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraph, etc., which are spoken or written.

In translation the form of the receptor (target) language replaces the form

of the source languages.6

In translation seems that there are two important elements that are related

to each other, namely the content and the form. The content of a translation is

meaning or message, and the form is a language unit. In this case, it is emphasized

on meaning and its message, though the realization of retelling the message

obviously influenced by the language form. According to Newmark, translation is

concerned with moral and with factual truth.7

Based on Malmkjaer, “A translator has a set amount of time in which to

produce in a TL a text which must fulfill a specific purpose for a specific

readership in a specific spatiotemporal setting. This text, the Target Text (TT), has

to be based to a great extent on another text, the source text, which exists in a

4
J. C. Catford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation. (Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1965) p. 20
5
Peter Newmark, Approaches to Translation. (Oxford: Perganon Press. 1981), p. 7
6
Mildred L. Larson, Meaning Based on Translation: A Guide to Cross – language
Equivalent. (Lanham: University Press of America. 1984) p. 3
7
Peter Newmark, About Translation. (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. 1991) p. 1
language other than TL, the Source Language (SL), SL too has a specific purpose

to fulfill for a specific readership in a specific spatiotemporal setting, but the

purposes, readership and setting for the two texts are, of course, never the same.”8

It is stressing that translation is not more located in the form of the message, but in

the readers’ response towards translation product. The response of the target

language readers must be compared with the response of the source language

readers’ towards the message in that source language. The response of both

readers are possibly and relatively the same.

B. Kinds of Translation

People translate to reach many different purposes. Different purposes also

cause different kinds of translation. There are some kinds of translation, such:

a. Literal translation. Generally, literal translation focused on word or

expression in Source Language (SL), which have the same meaning within

Target Language.

b. Dynamic Translation. It consists of five elements: (1) reproduce message,

(2) the equivalent, (3) natural guidance (4) the closest guidance, (5)

meaning priority. This kind of translation avoids literal translation.

c. Semantic translation. This attempts to reader, as closely as the semantic

and syntactic structures of the second language allow the exact contextual

meaning of the original. Semantic translation remains within the original

8
Kirsten Malmkjaer. Translation and Language teaching. (Manchester: St. Jerome
Publishing. 1998) p. 7
 culture and assists the reader only in its connotations if they constitute the

essential human (non-ethnic) message of the text.9

d. Communicative translation. It attempts to produce on its readers an effect

as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.

Communicative translation addresses itself solely to the second reader,

who does not anticipate difficulties or obscurities, and would expect a

generous transfer of foreign elements into his own culture as well as his

language where necessary.10

e. Aesthetic translation. The translator has to weigh the claims of ‘meaning’

against ‘form’. In my own view, all ‘abstract’ work or art has a meaning,

which is sometimes more powerful than any of the more conventional

versions of meaning, and one has to make sense of an “abstraction”, if one

is to appreciate it.11

C. The Process of Translation

To translate a text, translator needs some process. Some experts classified

it to many kinds of process based on their understanding about it. Newmark

confronted that there are three basic translation processes:

1. The interpretation and analysis of the SL text

9
Peter Newmark (1981), op. cit. p. 39
10
Ibid. p. 39
11
Ibid. p.22
 2. The translation procedures, which may be direct, or on the basis of SL and

TL corresponding syntactic, or through an underlying logical

‘interlanguage’

3. The reformulation of the text in relation to the writer’s intention, the

readers’ expectation, the appropriate norms of the TL, etc. 12

While Nida and Taber described translation process as in diagram below:13

A (source) B (receptor)

Analysis Restructuring

X Transfer Y

The system of translation consists of a more elaborate procedure

comprising three stages:

(1) Analysis, in which the surface structure is analyzed in terms of the

grammatical relationship and the meanings of the words and combination of

words.

(2) Transfer, in which the analyzed materials is transferred in the mind of

the translator from language A to language B, and

(3) Restructuring, in which the transferred material is restructured in order

to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language.14

12
ibid. p. 144
13
Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber (1974) Op. cit., p. 33
14
Ibid.
D. The Principles of Translation

Translation has got some principles that confronted by the experts. The

principles below are proposed by Duff (1989: 10 – 11):

a. The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the original text

b. The ordering of the words and ideas in the translation should match the

original as closely as possible.15

E. The Procedures of Translation

There are some procedures of translation that exists. According to

Newmark, while translation methods relate to whole text, translation procedures

are used for sentences and the smaller units of language.16 Those translation

procedures are as follows:

1. Literal translation

Literal translation is the most important of the procedures. This is one-

to-one structural and conceptual correspondence. It can include borrowing and

word-for-word translation. This is a ‘coincidental’ procedure, used when the

SL term is transparent or semantically motivated and is in standardized

language. Based on Vinay and Darblenet, literal is the direct transfer of an SL

text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the

15
Choliludin S. Pd. The Technique of Making Idiomatic Translation. (Jakarta: Kesaint
Blanc. 2006) pp. 41 – 43
16
Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation (New York: Prentice Hall. 1988) op. cit. p.
81
 translator’s task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic

servitudes of the TL.17 For example: “President” is translated into “Presiden”.

2. Transposition

Transposition is one of the common procedures used in translation. It

is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL.

Transposition is the only translation procedures concerned with grammar and

most translators make transposition intuitively. Vinay and Darbelnet

confronted that transposition involves replacing one world class with another

without changing the meaning of the message. 18 According to Newmark,

transposition consists of four types of grammatical changes, those are:

a) Automatic transposition and offers the translator no choice. For

example there are two types of it. First, the change from plural to

singular, as ‘a pair of shorts” translated into ‘sebuah celana pendek’.

Second, in the position of the adjective, examples ‘beautiful dress’

translated into ‘gaun yang indah’ not ‘indah gaun’,

b) Transposition which is required when an SL grammatical structure

does not exist in the TL. For example

SL: Kelas itu harus kamu ambil.

TL: You should take that class.

17
Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday. Translation an Advanced Resource Book. (London:
Routledge, 2004) p. 149

18
Ibid p. 149
 The translation above shows that the object (kelas) in SL is located

forward. Although it is passive voice but this form is not exist in

English language (TL). Another example shows that the adjective of

the sentence is located in front of the subject:

SL: Bingung aku

TL: I’m confused

c) Transposition which is the one where literal translation is

grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the

TL. For instance, the SL adverb can be shifted into a TL adverbial

phrase, as follows:

SL: I’m here for the recognition of H1N1.

TL: Aku disini untuk mengenalkan virus H1N1.

d) Transposition which is the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a

grammatical structure.19 Example:

SL: He is very pleasant, but his wife is arrogant.

TL: Ia sangat baik (sekali), tetapi istrinya sangat sombong. 20

In short, transposition concerns the changes of grammatical categories

in translation. This procedure is the most frequent device used by translators,

19
Peter Newmark (1988) op. cit. pp. 85 – 87
20
Frans Sayogie. Teori dan Praktek Penerjemahan Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa
Indonesia. (Tangerang: Pustaka Anak Negeri. 2009) p. 73
 since it offers a variety of possibilities that help avoiding the problem of

untranslatability.21

3. Modulation

Modulation, Newmark wrote in his book, “Vinay and Darbelnet coined

the term ‘modulation’ to define ‘a variation through a change of viewpoint, of

perspective and very often of category of thought’”.22 In sum, modulation as a

procedure of translation occurs when there is a change of perspective

accompanied with a lexical change in the TL. Yet, this procedure should better

be avoided unless it is necessary for the naturalness of the translation.

Modulation and transposition are two main processes in translation. They may

take place at the same time. Newmark divided modulation into two types, as

follows:

The first is obliged modulation; it is used when word, phrase, or

structure was not having equivalence meaning in TL. Example: The Lessor

and Lessee in Bahasa do not have a real equivalence meaning. Lessor means

orang yang menyewakan and Lessee means orang yang menyewa.

The second type is free modulation is used by translator when the

translator reject literal translation. It is the modulation that must be done by

21
http://www.translationdirectory.com/articles/article1704.php accessed on October 8th,
2009
22
Peter Newmark (1988) op. cit. p. 88
 considering to a non-linguistic aspect. It is conducted to make the clearer

meaning, or to make the TL text so natural and familiar.23

On the other hand, for another general modulation example, such:

SL: I broke my leg.

TL: Kakiku patah.

‘I broke my leg’ is translated into ‘Kakiku patah’ not ‘Aku

mematahkan kakiku’ where the translation is changed followed the point of

view of SL.

4. Adaptation

Adaptation: use of a recognized equivalent between two situations.

This is a matter of cultural equivalence.24 This is a process when the other

does not suffice. In adaptation, the translator works on changing the content

and the form of the SL in a way that conforms to the rules of the language and

culture in the TL community. In general, this procedure is used as an effective

way to deal with culturally-bound words/expressions, metaphors and images

in translation. Based on Vinay and Darbelnet, adaptation is a situational

equivalence or the type of situation being reffered to by the SL message is

unknown in the TL culture. In such cases translators have to create a new

situation that can be considered as being equivalent25. For example: ‘first

23
Rochayah Machali. Pedoman umum bagi Penerjemah. (Jakarta: PT. Grasindo. 2000)
p.69

24
Peter Newmark (1988) op. cit. p. 91
25
Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday (2004) op. cit. p. 151
class’ translated into ‘kelas satu’ not ‘kelas pertama’. Or another example is

on the beginning of the letter, English used to use Dear Sir, in Bahasa it is

translated into Dengan hormat.

5. Borrowing

Borrowing is to adopt SL text when the TL has no equivalent for the

SL text. It is a case where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and

used in the TL, but in a ‘naturalized’ form, that is, it is made to conform to the

rules of grammar or pronunciation of the TL It occurs when there is no

changing meaning from SL into TL. It is caused by cultural aspect, language

and custom. Borrowing or usually called Loan translation is an adoption of a

linguistic expression from one language into another, when no term exists for

the new object, concept, or the state of affairs. For examples are the words

vitamin and formula where still defends on its original form.

6. Reduction

Reduction means the decrease of the SL text. In reduction procedure,

the translator is more likely to reduce in the number of elements that form the

SL. This procedure should respect the principle of relevance, that is, the

translator should make sure that no crucial information is dropped in

translation. Based on Newmark, it is called contraction means grammatical

 reduction26. An example of reduction is in ‘science politique’ is translated just

into ‘politics’ while ‘science’ is not translated.

7. Explication

Explication is to express the explicit terms what is unclear in the

source language. It also considered as an addition. To explicate means to

unfold; to give a detailed explanation of: to develop the implications of.

Explication is also defined as the act of making clear or removing obscurity

from the meaning of a word or symbol or expression, the act of explaining;

making something plain or intelligible.

8. Oblique translation

Oblique translation, by unacceptable we mean that the message, when

translated literally gives another meaning, has no meaning, is structurally

impossible, does not have a corresponding expression with the metalinguistic

expression, but not within the same register.27

F. Translating the Literary Work

In translating literary works, the translator may face the linguistic, literary,

aesthetic and socio-cultural problems. The linguistic problems include the

collocation and obscured syntactic structure. The aesthetic and literary problem

26
Ibid. p. 31
27
Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday (2004) op. cit. p. 150
are related with poetic structure, metaphorical expressions and sounds; while the

socio-cultural problems arise when the translator translates expressions containing

the four major cultural categories: ideas, ecology, behavior and products.

Translating literary work is, perhaps always more difficult than translating other

types of text because literary works have specific values, aesthetic and expressive

values. The aesthetic function of the work shall emphasize the beauty of the words

(diction), figurative language, metaphors, etc; While the expressive functions shall

put forwards the writer’s thought (or the process of thought), emotion, etc. And

the translator should try, at his best, to transfer these specific values into the TL.

Hillarie Belloc laid down six general rules for the translator of prose texts:

1. The translator should not ‘plod on’, word by word or sentence by sentence,

but should ‘always “block out” his work’. By ‘block out’, Belloc means

that the translator should consider the work as an integral unit and translate

in sections, asking himself ‘before each what the whole sense is he has to

render’.

2. The translator should render idiom by idiom ‘and idioms of their nature

demand translation into another form from that of the original’.

3. The translator must render ‘intention by intention’, bearing in mind that

the intention of a phrase in one language may be less emphatic than the

form of the phrase, or it maybe more emphatic. By ‘intention’, Belloc

seems to be talking about the weight a given expression may have in a

particular context in the SL that would be disproportionate if translated

literally into the TL.

 4. Belloc warns against lex faux amis, those words or structures that may

appear to correspond in both SL and TL but actually do not, e.g.

demander-to ask, translated wrongly as to demand.

5. The translator is advised to ‘transmute boldly’ and Belloc suggests that the

essence of translating is ‘the resurrection of an alien thing in a native

body’.

6. The translator should never embellish. 28

He does stress the need for the translator to consider the prose texts as a

structured whole whilst bearing in mind the stylistic and syntactical exigencies of

the TL. He accepts that there is a moral responsibility to the original, but feels that

the translator has the right to significantly alter the text in the translation process

in order to provide the TL reader with a text that conforms to TL stylistic and

idiomatic norms.

28
Susan Bassnett. Translation Studies. (London: Routledge. 1991) p. 116
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

The writer analyzes words, phrases and sentences in the novel The

Adventure of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain (Source Language “SL”) and then

compares it with its translation Petualangan Tom Sawyer translated by

Djokolelono (Target Language “TL”) to find out how the translation procedures

are used. The data analyses are as follows:

1. Transposition

1. SL: He remembered that there was company at the pump. (p. 11)

TL: Teringat ia bahwa di pompa umum itu banyak sekali kawan. (p. 25)

Analysis: Verb teringat is active in TL but the translator put it in front of

subject Ia. It is causing grammatical shift in TL because the place of the

subject replaced by verb in front of the sentence. The place of the verb in front

of the subject does not exist in SL.

2. SL: …and the drowsing murmur of the bees had had their effect (p. 15)

TL:…dan suara kumbang – kumbang yang mendengung… (p.32)

Analysis: The noun phrase with adjective becomes noun with clause in

TL. The translator put drowsing, which is an adjective derived from

intransitive verb, added with murmur of the bees, which is the object, becomes

noun with adjective, kumbang – kumbang yang mendengung.

3. SL: He worshiped this new angel with furtive eye till he saw that she

had discovered him (p. 17)

TL: Dipujanya bidadari baru ini dengan mata tak berkedip sampai ia

menyaksikan bidadari itu melihatnya. (p. 34)

Analysis: In the SL, the sentence is active, but the translator changes it into

passive in the TL. He puts verb dipuja which means worshiped, in the

beginning of the sentence. The subject is also changed into suffix –nya to

replace dia or ia which means he in source language because Bahasa does not

distinguish personal pronoun he/she whether it is masculine or feminine like

English does. Personal pronoun he becomes dia/ia or suffix –nya, so does

personal pronoun she.

4. SL: They parted the bushes on the bank and peered out over the water

(p. 87)

TL: Semak – semak mereka kuakkan untuk mengintai (p. 107)

Analysis: The translator now lays down the object in the beginning of the

sentence. In SL, it is normal if the object is put forward, but in the different

form, that is passive voice. For the TL, although still in the active sentence,

the object can be laid down forward. As the translation above, the translator
put the object semak – semak (bushes) forward followed by subject mereka

(they) and the main verb parted or translated into kuakkan.

5. SL: He took up his brush and went tranquilly to work (p. 12)

TL: Diambilnya sapunya dan ia mulai bekerja dengan tenang. (p. 26)

Analysis: Verb took is changed into diambil and put forward, followed by

suffix –nya. The subject is also changed into suffix –nya to replace dia or ia

which means he in source language because Bahasa does not distinguish

personal pronoun he/she whether it is masculine or feminine like English does.

Personal pronoun he becomes dia/ia or suffix –nya, so does personal pronoun

she.

6. SL: So he went to the beetle and began a wary attack on it again;

jumping at it from every print of a circle. (p. 34)

TL: Didekatinya kumbang itu, disergapnya hati – hati; ia meloncat dari

putaran si kumbang. (p. 57)

Analysis: Again, the translator put verb in front of the subject. The

translator also translated pronoun he becomes suffix –nya, and put it following

the verb in TL. In English language, suffix pronoun –nya does not exist.

7. SL: They could not take their eyes from his face (p. 70)

TL: Tak bisa mereka mengangkat mata dari matanya (p. 106)
 Analysis: The translator put the negative verb could not in front of the

subject. It is unusual in SL except for question form.

8. SL: He crossed a small “branch” two or three times (p. 51)

TL: Diseberanginya sebatang sungai dua tiga kali (p. 80)

Analysis: The translator put verb diseberangi which means crossed in

front of the subject. The subject he is also changed into suffix –nya.

9. SL: Then he tossed the marble away pettishly (p. 53)

TL: Dengan gusar dilemparkannya kelereng itu jauh – jauh dan Tom

berdiri berpikir (p. 83)

Analysis: Verb dilemparkan is put in front of the suffix –nya. It is also

shows that the translator shifts the grammatical structure in SL that different

with the grammatical structure in TL.

10. SL: No, ‘taint likely, Tom. He had a liquor in him; I could see that;

besides he always has (p. 63)

TL: Tak mungkin, Tom. Ia baru minum –minum, bisa kulihat itu; ia

selalu mabuk (p. 96)

Analysis: Modal verb bisa which means could in English is also put in

front followed by subject ku and the main verb lihat. That occurs to get the

expressive and stylistic value in understanding the literary taste in the

sentence.
11. SL: He never knew that Sid lay nightly watching (p. 71)

TL: Tidak diketahuinya, setiap malam Sid bangun (p. 107)

Analysis: Negative verb never knew which means tidak pernah tahu is an

active phrase if we look at the structure of the text. But the translator makes it

passive and put in front of suffix –nya.

12. SL: And behold, they were glad they had gone into savagery, for they

had gained something; (p. 102)

TL: Dan betapa gembiranya mereka kini karena menjadi suku liar,

sebab ternyata mereka mendapatkan sesuatu (p. 149)

Analysis: In the translation above, the object’s turn to be put forward. The

translator lies down the adjective betapa gembiranya (glad) followed by

subject mereka (them). Glad is translated betapa gembiranya to emphasize the

feeling of the characters and also to get the expressive value.

13. SL: The congregation became more and more moved, as the pathetic

tale went on, till at last the whole company broke down and joined

the weeping mourners in a chorus of anguished sobs (p. 104)

TL: Para jemaat makin lama makin terharu oleh cerita penuh perasaan

itu, hingga akhirnya seluruh isi gereja mengikuti orang – orang

yang sedang berkabung mencucurkan air mata. (p. 152)

 Analysis: Weeping mourners is a phrase which consists of an adjective

derived from intransitive verb weeping (mencucurkan air mata) and noun

mourners (orang – orang yang berkabung/berduka). In the translation, noun

phrase weeping mourners becomes noun with clause in the TL, orang – orang

yang sedang berkabung mencucurkan air mata.

14. SL: He wanted to cry with vexation (p. 112)

TL: Ingin rasanya ia menangis, karena sakit hati (p. 163)

Analysis: The translator lies down verb wanted (ingin) in front of subject

ia and followed by the main verb menangis (cry).

15. SL: I won’t come bothering around (p. 157)

TL: Tak akan kuganggu kau (p. 227)

Analysis: In the SL, negative modal verb tak akan (won’t /will not) is

put before subject ku (I) followed by the main verb ganggu. The laying down

will or won’t in front is commonly used in SL as a question.

16. SL: …and after the thing had closed with a peculiarly afflicting

sermon, the applause was enthusiastic (p. 124)

TL: …dan setelah karangan itu ditutup khotbah yang menyedihkan

yang ganjil terdengar, gemuruhlah tepuk tangan. (p. 180)

Analysis: Afflicting is an adjective derived from intransitive from afflict.

The translator translates noun phrase afflicting sermon becomes noun with
 clause khutbah yang menyedihkan in TL. Khutbah is a noun, put together or

followed by and adjective menyedihkan.

2. Modulation

1. SL: Showing off in Sunday School (p. 21)

TL: Semangat di Sekolah Minggu (p. 40)

Analysis: This translation uses modulation procedure. Showing off which

is phrasal verb in SL become noun in TL (Semangat). The phrase showing off

in Oxford dictionary means to try to impress others by talking about your

abilities, professions, etc. In Indonesian language, showing off has its

equivalent with sok pamer or tebar pesona. The point of view of English

people looked “showing off” is the same with Indonesian people looked “tebar

pesona”. They have the same sense or feel in those kinds of phrase. So the

writer suggests that the phrase showing off is translated into Tebar pesona.

Therefore, the translation will be “Tebar pesona di Sekolah Minggu”because

tebar pesona has already popular to be translated from showing off.

2. SL: Mr. Walters fell to “showing off”, with all sorts of official bustling

and activities, giving orders… (p. 27)

TL: Tuan Walter juga ‘jual tampang’ dengan berbagai macam

kesibukan… (p. 47)

Analysis: This translation almost has the same analysis with the analysis

above. Showing off has its equivalent with tebar pesona in Indonesian
language. So, the translation should be “Tuan Walters juga tebar pesona

dengan berbagai macam kesibukan, memberi perintah – perintah…”

3. SL: Presently he bethought him of a treasure he had and got it out. It

has a large black beetle with formidable jaws – a “pinch bug”, he

called it. (p. 33)

TL: Dan terpikirlah oleh Tom akan harta yang dibawanya, yaitu seekor

kumbang hitam dengan rahang yang bercakar: Tom

menamakannya “kumbang cubit” (p. 56)

Analysis: Pinch bug translated into kumbang cubit. There is a shift from

general meaning to specific meaning. Bug is translated into kumbang. Bug has

general meaning that means a kind of small insect. It could be a fly, mosquitos

or beetle. The novel told that bug here is a kind of beetle, which means

kumbang. The translator translated pinch bug into kumbang cubit. It is absurd.

Pinch means cubit or jepit. The writer suggests translating it by kumbang jepit,

because it is more equivalent than cubit.

4. SL: The Pinch Bug and his prey (p. 30)

TL: Seorang pendeta dan doanya (p. 52)

Analysis: The writer finds an absurd in the translation. The pinch bug has

been explained before is a kind of small insect (beetle) which has a pinch in

the head. Meanwhile, prey, in Oxford Dictionary, is an animal that hunted,

killed and eaten by another. It should be related to the pinch bug. The writer
guesses the translator has misinterpreted in translating prey, he thought that it

is a word pray which means doa in Indonesia. That is why the translator

related seorang pendeta when translated the pinch bug. The pinch bug can be

translated naturally as kumbang jepit. Therefore, the writer suggests that the

translation will be kumbang jepit dan mangsanya.

5. SL: No need of the as yet undreamed – of telegraph; the tale flew from

man to man, from group to group, from house to house with little

less than telegraphic speed. (p. 68)

TL: Pada waktu itu berita kawat diimpikan saja belum, akan tetapi tidak

perlu. Berita itu menjalar dari orang ke orang, dari kelompok ke

kelompok, dari rumah ke rumah dengan kecepatan yang hampir

menyamai kecepatan telegrap. (p. 103)

Analysis: In this translation, Telegraph should not be translated into berita

kawat because Indonesian has already known telegraph as telegraf without

any description anymore. Beside that, the translation could be misleading.

There is a shift from clause into sentence. The writer thinks that the translation

is so copious because the reader will still understand although the SL sentence

did not turn into two words in TL. It should be translated into Tidak perlulah

melalui telegrap yang belum ada, berita itu sudah menjalar dari orang ke

orang...
6. SL: He saw a new girl in the garden – a lovely blue – eyed creature

with yellow hair plaited into two long tails (p. 17)

TL: …ia melihat seorang anak perempuan di kebun. Seorang gadis cilik

bermata biru dengan rambut di kelabang dua (p. 34)

Analysis: Phrase Plaited into two long tails became phrase di kelabang

dua. It is a kind of transposition procedure because there is a shift in the form.

Plaited into two long tails naturally translated as dijalin ke dalam dua ekor

panjang, but Indonesia has more equivalent phrase to translate the SL. It is di

kelabang dua or di kepang dua because those words are more popular and

common in Indonesia.

7. SL: Presently it occurred to him that he wished he was sick; then he

could stay home from school. (p. 35)

TL: Segera terlintas dihatinya, baik ia sakit. Kalau sakit, tak perlu ia

pergi ke sekolah (p. 59)

Analysis: Clause he wished he was sick became phrase baik ia sakit. If the

readers read the whole sentence in the context, the translation is absurd

because it is not easy to understand. The writer suggests that the translation

will be ‘Segera terlintas di hatinya seandainya ia sakit, maka ia tak perlu

pergi ke sekolah’ because using word seandainya will make the sentence

clearer than using the word baik.

8. SL: Conscience racks Tom (p. 68)

 TL: Hati Nurani yang mengejar – ngejar (p. 103)

Analysis: Conscience means hati nurani in the dictionary. However, the

translator did mistake when translating racks. Rack is a verb, which means

menyiksa or menyakiti. If the readers look back to the context, conscience

racks Tom explained about Tom who kept a secret of someone’s murdering.

He saw somebody killed a doctor but he was scared to tell the truth to the

people in the village. Then, he together with his friend, Huck Finn, was

challenged to find where the killer hid. Along his searching, his conscience

racks him a lot. Tom was confused about telling the truth or not. The writer

suggests the translation should be Hati Nurani yang menghantui Tom because

the word menghantui will get more stylistic value than mengejar-ngejar.

9. SL: The cat and the painkiller (p. 72)

TL: Kucing dan obat yang mujarab (p. 109)

Analysis: Painkiller is noun and obat yang mujarab is noun with phrase.

There is a shift from noun into phrase. The translation is also absurd.

Painkiller is not equivalent with obat yang mujarab because mujarab is

equivalent with effective. Painkiller means penawar/penghilang rasa sakit.

Therefore, the translation will be Kucing dan obat penawar sakit.

10. SL: Now she heard of Painkiller for the first time (p. 74)

TL: Pada saat itu Bibi Polly mendengar obat ajaib yang bernama

penghapus sakit (p. 110 – 111)

 Analysis: The TL is misleading. In the writer’s opinion, there is an

addition in the translation. Painkiller as has been explained above means obat

penawar sakit. By adding obat ajaib yang bernama in front of penghilang

sakit, the translation felt so awkward. The SL can be simply translated without

any addition. Beside that, the translator did not translate phrase for the first

time in the TL. It is important to translate for the first time because it was

related to the context. That phrase will accomplish the sentence. For the first

time means untuk pertama kalinya. Therefore, the TL should be Pada saat itu

Bibi Polly mendengar tentang obat penawar sakit untuk pertama kalinya.

11. SL: He said it was “all-right”, but there was such a leaden dread at his

heart. (p. 174)

TL: Ia masih mengatakan bahwa gang – gang itu ‘beres’, tetapi hatinya

dipenuhi rasa takut. (p. 250)

Analysis: All-right means safe and well or only just good enough.

Indonesian is all right if all-right is translated into beres. But in the novel,

related to the context, it will be absurd. Related to the context, It was all-right,

it refers to diverging avenues which translated by translator as gang – gang. In

TL, it will be awkward because beres is not related to the situation in the

avenues. The phrase should be translated aman. Therefore, the translation will

be, Ia masih mengatakan bahwa gang – gang itu aman, tetapi hatinya

dipenuhi rasa takut because aman will be easy to understand.

3. Adaptation

1. SL: “Mercy on us! Go on, Tom, go on!” (p. 107)

TL: “Masya Allah! Teruskan, Tom, teruskan!” (p. 157)

Analysis: If we look at the whole content, the novel is showing that the

author wants to describe a community that is religious, especially Christian

community. It is looked when the author much uses words that refer to

religious Christian community, such as Sunday school, church, Holy Book,

preachers, sermon, etc. So it will be awkward if the translator translates the

startled expression mercy on us is translated into Masya Allah which refers to

Muslim community in common. Therefore, the phrase should be translated Ya

ampun.

2. SL: “No, sure sign of trouble. Did they fight?” (p. 144)

TL: “Masya Allah. Pasti akan ada bahaya. Apakah tikus – tikus itu

berkelahi?” (p. 208)

Analysis: The translator wants to adapt the expression Masya Allah in the

TL because the reader of the novel is Indonesian which is mostly Moslem.

The phrase both in SL or TL is an exclamation expressing strong startled.

Related to the context, Aunt Polly shouted surprisingly that Tom was very

lazy to do something. In TL, Masya Allah is an exclamation expressing strong

disapproval, usually used if someone, which is Moslem, is surprised by

something or someone. Because Indonesia has big population of Moslem, so

Masya Allah is not an odd phrase anymore among them. However, in this
 translation, it will be more wise and neutral if utterance ‘Well, I never!’ is

translated into ‘Ya ampun!’ in order to avoid social distraction especially in

religion communities.

3. SL: These despised themselves, as being the dupes of a wily fraud, a

guileful snake in the grass (p. 28)

TL: Anak – anak itu tak habisnya menyesali diri sendiri sebagai korban

sang penipu ulung, si musang berbulu ayam (p. 49)

Analysis: It is a kind of idiom translation. In English language, idiom

snake in the grass means a sneaky and despised person.29 This idiomatic

expression has an equivalent meaning with Indonesian idiomatic expression si

musang berbulu ayam or musuh dalam selimut or kucing dalam karung. In the

novel, idiom snake in the grass is equivalent more with musang berbulu ayam.

B. Analysis

Based on the data description and analysis in the novel above, the writer

finds some research findings. Here they are:

1. Transposition in the novel is found mostly when the translator put the

verb, adjective and the object forward in the target language (TL) in fact in

the source language of the novel, the author put them in a place where it

should be. The verb is put forward, the verb is put after the subject and

29
http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/snake+in+the+grass accessed on October 8, 2009
 object is put after the verb. But in the novel translation, the translator put

them on the contrary case. It can be proved that transposition occurs when

grammatical structure in SL does not exist in TL. In Bahasa (TL), it is

usual to put verb, adjective or object in front of the subject. Meanwhile, in

English (SL), we are difficult to find sentences where the verb, adjective

and object put forward except for special form such as imperative or

interrogative form.

2. Modulation in the novel occurs mostly when the translator translates

words and phrase into TL based on the TL’s perspective. There are some

words and phrases which are not translated literally in the novel because of

the differences of point of view. If the translator translates the text

literally, the TL would be awkward and the readers could not understand

to read the text, so the translator must change the text of SL based on TL’s

point of view. It is in accordance with to the theory that modulation is a

procedure of translation occurs when there is a change of perspective

accompanied with a lexical change in the TL.

3. And last is adaptation. In the novel, the translator uses adaptation in

translating an idiom and some exclamation expression follows the rules of

the target language or the culture in the TL community. It is compatible

with the theory of adaptation that the translator works on changing the

content and the form of the SL in a way that conforms to the rules of the

language and culture in the TL community. Adaptation is generally used in

 translating idiom, culturally bound expressions, metaphors, or images in

translation.

The translator uses those procedures above, aims to get the translation

appropriate with aesthetic and expressive values, more poetic and stylistic besides

being understandable. Hillarie Belloc said that the translator needs to consider the

prose text as a structured completely whilst bearing in mind the stylistic and

syntactical exigencies of the TL. The translator has a great responsibility to make

the sense and nuances of SL’ literary taste will be also felt in TL’s literature

without losing the original message of the SL. So the translator uses those

procedures of translation to reach the literature sense.

 CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions

After analyzing some translation procedures used in the novel Adventure of

Tom Sawyer and its translation Petualangan Tom Sawyer, the writer concludes

that the process of reforming source language to target language using

transposition procedure is first, the translator analyses the SL words, in this case,

those are verb, adjective and object. Secondly, he determines which TL words that

are equivalent with SL and he restructures the verb into the form of passive verb

in SL and put them forward. In this verb transposition, the translator mostly

changes the active verb into passive verb di- and put them forward. The translator

replaces the position of subject forward in regular sentences of TL with the

position of other units of sentences such as verb, object and adjective without

changing the essential meaning. It is causing transposition.

The writer also finds data of modulation. The translator analyses what SL

words or phrase refers to. Secondly, he changes the phrase or the words become

word or phrase that would be acceptable in TL’s based on point of view of SL.

In adaptation procedure, the translator much determines exclamation

procedures in SL to be translated into exclamation expression in TL as Masya

Allah, where in the writer’s opinion, it will be sound awkward. The translator also

translates an idiom a guileful snake in the grass into si musang berbulu ayam. It is

adapted based on idiom that is equivalent with idiom which is usually used in TL.
 The translator wants to get the aesthetic value of novel translation, so he

applies those procedures above. But in some data, the writer also finds some

awkward and absurd meaning in the modulation procedure where the meaning of

the TL is not appropriate with the SL.

B. Suggestions

Translating a text is not an easy job. It is not only altering the word from the

source language into target language, but also moving the messages and the

atmosphere from the SL into TL. Therefore, the writer gives some suggestion for

translators, for other researches and for all of English letters students as well, as

follows:

1. For the translator, who wants to translate the novel or other literary works,

should take care to the procedures of translation that is compatible with the

novel. It is aimed to get the readable and understanding of novel translation.

2. For other researches who want to do the same researches, it is suggested to

widen the scope of the study with a deeper analysis. Those means to use

other variety texts as a data and using deeper analysis to find another pattern

that have not been identified by the writer in this paper. It will add any

knowledge in translating activity.

3. For other students, never stop to learn about everything especially in

translation activity.
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