𝜕𝑍𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑖 𝜕𝑍𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑖 𝜕𝑍𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑖 𝜕𝑍𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑖 𝜕𝑍𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑖

∆𝑍𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑖 = 𝑑𝑥1 + 𝑑𝑥2 + 𝑑𝑥3 + 𝑑𝑥4 + 𝑑𝑥5 + ⋯. (1)

𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑥4 𝜕𝑥5

The Zernike coefficient is measured using a wavefront sensor at the field location (i). The more Zernike
coefficients such as 𝑍2−2 (oblique astigmatism), 𝑍22 (vertical astigmatism), 𝑍3−1 (vertical coma), 𝑍3−3 (vertical
trefoil), 𝑍31 (horizontal coma), etc. are considered for alignment, the more accurate alignment errors can be
calculated. Therefore, the final equation for calculating alignment errors using sensitivity table method is
ΔZ = AΔX, (2)

Δ𝑍2−2𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 1
⋮ ∂𝑍2−2 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 1 ∂𝑍2−2 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 1
−2
Δ𝑍2 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑖 ⋯ 𝑑𝑥1
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥𝑖
ΔZ = ⋮ , A= ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ , ∆X = [ ⋮ ]. (3)
Δ𝑍33 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 1 ∂𝑍33 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑖 ∂𝑍33 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑖 𝑑𝑥𝑖
[ 𝜕𝑥1 ⋯ ]
⋮ 𝜕𝑥𝑖
3
[ Δ𝑍3 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑖 ]

2.2. Re-optimization with CMM

Re-optimization finds correct locations and angles of the optical components using an optical simulation that
requires fabricated mirror surface data calculated from least square fitting and three-dimensional coordinate of
mirrors measured from CMM. It calculates adjustment values of optomechanical parts for relocations of the optical
components, so tilt, decenter, and despace errors of each optical component are compensated for [3].
Fig. 2 illustrates the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) chart before and after re-optimization of a confocal
off-axis telescope. Black solid lines show optical performance of the system before re-optimization, which deviates
from the designed performance due to mirror surface errors, mechanical errors of the mirror holder, and assembly
errors. Red solid lines represent the best optical performance the system can achieve with fabricated mirrors, and
also imply optical performance after the re-optimization.

Fig. 2. The MTF chart before (black-solid lines) and after (red-solid lines) re-optimizations for the MATS satellite [4].

3. References
[1] W. Park, S. Pak, S. Chang, H. Lee, S. Lee, and D. W. Kim, “Optical sensitivity analyses of various reflective systems: on axis, common off
axis and confocal off axis designs,” Proc. SPIE 11451, 114513X (2020).

[2] E. D. Kim, Y. –W. Choi, and M. –S. Kang, “Reverse-optimization Alignment Algorithm using Zernike Sensitivity,” JOSK 9, 2 (2005).

[3] W. Park, S. Chang, J. H. Lim, S. Lee, H. Ahn, Y. Kim, S. Kim, A. Hammar, B. Jeong, G. H. Kim, H. Lee, D. W. Kim, and S. Pak, “Development
of linear astigmatism free—three mirror system (LAF-TMS),” Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 132, 044504 (2020).

[4] W. Park, A. Hammar, S. Pak, S. Chang, J. Gumbel, L. Megner, O. M. Christensen, J. Rouse, and D. W. Kim, “Flight model characterization
of the wide-field off-axis telescope for the MATS satellite,” Applied Optics 59, 17 (2020).