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How to draw a nomograph for a planetary gear train

Article · September 2005

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 How to draw a nomograph for a
planetary gear train

Essam. L. Esmail

College of Engineering/University of Qadisiyah

Email:dr.essamesmail@yahoo.com

A nomograph is a graph, containing several parallel scales graduated for different variables such
that an intersecting straight line enables related values to be read off. With the start of the
computer time, nomography has become somewhat out-of-date, but is still valuable in
allowing quick and simple visualization of complex planetary gear train problems.
Planetary gear Trains have two degrees of freedom which means that the rotations of two
of the elements must be specified to completely define the motion of the gear system.

Gear Pair Entity

The gear pair entity (GPE) is defined as a fundamental entity consisting of a pair of
engaging gear and a carrier. A gear or a carrier can be shared by different entities. The
EGTs are composed of two kinds of GPEs: the external gear pair entity and the internal
gear pair entity. Fig. 2 shows three gear pair entities, each consist of a gear pair and a
supporting carrier.

Figure 1 Three gear pair entities.

Let p and x be a gear pair and c be a carrier, then links p, x and c forms a GPE. The GPE
equation can be written as
 𝜔 −𝜔 𝑍𝑝
Np,x = 𝜔𝑥 −𝜔𝑐 = ∓ 𝑍 (1)
𝑝 𝑐 𝑥

where 𝜔𝑝 , 𝜔𝑥 and 𝜔𝑐 denote the speeds of a gear pair p and x, and its carrier c,
respectively, Np,x represent the planet gear ratio between gears p and x, and 𝑍𝑝 and 𝑍𝑥
denote the number of teeth on gears p and x, respectively, with the plus sign
corresponding to the internal gear pair and minus sign to the external gear pair,
respectively.

For any GPE, a nomograph can be quickly constructed using three parallel axes.

Nomograph for an internal gear pair entity

Figure 2 An internal gear pair entity

Equation (1) can be re-written for the links of the internal gear pair entity shown in Fig. 2
as follows
𝜔 −𝜔
𝑁𝑝,𝑐 = 𝜔 𝑐 −𝜔𝑐 = 0 (2)
𝑝 𝑐

𝜔𝑝 −𝜔𝑐
𝑁𝑝,𝑝 = 𝜔 =1 (3)
𝑝 −𝜔𝑐

𝜔 −𝜔 𝑍𝑝
𝑁𝑝,𝑟 = 𝜔 𝑟 −𝜔𝑐 = (4)
𝑝 𝑐 𝑍𝑟

Figure 3 shows the basic form of the graph to be created, where the axes labeled 𝜔𝑟 , 𝜔𝑝 ,
and 𝜔𝑐 represent the rotational speed of the ring gear, planet gear, and the planet gear
carrier. The 𝜔𝑐 axis is placed at the origin. The distance between the ωc axis and the ωp
axis is set equal to 1. The ring gear is always larger than the planet gear so that the value
of 𝑁𝑝,𝑟 is smaller than one but larger than zero. The location of the ωr axis may actually
between the ωc and the ωp axes.
In the nomograph below, each angle in the large triangle is congruent with (equal to) its
corresponding angle in the small triangle. Therefore, the two triangles are similar and the
ratio of the length of one side of one triangle to the corresponding side in the other
triangle is the same i.e.:
𝜔𝑟 −𝜔𝑐 𝑋
= =𝑋 (5)
𝜔𝑝 −𝜔𝑐 1

which by eq. (4) is the planet gear ratio of the ring gear 𝑁𝑝,𝑟 . Thus, the distance between
the ωc axis and the ωr axis is set equal to 𝑁𝑝,𝑟 .

Figure 2 Nomograph for the internal gear pair entity.

When a straight line connects values of any two variables, the related value may be read
directly from the third at the point intersected by the line.

Nomograph for an external gear pair entity

Figure 3 An External gear pair entity.

Equation (1) can be re-written for the links of the external gear pair entity shown in Fig. 3
as follows
𝜔𝑐 −𝜔𝑐
𝑁𝑝,𝑐 = =0 (6)
𝜔𝑝 −𝜔𝑐

𝜔𝑝 −𝜔𝑐
𝑁𝑝,𝑝 = =1 (7)
𝜔𝑝 −𝜔𝑐
 𝜔𝑠 −𝜔𝑐 𝑍𝑝
𝑁𝑝,𝑠 = =− (8)
𝜔𝑝 −𝜔𝑐 𝑍𝑠

Figure 4 shows the basic form of the graph to be created, where the axes labeled 𝜔𝑠 , 𝜔𝑝 ,
and 𝜔𝑐 represent the rotational speed of the sun gear, planet gear, and the planet gear
carrier. The 𝜔𝑐 axis is placed at the origin. The distance between the ωc axis and the ωp
axis is set equal to 1. Since the value of planet/sun gear ratio 𝑁𝑝,𝑠 is always smaller than
zero, the location of the ωs axis may actually be to the left of the ωc axis.
In the nomograph below, each angle is congruent with (equal to) its corresponding angle
in the other triangle. Therefore, the two triangles are similar and the ratio of the length of
one side of one triangle to the corresponding side in the other triangle is the same i.e.:
𝜔𝑠 −𝜔𝑐 𝑌
= − 1 = −𝑌 (9)
𝜔𝑝 −𝜔𝑐

which by eq. (8) is the planet gear ratio of the sun gear 𝑁𝑝,𝑠 . Thus, the distance between
the ωc axis and the ωs axis is set equal to 𝑁𝑝,𝑠 .

Figure 4 Nomograph for the external gear pair entity shown in Fig. 3.

Gear train Entity

The gear train entity (GTE) is defined as a gear train formed by a single- or multi-planet
gear set, and all the GPEs connected directly by the same carrier to them. The planet gear
set is formed by either a single planet or several planets, connected together as a gear
train. In Fig. 5 (b), planet gears p and p1, with the GPEs connecting them, forms a double
planet GTE, while in Fig. 5 (a), planet p represents a single planet.

(a) (b)
Figure 5 The functional schematics of (a) single-planet , and (b) double-planet GTEs.
Nomograph for a single-planet gear train entity

Figure 6 A single-planet GTE.

Equation (1) can be re-written for the links of the single-planet GTE shown in Fig. 6 as
follows
𝜔 −𝜔
𝑁𝑝,𝑐 = 𝜔 𝑐 −𝜔𝑐 = 0 (10)
𝑝 𝑐

𝜔𝑝 −𝜔𝑐
𝑁𝑝,𝑝 = 𝜔 =1 (11)
𝑝 −𝜔𝑐

𝜔 −𝜔 𝑍𝑝
𝑁𝑝,𝑟 = 𝜔 𝑟 −𝜔𝑐 = (12)
𝑝 𝑐 𝑍𝑟

𝜔 −𝜔 𝑍𝑝
𝑁𝑝,𝑠 = 𝜔 𝑠 −𝜔𝑐 = − 𝑍 (13)
𝑝 𝑐 𝑠

Figure 7 shows the basic form of the graph to be created, where the axes labeled 𝜔𝑟 , 𝜔𝑠
𝜔𝑝 , and 𝜔𝑐 represent the rotational speed of the ring gear, sun gear, planet gear, and the
planet gear carrier. The 𝜔𝑐 axis is placed at the origin. The distance between the ωc axis
and the ωp axis is set equal to 1. The ring gear is always larger than the planet gear so that
the value of 𝑁𝑝,𝑟 is smaller than one but larger than zero. The location of the ωr axis is
actually between the ωc and the ωp axes and the distance between the ωc axis and the ωr
axis is set equal to 𝑁𝑝,𝑟 . Since the value of planet/sun gear ratio 𝑁𝑝,𝑠 is always smaller
than zero, the location of the ωs axis is actually be to the left of the ωc axis and the
distance between the ωc axis and the ωs axis is set equal to 𝑁𝑝,𝑠 .
 Figure 7 Nomograph for the single-planet gear train entity shown in Fig. 6.

Nomograph for a double-planet gear train entity

Figure 7 A double-planet GTE

Equation (1) can be re-written for the links of the double -planet GTE shown in Fig. 7 as
follows
𝜔 −𝜔
𝑁𝑝,𝑐 = 𝜔 𝑐 −𝜔𝑐 = 0 (10)
𝑝 𝑐

𝜔𝑝 −𝜔𝑐
𝑁𝑝,𝑝 = 𝜔 =1 (11)
𝑝 −𝜔𝑐

𝜔 −𝜔 𝑍𝑝
𝑁𝑝,𝑟 = 𝜔 𝑟 −𝜔𝑐 = (12)
𝑝 𝑐 𝑍𝑟

𝜔𝑝1 −𝜔𝑐 𝑍𝑝
𝑁𝑝,𝑝1 = = −𝑍 (13)
𝜔𝑝 −𝜔𝑐 𝑝1

𝜔 −𝜔 𝑍𝑝1
𝑁𝑝1 ,𝑠 = 𝜔 𝑠 −𝜔𝑐 = − (14)
𝑝1 𝑐 𝑍𝑠

In double planet FGE, the planet gear ratio for the gears that are not meshing directly with the planet link
on which the velocity ratio is calculated (p), and are meshing with the other planet link (p1), can be found in
terms of the planet gear ratio of the two planets (Np,p1) as

(𝜔𝑝1 − 𝜔𝑐 ) (𝜔𝑠 − 𝜔𝑐 ) (𝜔𝑠 − 𝜔𝑐 ) 𝑍𝑝 𝑍𝑝 𝑍𝑝

𝑁𝑝,𝑝1 . 𝑁𝑝1,𝑠 = . = = 𝑁𝑝,𝑠 = (− ) (− 1 ) =
(𝜔𝑝 − 𝜔𝑐 ) (𝜔𝑝1 − 𝜔𝑐 ) (𝜔𝑝 − 𝜔𝑐 ) 𝑍𝑝1 𝑍 𝑠 𝑍𝑠

𝑍𝑝
𝑁𝑝,𝑠 = (15)
𝑍𝑠
 1 1 𝑍𝑝 𝑍𝑝
The ring gear is always larger than the sun gear, 𝑍𝑟 > 𝑍𝑠 and < 𝑍 then < or
𝑍𝑟 𝑠 𝑍𝑟 𝑍𝑠
𝑁𝑝,𝑟 < 𝑁𝑝,𝑠 , which implies that the value of 𝑁𝑝,𝑟 is always smaller than 𝑁𝑝,𝑠 . The
location of the ωs axis is actually be to the right of the ωr axis and the distance between
the ωc axis and the ωs axis is set equal to 𝑁𝑝,𝑠 .

Note that from the above operation the range of 𝑁𝑝,𝑠 is identified as 𝑁𝑝,𝑠 > 𝑁𝑝,𝑟 . Two
possible subcases exist: (1) If 𝑍𝑠 > 𝑍𝑝 , then 1 > 𝑁𝑝,𝑠 > 𝑁𝑝,𝑟 , and the location of the ωs
axis is actually between the ωr axis and the ωp axis and (2) If 𝑍𝑝 > 𝑍𝑠 , then 𝑁𝑝,𝑠 > 1 >
𝑁𝑝,𝑟 , and the location of the ωs axis is actually be to the right of the ωp axis.

Figure 7 (a) and (b) shows the basic form of the graph to be created, where the axes
labeled 𝜔𝑟 , 𝜔𝑠 𝜔𝑝 , 𝜔𝑝1 , and 𝜔𝑐 represent the rotational speed of the ring gear, sun gear,
first planet gear, second planet gear and the planet gear carrier. The 𝜔𝑐 axis is placed at
the origin. The distance between the ωc axis and the ωp axis is set equal to 1. The ring
gear is always larger than the planet gear so that the value of 𝑁𝑝,𝑟 is smaller than one but
larger than zero. The location of the ωr axis is actually between the ωc and the ωp axes and
the distance between the ωc axis and the ωr axis is set equal to 𝑁𝑝,𝑟 . Since the value of
first planet gear to the second planet gear ratio 𝑁𝑝,𝑝1 is always smaller than zero, the
location of the ωp1 axis is actually be to the left of the ωc axis and the distance between
the ωc axis and the ωp1 axis is set equal to 𝑁𝑝,𝑝1 .

Assuming that the sizes of the sun and ring gears are in the descending order of gear s >
gear p, the location of the ωs axis is actually between the ωr axis and the ωp axis as shown
in Fig. 7 (a).

Figure 8 Nomograph for the double-planet gear train entity shown in Fig. 7 when
𝑍𝑠 > 𝑍𝑝 and 1 > 𝑁𝑝,𝑠 > 𝑁𝑝,𝑟 .

Assuming that the sizes of the sun and ring gears are in the descending order of gear s <
gear p, the location of the ωs axis is actually be to the right of the ωp axis as shown in Fig.
7 (b).
 Figure 8 Nomograph for the double-planet gear train entity shown in Fig. 7 when
𝑍𝑠 < 𝑍𝑝 and 𝑁𝑝,𝑠 > 1 > 𝑁𝑝,𝑟 .

Ravigneaux planetary gear trains

Ravigneaux in 1940 proposed seven- and eight-link two-degree-of-freedom (DOF)
planetary gear trains [1, 2]. Ravigneaux planetary gear trains are often used in automatic
transmissions either alone or in conjunction with other gear trains. A seven-link two-DOF
Ravigneaux gear train is integrated with a simple planetary gear train (PGT) to form
Lepelletier gear train.

Seven-link two-DOF Ravigneaux gear train

The seven-link two-DOF Ravigneaux gear train, shown in Fig. 9, consist of sun gear 𝑠𝑠 ,
ring gear 𝑟, sun gear 𝑠𝐿 , carrier 𝑐, planet gear 𝑝, and planet gear 𝑝1.

Figure 9 Seven-link Ravigneaux gear train.

Equation (1) can be re-written for the links of the double -planet GTE shown in Fig. 9 as
follows
𝜔 −𝜔
𝑁𝑝,𝑐 = 𝜔 𝑐 −𝜔𝑐 = 0 (16)
𝑝 𝑐

𝜔𝑝 −𝜔𝑐
𝑁𝑝,𝑝 = 𝜔 =1 (17)
𝑝 −𝜔𝑐
 𝜔 −𝜔 𝑍𝑝
𝑁𝑝,𝑟 = 𝜔 𝑟 −𝜔𝑐 = (18)
𝑝 𝑐 𝑍𝑟

𝜔𝑝1 −𝜔𝑐 𝑍𝑝
𝑁𝑝,𝑝1 = = −𝑍 (19)
𝜔𝑝 −𝜔𝑐 𝑝1

𝜔𝑠𝐿 −𝜔𝑐 𝑍𝑝
𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝐿 = = −𝑍 (20)
𝜔𝑝 −𝜔𝑐 𝑠𝐿

𝜔𝑠𝑠 −𝜔𝑐 𝑍𝑝
𝑁𝑝1 ,𝑠𝑠 = 𝜔 =−𝑍1 (21)
𝑝1 −𝜔𝑐 𝑠𝑠

In double planet FGE, the planet gear ratio for the gears that are not meshing directly
with the planet link on which the velocity ratio is calculated (p), and are meshing with the
other planet link (p1), can be found in terms of the planet gear ratio of the two planets
(Np,p1) as

(𝜔𝑝1 − 𝜔𝑐 ) (𝜔𝑠𝑠 − 𝜔𝑐 ) (𝜔𝑠𝑠 − 𝜔𝑐 ) 𝑍𝑝 𝑍𝑝 𝑍𝑝

𝑁𝑝,𝑝1 . 𝑁𝑝1 ,𝑠𝑠 = . = = 𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝑠 = (− ) (− 1 ) =
(𝜔𝑝 − 𝜔𝑐 ) (𝜔𝑝1 − 𝜔𝑐 ) (𝜔𝑝 − 𝜔𝑐 ) 𝑍𝑝1 𝑍𝑠𝑠 𝑍𝑠𝑠

𝑍𝑝
𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝑠 = 𝑍 (22)
𝑠𝑠

1 1 𝑍𝑝 𝑍𝑝
The ring gear is always larger than the sun gear, 𝑍𝑟 > 𝑍𝑠𝑠 and <𝑍 then < 𝑍 or
𝑍𝑟 𝑠𝑠 𝑍𝑟 𝑠𝑠

𝑁𝑝,𝑟 < 𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝑠 , which implies that the value of 𝑁𝑝,𝑟 is always smaller than 𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝑠 . The
location of the 𝜔𝑠𝑠 axis is actually be to the right of the ωr axis and the distance between
the ωc axis and the 𝜔𝑠𝑠 axis is set equal to 𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝑠 .

Note that from the above operation the range of 𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝑠 is identified as 𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝑠 > 𝑁𝑝,𝑟 . Two
possible subcases exist: (1) If 𝑍𝑠𝑠 > 𝑍𝑝 , then 1 > 𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝑠 > 𝑁𝑝,𝑟 , and the location of the
𝜔𝑠𝑠 axis is actually between the ωr axis and the ωp axis and (2) If 𝑍𝑝 > 𝑍𝑠𝑠 , then 𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝑠 >
1 > 𝑁𝑝,𝑟 , and the location of the 𝜔𝑠𝑠 axis is actually be to the right of the ωp axis.

Figure 10 shows the basic form of the graph to be created, where the axes labeled
𝜔𝑟 , 𝜔𝑠𝑠 , 𝜔𝑠𝐿 , 𝜔𝑝 , 𝜔𝑝1 , and 𝜔𝑐 represent the rotational speed of the ring gear, small sun
gear, large sun gear, first planet gear, second planet gear and the planet gear carrier. The
𝜔𝑐 axis is placed at the origin. The distance between the ωc axis and the ωp axis is set
equal to 1. The ring gear is always larger than the planet gear so that the value of 𝑁𝑝,𝑟 is
smaller than one but larger than zero. The location of the ωr axis is actually between the
ωc and the ωp axes and the distance between the ωc axis and the ωr axis is set equal to
𝑁𝑝,𝑟 . Since the value of first planet gear to the second planet gear ratio 𝑁𝑝,𝑝1 is always
smaller than zero, the location of the ωp1 axis is actually be to the left of the ωc axis and
the distance between the ωc axis and the ωp1 axis is set equal to 𝑁𝑝,𝑝1 . Since the value of
𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝐿 is always smaller than zero, the location of the 𝜔𝑠𝐿 axis is actually be to the left of
the ωc axis and the distance between the ωc axis and the 𝜔𝑠𝐿 axis is set equal to 𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝐿 . The
range of 𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝐿 is identified as 𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝐿 < 0. Two possible subcases exist: (1) If 𝑍𝑠𝐿 > 𝑍𝑝1 ,
then 0 > 𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝐿 > 𝑁𝑝,𝑝1 , and the location of the 𝜔𝑠𝐿 axis is actually between the ωc axis
and the ωp1 axis and (2) If 𝑍𝑝1 > 𝑍𝑠𝐿 , then 0 > 𝑁𝑝,𝑝1 > 𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝐿 , and the location of the 𝜔𝑠𝐿
axis is actually be to the left of the ωp1 axis.

Assuming that the sizes of the sun and ring gears are in the descending order of gear 𝑠𝐿 >
gear p1, the location of the 𝜔𝑠𝐿 axis is actually between the ωc axis and the ωp1 axis as
shown in Fig. 10.

Figure 10 Nomograph for the double-planet GTE shown in Fig. 9, in terms of planet gear
p.
Eight-link two-DOF Ravigneaux gear train

The method of developing a kinematic nomograph for any GTE can be best explained by
considering the double-planet Ravigneaux gear train shown in Fig. 11.

(a)

(b)

Figure 11 Eight-link Ravigneaux gear train.

The eight-link two-DOF Ravigneaux gear train, shown in Fig. 11, consist of gearbox
casing 0, sun gear 𝑠𝑝 , sun gear 𝑠𝑝1 , ring gear 𝑟𝑝 , ring gear 𝑟𝑝1 , carrier 𝑐, planet gear 𝑝,
and planet gear 𝑝1 .

Equation (1) can be re-written for the links of the double -planet GTE shown in Fig. 11 as
follows
𝜔 −𝜔
𝑁𝑝,𝑐 = 𝜔 𝑐 −𝜔𝑐 = 0 (23)
𝑝 𝑐

𝜔𝑝 −𝜔𝑐
𝑁𝑝,𝑝 = 𝜔 =1 (24)
𝑝 −𝜔𝑐

𝜔𝑟𝑝 −𝜔𝑐 𝑍𝑝
𝑁𝑝,𝑟𝑝 = =𝑍 (25)
𝜔𝑝 −𝜔𝑐 𝑟𝑝

𝜔𝑠𝑝 −𝜔𝑐 𝑍𝑝
𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝑝 = = −𝑍 (26)
𝜔𝑝 −𝜔𝑐 𝑠𝑝
 𝜔𝑝1 −𝜔𝑐 𝑍𝑝
𝑁𝑝,𝑝1 = = −𝑍 (27)
𝜔𝑝 −𝜔𝑐 𝑝1

𝜔𝑠 1 −𝜔𝑐 𝑍 1
𝑝
𝑁𝑝1 ,𝑠 = = −𝑍𝑝 (28)
𝑝1 𝜔𝑝1 −𝜔𝑐 𝑠 1
𝑝

𝜔𝑟 1 −𝜔𝑐 𝑍 1
𝑝
𝑁𝑝1 ,𝑟 = = 𝑍𝑝 (29)
𝑝1 𝜔𝑝1 −𝜔𝑐 𝑟 1
𝑝

In double planet FGE, the planet gear ratio for the gears that are not meshing directly with the planet link
on which the velocity ratio is calculated (p), and are meshing with the other planet link (p1), can be found in
terms of the planet gear ratio of the two planets (Np,p1) as

(𝜔𝑝1 − 𝜔𝑐 ) (𝜔𝑠𝑝1 − 𝜔𝑐 ) (𝜔𝑠𝑝1 − 𝜔𝑐 ) 𝑍𝑝 𝑍𝑝 𝑍𝑝

𝑁𝑝,𝑝1 . 𝑁𝑝1,𝑠 = . = = 𝑁𝑝,𝑠 1 = (− ) (− 1 ) =
𝑝1 (𝜔𝑝 − 𝜔𝑐 ) (𝜔𝑝1 − 𝜔𝑐 ) (𝜔𝑝 − 𝜔𝑐 ) 𝑝 𝑍𝑝1 𝑍𝑠𝑝1 𝑍𝑠𝑝1

𝑍𝑝
𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝑝1 = 𝑍 (30)
𝑠 1
𝑝

(𝜔𝑝1 − 𝜔𝑐 ) (𝜔𝑟𝑝1 − 𝜔𝑐 ) (𝜔𝑟𝑝1 − 𝜔𝑐 ) 𝑍𝑝 𝑍𝑝

𝑁𝑝,𝑝1 . 𝑁𝑝1 ,𝑟 = . = = 𝑁𝑝,𝑟𝑝1 = (− )( 1 )
𝑝1 (𝜔𝑝 − 𝜔𝑐 ) (𝜔𝑝1 − 𝜔𝑐 ) (𝜔𝑝 − 𝜔𝑐 ) 𝑍𝑝1 𝑍𝑟𝑝1
𝑍𝑝
=−
𝑍𝑟𝑝1

𝑍𝑝
𝑁𝑝,𝑟𝑝1 = − 𝑍 (31)
𝑟 1
𝑝

Figure 12 shows the basic form of the graph to be created, where the axes labeled 𝜔𝑟𝑝 ,
𝜔𝑟𝑝1 , 𝜔𝑠𝑝 , 𝜔𝑠𝑝1 , 𝜔𝑝 , 𝜔𝑝1 , and 𝜔𝑐 represent the rotational speed of the ring gear 𝑟𝑝 , ring
gear 𝑟𝑝1 , sun gear 𝑠𝑝 , sun gear 𝑠𝑝1 , planet gear 𝑝, planet gear 𝑝1 and the planet gear
carrier 𝑐. The 𝜔𝑐 axis is placed at the origin. The distance between the ωc axis and the ωp
axis is set equal to 1. The ring gear 𝑟𝑝 is always larger than the planet gear so that the
value of 𝑁𝑝,𝑟 is smaller than one but larger than zero. The location of the ωr axis is
actually between the ωc and the ωp axes and the distance between the ωc axis and the ωr
axis is set equal to 𝑁𝑝,𝑟 . Since the value of first planet gear to the second planet gear ratio
𝑁𝑝,𝑝1 is always smaller than zero, the location of the ωp1 axis is actually be to the left of
the ωc axis and the distance between the ωc axis and the ωp1 axis is set equal to 𝑁𝑝,𝑝1 .
Since the value of 𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝑝 is always smaller than zero, the location of the 𝜔𝑠𝑝 axis is
actually be to the left of the ωc axis and the distance between the ωc axis and the 𝜔𝑠𝑝 axis
is set equal to 𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝑝 .

1 1
The ring gear 𝑟𝑝 is always larger than the sun gear 𝑠𝑝1 , 𝑍𝑟𝑝 > 𝑍𝑠𝑝1 and <𝑍 then
𝑍𝑟𝑝 𝑠 1
𝑝
𝑍𝑝 𝑍𝑝
<𝑍 or 𝑁𝑝,𝑟𝑝 < 𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝑝1 , which implies that the value of 𝑁𝑝,𝑟𝑝 is always smaller than
𝑍𝑟𝑝 𝑠 1
𝑝

𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝑝1 . The location of the 𝜔𝑠𝑝1 axis is actually be to the right of the 𝜔𝑟𝑝 axis and the
distance between the ωc axis and the 𝜔𝑠𝑝1 axis is set equal to 𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝑝1 .
1 1
The ring gear 𝑟𝑝1 is always larger than the sun gear 𝑠𝑝 , 𝑍𝑟𝑝1 > 𝑍𝑠𝑝 and <𝑍 then
𝑍𝑟 1 𝑠𝑝
𝑝
𝑍𝑝 𝑍𝑝 𝑍𝑝 𝑍𝑝
< 𝑍 and − 𝑍 > − 𝑍 or 𝑁𝑝,𝑟𝑝1 > 𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝑝 , which implies that the value of 𝑁𝑝,𝑟𝑝1 is
𝑍𝑟 1 𝑠𝑝 𝑟 1 𝑠𝑝
𝑝 𝑝

always larger than 𝑁𝑝,𝑠𝑝 . The location of the 𝜔𝑟𝑝1 axis is actually be to the left of the ωp
axis. It’s location is actually between the 𝜔𝑠𝑝 axis and the ωp axis and the distance
between the ωc axis and the 𝜔𝑟𝑝1 axis is equal to 𝑁𝑝,𝑟𝑝1 as shown in Fig. 12.

Figure 12 Nomograph for the double-planet GTE shown in Fig. 11 (a), in terms of planet
gear p.

Figure 13 shows the nomograph of the mechanism shown in Fig. 11 (b).

Figure 3– Nomograph for the double-planet GTE shown in Fig. 11 (b), in terms of planet
gear 6.

[1]Ravigneaux, P., 1940,“Gear Box with Freewheeling Gear,” U. S. Patent No. 2195783.

[2]Ravigneaux, P., 1940, “Speed Changing Device,” U. S. Patent No. 2220174.

[3]Esmail, E. L.,"Nomographs for enumeration of clutching sequences associated with

epicyclic type automatic transmission mechanisms", ASME International Mechanical
Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE08), October 31- November 6, 2008
Boston, Massachusetts, USA, paper No.66409 also at (Emirates Journal for Engineering
Research, Vol. 14, No.1, pp.29-38, 2009).

[4] Esmail, E. L. , 2013, "Nomographs and Feasibility Graphs for Enumeration of

Ravigneaux-Type Automatic Transmissions ", Advances in Mechanical Engineering
Hindawi, Publishing Corporation, Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 120324, 15 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/120324

[5] Esmail, E. L. , 2013, "Nomographs for synthesis of epicyclic-type automatic

transmissions", Meccanica, October 2013, Volume 48, Issue 8, pp 2037-2049.

DOI 10.1007/s11012-013-9721-z

[6]Esmail, E.L., 2007,“Kinematic Nomographs of Epicyclic-Type Transmission

Mechanisms,” Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 12(3), pp. 47-55.

[7]Esmail, E.L., 2011, “Nomographs for analysis of power circulation through closed
epicyclic gear trains,” Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 16(2), pp. 39-47.

[8] Esmail, E. L. and Hussien, H.A. , 2009,"Nomographs for Kinematic, Statics and
Power Flow Analysis of epicyclic gear trains", ASME International Mechanical
Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE09), November 13-19, Lake Buena Vista,
Florida, USA, 13, paper No. 10789, pp. 631-640.
 [9] Esmail, E. L. , 2013, "Teaching Planetary Gear Trains with the Aid of Nomographs",
Advances in Mechanical Engineering Hindawi, Publishing Corporation, Volume 2013
(2013), Article ID 978418, 9 pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/978418.

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