Difficulty

Level

1
CONTENTS (1) GAS POWER CYCLE

(2) BRAYTON CYCLE

BASIC CONCEPTS OF
GAS POWER PLANT (3) BRAYTON CYCLE ANALYSIS
CYLE
(4) THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE RATIO
THERMODYNAMIC
CYCLES FOR GAS (5) BACK WORK RATIO
POWER PLANT: IDEAL &
ACTUAL BRAYTON (6) ACTUAL GAS TURBINE CYCLES
CYCLE
(7) METHODS TO IMPROVE
METHODS TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE
THE BRAYTON CYCLE (8) BRAYTON CYCLE + REGENERATION

(9) BRAYTON CYCLE + INTERCOOLING

+ REHEATING + REGENERATION
2
 THERMODYNAMIC APPLICATIONS

THERMODYNAMIC
CYCLE

POWER COOLING/HEATING
GENERATION SYSTEM

POWER PLANT ENGINE REFRIGERATOR AIR

CONDITIONING

CHAP 3: GAS CHAP 2

CHAP 5 CHAP 6
CHAP 4: VAPOR
3
 Introduction to Gas Turbine Engine
COMPRESSOR JET ENGINE

TURBINE Combustor
COMBUSTION
CHAMBER

Turbine

Compressor

GAS TURBINE
POWER PLANT 4
GAS POWER CYCLES

5
 GAS TURBINE POWER CYCLES

T q in T
TH 1 2 q in 3
Isentropic

Isentropic
TL 4
4 3 2
q out q out
1
s Simplified Schematic s
CARNOT CYCLE Diagram of Gas Turbine BRAYTON CYCLE
Engine
Brayton Cycle
q in
Heat
exchanger
2 3
wnet
Compressor Turbine

1
Heat 4
exchanger
q out 6
ANALYSIS OF POWER
CYCLE

7
 ANALYSIS OF POWER CYCLE
P
ACTUAL IDEAL
CYCLE Actual cycle CYCLE
Complicated Simplified
Idealization

Ideal cycle
vv
ANALYSIS
Internal Internal
Irreversibility reversibility
• Chemical • No friction: No
• Friction pressure difference
• Heat transfer • Working Fluid:
Neglect KE & PE
• Mixing of fluid
• Pipe line well
• Electric
insulated: No heat
resistance
transfer
• Insufficient
Fast Slow • Quasi
time for
equilibrium
Equilibrium
8
 AIR STANDARD ASSUMPTION
FUEL COMB.
PROD.
ACTUAL COMBUSTION
Combustion FUEL + AIR 
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
AIR Comb.
Complicated Analysis Fuel
HEAT Products
+Air

HEAT
AIR AIR
Simplify the analysis
Heating
section
AIR STANDARD PETROL ENGINE

The combustion process

Heat addition process
from external sources
Working fluid:
Air circulated in closed loop
N2 predominant: Hard for
chemical reaction
Ideal gas
ASSUMPTION
Internally reversible
• No friction: No
pressure difference
• Working Fluid:
Neglect KE & PE
• Pipe line well
Cold Air Standard insulated: No heat
Assumption:
transfer
Air constant specific heat at
room temperature (25C): • Quasi equilibrium
CV and CP 9
 AIR STANDARD ASSUMPTION

AIR STANDARD
ASSUMPTION

Constant Specific Variation of

Heat (cv, cp) With Specific Heat (cv, cp)
Temperature With Temperature

Cold Air Standard Ideal Gas of Air

Assumption: Table
Air constant specific Cannot Use
heat at room Equations involved
temperature (25C): with cV or cP
cV and cP
Cannot use the Ideal
Gas of Air Table
Use Equations
involved with cV or cP
10
CARNOT CYCLE

11
 THE CARNOT CYCLE
q in
P 1 The Most Efficient Cycle T q in
That Can Be Executed TH 1 2
Between a Heat Source and a

Isentropic

Isentropic
2 Sink Temperatures
4
Standard for Comparison
TL
4 3
q out q out
3
v s
PROCESSES 12

(1)  (2) A) PROCESS 1-2 D) PROCESS 4-1 (1)  (4)

TH = const.

Isothermal TH

Insulation
Energy
source Heat Isentropic
at Addition Compression
TH, QH TL
Insulation

TL = const.
TH Energy
Isothermal sink
Isentropic Heat at
TL
Expansion Rejection TL, QL

B) PROCESS 2-3 (2)  (3) C) PROCESS 3-4 (4)  (3)

BRAYTON CYCLE

13
 GAS TURBINE ENGINE WORKING PRINCIPLE

Source: www.youtube.com/MAN Energy Solutions/ 3D animation of industrial gas turbine working principle
GAS TURBINE ENGINE BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE

Exhaust Gases

Combustion
Air Chamber
Fuel

Compressor
Air Rotor Fuel Turbine
Rotor

15
 GAS TURBINE ENGINE IN POWER PLANT:
COMPRESSOR & TURBINE
Low Pressure Turbine
High Pressure
Compressor Compressor

Turbine

HP HP
Compressor Turbine

LP LP
Compressor Compressor Turbine 16
 INTRODUCTION TO BRAYTON CYCLE
THERMODYNAMIC CYLE FOR THE GAS TURBINE ENGINE

BRAYTON’S ENGINE DEVELOPMENT:

BRAYTON CYCLE’S CONSTANT PRESURE ENGINE
FOUNDER 1872: George Bailey Brayton introduced his gas engine. He describes the
George Bailey Brayton workings of a constant-pressure heat engine. The cycle of the engine is
called Brayton cycle. The original Brayton engines used a piston
compressor and piston expander, but for more modern gas turbine engines
and air breathing jet engines also follow the Brayton cycle.

THE
BASIC OF
MODERN
GAS
PERIOD: 1830 - 1892 TURBINE
NATIONALITY: AMERICAN
ENGINE
CYCLE
OCCUPATION: ENGINEER

IDEAL
BRAYTON ANALYSIS
AIR STANDARD
CYCLE ASSUMPTIONS

Source: Wikipedia.com 17
 BRAYTON CYCLE: GAS TURBINE ENGINE
ACTUAL GAS TURBINE ENGINE 2D CROSS SECTION SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Combustion
Chamber Turbine

Compressor
AIR
STANDARD
ASSUMPTION
Actual Gas-Turbine Engine Cycle Brayton Cycle
q in
Fuel Combustion Exhaust Combustion
products Chamber replaced Compressed Heat Hot Air
Compressed chamber with heating section Air exchanger
Air 3 (Heat exchanger) 2 3
2 wnet Exhaust process wnet
Compressor Turbine replaced with heat Compressor Turbine
release section
(Heat exchanger)
1 4 1 Heat 4
Working fluid is
Exhaust only air with exchanger
Fresh air products Air Hot Air
different q out
conditions
 BRAYTON CYCLE
P q in T
2 3
q in 3
Ideal Cycle for
Gas-Turbine Engine
2 4
1 4 q out
q out 1
Processes
v s

Isentropic Constant Pressure Isentropic Constant Pressure

Compression (1-2) Heat Addition (2-3) Expansion (3-4) Heat Rejection (4-1)

Actual Gas-Turbine Engine Cycle Brayton Cycle

Steady flow q in
Fuel Combustion Exhaust process:
products Compressed Heat Hot Air
Compressed chamber Neglect KE, Air exchanger
Air 3 PE 2 3
2 wnet wnet
Simplified The
Compressor Turbine Energy Balance Compressor Turbine
Equation
Exhaust
1 products 4 1 Air Heat 4
AIR STANDARD exchanger
Fresh air ASSUMPTION Hot Air
q out
BRAYTON CYCLE
ANALYSIS

20
 BRAYTON CYCLE ANALYSIS
q in
Heat
ANALYSIS T
exchanger
2 3 Energy Equation: q in 3
wnet
Compressor Turbine q + w =  h
1 Heat 4 Energy Balance Equation (Open Sys):
2 4
exchanger (qin – qout)+(win-wout)=hexit-hinlet
q out q out
1
s

HEAT ISENTROPIC PROCESS GAS LAWS THERMAL EFFICIENCY PRESSURE

TRANSFER: (1-2) & (3-4) EQUATIONS RATIO, rp
PROCESS (ALL STATES) 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡
win = h2-h1 wout = h3-h4 𝜂𝑡ℎ = P2
(2-3) & (4-1) 𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑝,𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 =
𝑃𝑉 P1
q in = h3-h2 P2 Pr2 Pr3 P3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
= = = 𝑇 𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 −
P1 Pr1 Pr4 P4 𝑞𝑖𝑛 P3
q out = h4-h1 𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐴 𝑃𝐵 𝑉𝐵 𝑟𝑝,𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 =
P4
=
w in = cp(T2-T1) 𝑇𝐴 𝑇𝐵
q in = cp(T3-T2) 1 P2 P3
𝜂𝑡ℎ,𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 1 − (𝑘−1)/𝑘 𝑟𝑝 = =
w out = cp(T3-T4) 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 𝑟𝑝 P1 P4
q out = cp(T4-T1)
(𝑘−1)/𝑘 (𝑘−1)/𝑘
𝑇2 P2 P3 𝑇3
= = =
𝑇1 P1 P4 𝑇4 Cold Air Standard Cold Air Standard
Cold Air Standard
Assumption Assumption Assumption 21
THE EFFECTS OF
PRESSURE RATIO

22
 THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE RATIO ON BRAYTON CYCLE EFFICIENCY
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡
Pressure Ratio, rP : 𝜂𝑡ℎ =
𝑞𝑖𝑛 Brayton Cycle
Limit: Max. temperature of q in
turbine blades (T3=Turbine Cold Air Standard Turbine’s
inlet temperature)- rP , T3  Fuel Heat Inlet
1 exchanger
If the temperature
3’
𝜂𝑡ℎ,𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 1 − 2 3
T is too high: It will 𝑟𝑝 (𝑘−1)/𝑘 wnet
change the Compressor Turbine
structure of the rP ,  
turbine blade q in 3 1
material
Heat 4
Too high rP, w net output : exchanger
2’
To maintain high rp with same q out
2 4 power output: Large mass flow
rate  Large system  Not
q out economical
1 Increase Pressure ratio, rP
Compromise
s rP @   wnet,output
Common Design
• Solution: Fix T3 then rP  rP = 11 to 16 P2 : Large Mass Flow Rate
 Prevent blade damage Required
T
r P =15
Tmax 3 , wnet Max
1000K
Work supply Compressor
r P =8.2 r P =2
w net, max
(win) to the size need
2
compressor must to be
be increased increased
4
Tmin
300K 1 Increase Decrease Reduce
s Optimum rP rP wnet,output 23
BACK WORK RATIO

24
 BACK WORK RATIO, r bw
Brayton Cycle
q in
Heat
exchanger
2 3
wnet
Compressor Turbine

1
Heat 4
exchanger
Compressor w compressor
Turbine
w w
net q out
turbine

Back Work Ratio, rbw

How much wturbine used to generate the
compressor

𝑤𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 𝑤𝑖𝑛
𝑟𝑏𝑤 = =
𝑤𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡
25
EXAMPLE 3.1

A gas-turbine power plant operating on an ideal Brayton

Cycle has a pressure ratio of 8. The gas temperature is
300 K at the compressor inlet and 1300 K at the turbine
inlet. Utilizing the air-standard assumptions, determine
(a) the gas temperature at the exits of the compressor
and the turbine, (b) the back work ratio, and (c) the
thermal efficiency.

q in 3

2 4
q out
1
s 26
SOLUTION 3.1
Determine (a) the gas temperature at the exits of the compressor
and the turbine
Data given: rp=8 T1=300K T3=1300K T h
pr
u
vr
so
(K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
State 1: 295 295.17 1.3068 210.49 647.9 1.68515

T1=300K h1=300.19 kJ/kg 300

305
300.19
305.22
1.3860
1.4686
214.07
217.67
621.2
596.0
1.70203
1.71865
Pr1=1.3860
State 2: (Isentropic: Process 1-2); Pr2=?, T2= ?, h2= ?

Pr2= ? 𝑃𝑟2 = 8𝑃𝑟1 = 11.088 T h

pr
u
vr
so
(K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
𝑃𝑟2 𝑃2 T2=540K 530 533.98 10.37 381.84 146.7 2.27967

= = 𝑟𝑝 = 8 h2=544.35kJ/kg
540 544.35 11.10 389.34 139.7 2.29906

𝑃𝑟1 𝑃1 550 555.74 11.86 396.86 133.1 2.31809

State 3: Pr3=?, h3= ? T h pr u vr so

(K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
T3= 1300K Pr3=330.9 1300 1395.97 330.9 1022.82 11.275 3.27345

h3=1395.97kJ/kg

State 4: (Isentropic: Process 3-4); Pr4=?, h4= ?, T4= ?

Pr4= ? 𝑃𝑟3 T h pr u vr so
𝑃𝑟4 = = 41.36 (K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
𝑃𝑟3 𝑃3 8 760 778.18 39.27 560.01 55.54 2.66176
= = 𝑟𝑝 = 8 T4=770K
780 800.03 43.35 576.12 51.64 2.69013
𝑃𝑟4 𝑃4
h4=789.37kJ/kg 27
SOLUTION 3.1
Example 3-1: Determine (b) the back work ratio
Calculated Data:
h1=300.19 kJ/kg h2=544.35kJ/kg h3=1395.97kJ/kg h4=789.37kJ/kg
𝑤𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 𝑤𝑖𝑛
𝑟𝑏𝑤 = =
𝑤𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡
wcomp, in=h2-h1 = 244.16 kJ/kg

wturb, out=h3-h4 = 606.60 kJ/kg

Compressor
wturbine wnet
wcompressor Turbine
𝑤𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 244.16
𝑟𝑏𝑤 = = = 0.403 @ 40.3%
𝑤𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 606.60

Example 3-1: Determine (c) the thermal efficiency

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 wnet=wturb, out - wcomp,in= 362.4 kJ/kg
𝜂𝑡ℎ =
𝑞𝑖𝑛
q in=h3-h2 = 851.62 kJ/kg

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 362.4
𝜂𝑡ℎ = = = 0.426 @ 42.6%
𝑞𝑖𝑛 851.62
28
 ACTUAL GAS
TURBINE CYCLE

29
 ACTUAL GAS TURBINE CYCLE

Actual Behavior of Irreversibilities

Compressor & Turbine

Isentropic Pressure: Work:

Efficiency - Heat addition - Actual win@comp 
- Heat rejection - Actual wout@turb 
Compressor Turbine
T
𝑤𝑖𝑛,𝑠 ℎ2𝑠 − ℎ1 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑎 ℎ3 − ℎ4𝑎
𝜂𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = ≅ 𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 = ≅ Ideal Cycle P during
𝑤𝑖𝑛,𝑎 ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ1 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑠 ℎ3 − ℎ4𝑠 heat addition
Actual Cycle
Cold Air Standard: Cold Air Standard:
𝑤𝑖𝑛,𝑠 𝑇2𝑠 − 𝑇1 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑎 𝑇3 − 𝑇4𝑎 3
𝜂𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = ≅ 𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 = ≅ wout
𝑤𝑖𝑛,𝑎 𝑇2𝑎 − 𝑇1 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑠 𝑇3 − 𝑇4𝑠
qin

Effect on 2a
th,Brayton 2s 4
4a
2 4s

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 win P during

heat rejection
𝜂𝑡ℎ,𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑛 = =1− qout
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑖𝑛 1

s
EXAMPLE 3.2
Assuming a compressor efficiency of 80% and a turbine efficiency
of 85%, determine (a) the turbine exit temperature of the gas
turbine cycle discussed in Example 3-1, (b) the back work ratio,
and (c) the thermal efficiency.

T
Ideal Cycle No pressure
difference
Actual Cycle during heat
addition
3
wout
qin No pressure
difference
during heat
rejection
2a 4a
2s
4s

win
qout
1

s
31
SOLUTION 3-2
Determine (a) the gas temperature at the exits of the compressor
and the turbine
Data given: rp=8 T1=300K T3=1300K comp=0.8 turb=0.85
State 1:
T
T1=300K h1=300.19 kJ/kg Pr1=1.3860 Ideal Cycle
Actual Cycle
T h pr u vr so
(K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K) 3
300 300.19 1.3860 214.07 621.2 1.70203 wout
qin
State 2s: (Isentropic: Process 1-2s); Pr2s=?, T2s= ?, h2s= ?
Pr2= Pr2s 2a 4a
𝑃𝑟2𝑠 = 𝑃𝑟2 = 8𝑃𝑟1 = 11.088 2s
𝑃𝑟2 𝑃𝑟2𝑠 𝑃2 T2s=T2=540K
4s
= = = 𝑟𝑝 = 8
𝑃𝑟1 𝑃𝑟1 𝑃1 h2s=h2=544.35kJ/kg win
qout
1
T h pr u vr so
(K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K) s
530 533.98 10.37 381.84 146.7 2.27967
540 544.35 11.10 389.34 139.7 2.29906

State 2a: (Actual Process); h2a= ?

𝑤𝑠 ℎ2𝑠 − ℎ1 ℎ2𝑠 − ℎ1
𝜂𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 = ≅ ℎ2𝑎 = + ℎ1 = 605.39 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑤𝑎 ℎ2𝑎 − ℎ1 0.8
T2a=598K T h u so
pr vr
(K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
590 596.52 15.31 427.15 110.6 2.39140
600 607.02 16.28 434.78 105.8 32
2.40902
SOLUTION 3-2
State 3: Pr3=?, h3= ?
T3= 1300K T h u so
Pr3=330.9 (K) (kJ/kg)
pr
(kJ/kg)
vr
(kJ/kg*K)
h3=1395.97kJ/kg 1300 1395.97 330.9 1022.82 11.275 3.27345

State 4s: (Isentropic: Process 3-4); Pr4s=?, h4s= ?, T4s= ? T

Pr4s= Pr4 𝑃𝑟3 Ideal Cycle

𝑃𝑟4𝑠 = 𝑃𝑟4 = = 41.36 Actual Cycle

𝑃𝑟3 𝑃𝑟3 𝑃3 8
= = = 𝑟𝑝 = 8 T4s=T4=770K 3
wout
𝑃𝑟4 𝑃𝑟4𝑠 𝑃4
h4s=h4=789.37kJ/kg qin

2a 4a
T h u so 2s
pr vr
(K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K) 4s
760 778.18 39.27 560.01 55.54 2.66176
780 800.03 43.35 576.12 51.64 2.69013 win
qout
1
State 4a: (Actual Process); h4a= ?
s
𝑤𝑎 ℎ3 − ℎ4𝑎 ℎ4𝑎 = ℎ3 − 0.85 ℎ3 − ℎ4𝑠 = 880.36 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝜂𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 = ≅
𝑤𝑠 ℎ3 − ℎ4𝑠
T4a=853K

T h pr u vr so
(K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
840 866.08 57.60 624.95 41.85 2.77170
860 888.27 63.09 641.40 39.12 2.79783

33
SOLUTION 3-2
(b) the back work ratio
Calculated Data: h1=300.19 kJ/kg h2s=h2=544.35kJ/kg h3=1395.97kJ/kg h4s=h4=789.37kJ/kg
h2a=605.39kJ/kg h4a=880.36kJ/kg

wcomp, in, actual=h2a-h1 = 305.20 kJ/kg

wturb, out, actual=h3-h4a = 515.61 kJ/kg
Compressor
wturbine wnet
wcompressor Turbine
𝑤𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝,𝑎 305.20
𝑟𝑏𝑤 = = = 0.592 @ 59.2%
𝑤𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏,𝑎 515.61

(c) the thermal efficiency T

Ideal Cycle
Actual Cycle
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 3
𝑞𝑖𝑛 wout
qin
q in,actual=h3-h2a = 790.58 kJ/kg
2a 4a
2s
wnet, actual=wturb,out,actual - wcomp,in,actual= 210.41kJ/kg 4s

win
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑎 210.41 qout
𝜂𝑡ℎ,𝑎 = = = 0.266 @ 26.6% 1
𝑞𝑖𝑛,𝑎 790.58
s
34
 METHODS TO
IMPROVE
PERFORMANCE

35
 METHODS TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE OF GAS TURBINE

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝜂𝑡ℎ =
𝑞𝑖𝑛

qin  wnet 
6
Air R 4
1 CC 3
2 5 wnet
C T
Regeneration Open Cycle wnet = wout - win

10 R
CC RH
Air 5 9 w Comp  Both w Turb 
6
1 4 7 8
wnet
C1 C2 T1 T2 Multi stages Multi stages
3
compressor turbine
2 Open Cycle
INT + +
Intercooling 36 Reheating
BRAYTON CYCLE +
REGENERATION

37
 IDEAL BRAYTON CYCLE + REGENERATION
Brayton Cycle
Actual Gas-Turbine Engine Cycle
th,Brayton : Heat input   T for qin  q in
Fuel Combustion Exhaust
chamber products Regenerator @ Recuperator: Compressed
Air
Heat Hot Air
Compressed exchanger
Air 3 Pre-heat air entering a Combustion Chamber @ 2 3
2 wnet a Heating Section (1st Heat Exchanger) wnet
Compressor Turbine Compressor Turbine

Exhaust
1 products 4 Regenerator Regenerator 1 Air Heat 4
Fresh air
 =100% (max):  <100% (actual): No exchanger
Hot Air
No Regeneration T qin=h3-h5’ qin=h3-h5a Regeneration q out
qout=h6-h1 qout=h6-h1 3
qregen=h5’-h2 qregen=h5a-h2 qin wout
qsaved=h4-h6 qsaved=h4-h6 Regenerator
=qregen =qregen q out
T5’=T4
6 Regenerator
h5’=h4 6 R
T=T5-T3 HE T=T5-T3
Air
1
R 4 5’ 4

2 5
CC 3 5a
4
1
q regen HE 3
wnet 5
2
2 q in wnet
C T 6 C T
Open Cycle No regenerator: Closed Cycle
With Regeneration win qin=h3-h2 With Regeneration
qout qout=h4-h1
1 s
Tregen,max (T5’)=T4: Tregen,act (T5a)<T4:
Regenerator Performance: qregen,act=h5a-h2
qregen,max=h5’-h2=h4-h2 Effectiveness, 
𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏,𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝒉𝟓𝒂 − 𝒉𝟐 𝒉𝟓𝒂 − 𝒉𝟐 Regeneration process only
 , Fuel : 𝜺= = = effect the heat addition & heat
𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒉𝟓′ − 𝒉𝟐 𝒉𝟒 − 𝒉𝟐 rejection processes.
Too High:
Large regenerator Cold Air Standard: 𝑻𝟓𝒂 − 𝑻𝟐 The process does not effect win
𝜺≈ at the compressor & wout at the
Limit:  <0.85 𝑻𝟒 − 𝑻𝟐
turbine
 ACTUAL BRAYTON CYCLE + REGENERATION
Regenerator
q out
6 Regenerator
T=T5-T3
6 R
Air R 4 HE T=T5-T3
1 4
5
CC 3 1
HE
2 wnet q regen 5 3
Regenerator Regenerator
C T  =100% (max):  <100% (actual):
2 q in wnet
Open Cycle qin=h3-h5’ qin=h3-h5a C T
With Regeneration T qout=h6-h1 qout=h6-h1 Closed Cycle
qregen=h5’-h2a qregen=h5a-h2a 3 With Regeneration
qsaved=h4a-h6 qsaved=h4a-h6 q
=qregen =qregen in wout
T5’=T4a
h5’=h4a
5’
4a
5a 4
2a 4s
2s
2 6
No regenerator:
win qin=h3-h2a
qout qout=h4a-h1
1 s
Tregen,max (T5’)=T4a: Tregen,act (T5a)<T4a:
Regenerator Performance: qregen,act=h5a-h2a
qregen,max=h5’-h2a=h4a-h2a Effectiveness, 
𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏,𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝒉𝟓𝒂 − 𝒉𝟐𝒂 𝒉𝟓𝒂 − 𝒉𝟐𝒂
𝜺= = =
𝒒𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏,𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒉𝟓′ − 𝒉𝟐𝒂 𝒉𝟒𝒂 − 𝒉𝟐𝒂
Cold Air Standard: 𝑻𝟓𝒂 − 𝑻𝟐𝒂
𝜺≈
𝑻𝟒𝒂 − 𝑻𝟐𝒂
 REGENERATION EFFECT ON TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
th,Brayton : Heat input @ Fuel consumption   T= T3-T5 
6 No Regeneration 6 q out

T5=20C
HE 100C
Air
20C
4
1 R 4
100C 20C HE
1 CC 3 T3=100C 3
2 5 wnet 5
2 wnet
T= T3-T5 =80C q in
C T C T
Open Cycle qin= 100 kJ/kg Closed Cycle

40

6 With Regeneration q out

6 R
Air R 4 T5=50C HE
CC 100C 100C
1 4
3 T3=100C 1
2 5 wnet q regen
HE
20 50C 5 3
T= T3-T5 =50C 2 20 50Cq in wnet
C T
Open Cycle qin 100 kJ/kg C T
Closed Cycle
 EFFECTIVENESS VALUE EFFECT ON REGENERATION PROCESS
6  = 100% 100 kJ (Heat) T4=500C  = 100% q out
The regenerator able to 6 R
R 500C
Air 4 transfer heat effectively so HE
1 CC 3
500C that the temperature at the
1
4
2 5 inlet of the combustion HE 100 kJ
wnet
500C chamber (heating section) q regen 5 3 (Heat)
(T5) is same as the 2 500C q in wnet
C T temperature at the outlet of
Open Cycle the turbine (T4) C T
T5 = T4=500C Closed Cycle

Tregen,max (T5’)=T4: Effectiveness 100% :

 =100%
qregen,max=h5’-h2=h4-h2 (Max. Condition)

Effectiveness less than 100% : Tregen,act (T5a)<T4:

 < 100%
(Actual Condition) qregen,act=h5a-h2
6  = 80% 100 kJ (Heat) T4=500C  = 80% q out
The regenerator is less 6 R 500C
Air R 4 effective to transfer heat, HE
1 CC 3
500C cause the temperature at the 1 4
2 5 wnet
inlet of the combustion
q regen
HE 100 kJ
350C chamber (heating section) 5 3 (Heat)
(T5) lower than the 2 350C q in wnet
C T temperature at the outlet of
Open Cycle the turbine (T4) C T
Closed Cycle
(T5 = 350C )  (T4=500C)
RAVENSBURG’S CLOSED CYCLE GAS TURBINE POWER
PLANT (1956): REGENERATION
A: High Pressure Side Blow of
Valve
B: Bypass Valve
C: Compressor
D: Air Intake Throttle Device
E: Exciting Machine
F: Combustion Air Blower
G: Generator
H
E H1: Make up Air Compressor
A
T
H2: Make up Air Compressor
K: Coal Mills
L: Air Heater / Combustor
M: Starting Motor
R: Induced Draught Fan
S: Pressurized Air Storage
T: Turbine
U: Reduction Gear
V: Pre Cooler
W: Recuperator/ Regenerator
Z: Inter Cooler 42
 REGENERATOR @ RECUPERATOR

CORRUGATED
STRIP FIN TUBES

ACTUAL REGENERATOR
COMPRESSED
AIR FROM TO AIR COMPRESSED
COMPRESSOR HEATER/ AIR FROM TO AIR43
COMBUSTOR COMPRESSOR HEATER/
COMBUSTOR

HOT AIR
FROM
TURBINE

TO
COMPRESSOR SIDE
SHELL VIEW
FRONT VIEW
EXAMPLE 3.3
Determine the thermal efficiency of the gas turbine
describe in Example 3.2 if a regenerator having an
effectiveness of 80% is installed.
EXAMPLE 3.1

Ideal brayton Cycle

th= 0.426@ 42.6%
EXAMPLE 3.2

Actual brayton Cycle

th= 0.266@ 26.6%

44
SOLUTION 3.3

Determine the thermal efficiency.

Calculated Data from Example 3.2:
h1=300.19 kJ/kg h2s=h2=544.35kJ/kg h3=1395.97kJ/kg h4s=h4=789.37kJ/kg
h2a=605.39kJ/kg h4a=880.36kJ/kg
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑎 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑎
𝜂𝑡ℎ,𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑛 = =1−
𝑞𝑖𝑛,𝑎 𝑞𝑖𝑛,𝑎 T
wnet, actual=wturb, out.actual - wcomp,in,actual= 210.41kJ/kg qin
q in 3
qregen
q in,new=h3-h5a h5a=?
5’
General Equation of effectiveness:
2s 2a 4a
4
𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑎𝑐𝑡 ℎ5𝑎 − ℎ2 ℎ5𝑎 − ℎ2𝑎 2 5a 4 s
𝜀= = 𝜀=
𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑚𝑎𝑥 ℎ5′ − ℎ2 ℎ5′ − ℎ2𝑎 q out
1
T5’=T4a h5’=h4a s
ℎ5𝑎 − ℎ2𝑎
𝜀= = 0.8 ℎ5𝑎 = 0.8 ℎ4𝑎 − ℎ2𝑎 + ℎ2𝑎 h5a=825.37 kJ/kg
ℎ4𝑎 − ℎ2𝑎
q in,new=h3-h5a=1395.97-825.37=570.60 kJ/kg

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑎,𝑛𝑒𝑤 210.41
𝜂𝑡ℎ,𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑛,𝑛𝑒𝑤 = = = 0.369 @36.9%
𝑞𝑖𝑛,𝑎,𝑛𝑒𝑤 570.60 45
BRAYTON CYCLE +
INTERCOOLING +
REHEATING +
REGENERATION

46
 6 8
BRAYTON CYCLE T qin,I qin,II
10 R
CC RH + INTERCOOLING
5 5
Air 9 + REHEATING + qregen 7
9
6
1 4 7 8 REGENERATION
wnet
C1 C2 T1 T2 4 2
10 qregen=qsaved
2 3 Open Cycle th,Brayton : wnet 
qout,II
3 qout,I 1
INT s

win ,wComp  wout ,wTurb 

Multi-stages Intercooling: Reheating: Multi-stages
Compressor: • Average specific Turbine:
• No of stages  • Average specific
volume, vave  volume, vave  • No of stages 
 Compression T=T9-T5  Expansion
• Fluid leaving the • Fluid leaving the
process  compressor: process 
Isothermal proces T  Turbine: Isothermal process
Lower temp. Higher temp.
Max. stages: 3 • Max. stages: 3
Regenerator potential 
Best performance Best performance
for the Compressor: T for the Turbine:
• Each stage must • Each stage must
have same pressure have same pressure
ratio th : th : ratio
Minimized • Intercooling • Intercooling Maximized
win • Reheating • Reheating wout
• Regeneration
s
 IDEAL AND ACTUAL BRAYTON CYCLE + INTERCOOLING +
REHEATING + REGENERATION
Constant Inlet temperature, Constant Different Inlet temperature, Different
Pressure Ratio T1 T3 Pressure Ratio
T 8 T 6
T1=T3 6 T2s T4s T10 wout,I
qin,II wout,II qin,II 8
T2s=T4s=T10 wout,I T5’ T7s qin,I wout,II
T5’=T7s=T9s q in,I T7s T9s
9a T6 T8
T6=T8 5’ 7a
5’ 7a
5a 7s 9s 5a 9a
7s 9s
 <100%  <100%

4a
4a 2a T1=T3 4s 2a
T1 T3
4s 2s win,I T2a=T4a win,II 2s win,I T2a T4a
10 T7a=T9a 10 T7a T9a
win,II T6=T8 qout,I T6 T8
qout,I
qout,II s 3 qout,II
3 1 1 s

Ideal Cycle Actual Cycle

10 R
qin,I=h6-h5a qin,II=h8-h7s CC RH qin,I=h6-h5a qin,II=h8-h7a
Air 5 9
qout,I=h10-h1 qout,II=h2s-h3 6 qout,I=h10-h1 qout,II=h2a-h3
1 4 7 8
qregen=h5a-h4s qsaved=h9s-h10 wnet qregen=h5a-h4a qsaved=h9a-h10
C1 C2 T1 T2
win,I=h2s-h1 win,II=h4s-h3 win,I=h2a-h1 win,II=h4a-h3
2 3 Open Cycle
wout,I=h6-h7s wout,II=h8-h9s INT
wout,I=h6-h7a wout,II=h8-h9a
 BRAYTON CYCLE + INTERCOOLING + REHEATING +
REGENERATION: Specific Volume Change Due to Intercooling
1 v1=80m3/kg : specific volume
v=20 v=20 v4=40m3/kg
m3/kg 4 (m3/kg)
m3/kg
Constant
Win,1 Win,2 work supply
Constant
Comp. 1 Comp. 2 specific
volume
100 kJ 100 kJ

v2=60m3/kg 2 3 v3=60m3/kg

Without
Intercooler

1 v1=80m3/kg : specific volume

(m3/kg)
v=20 v=10 4 v4 =40m3/kg
m3/kg m3/kg
Win,1 Win,2 Specific Work supply
volume reduced
Comp. 1 Comp. 2 reduced

100 kJ 50 kJ

v2=60m3/kg 2 3 v3=50m3/kg
INT
With
Intercooler
Intercooling: Average specific volume, vave  win ,wComp 
 BRAYTON CYCLE + INTERCOOLING + REHEATING +
REGENERATION: Specific Volume Change Due to Reheating
6 v6=100m3/kg v9=140m3/kg : specific volume
9 (m3/kg)
v=20 v=20
m3/kg m3/kg Constant work
Wout,1 Wout,2 produced

Turb. 1 Turb. 2 Constant

specific
300 kJ 300 kJ volume

v7=120m3/kg 7 8 v8=120m3/kg
Without
Reheater

: specific volume
6 v6=100m3/kg v9=170m3/kg (m3/kg)
9
v=20 v=35
m3/kg m3/kg Work
Wout,2 produced
Wout,1 increased
Turb. 1 Turb. 2 Specific
volume
300 kJ 450 kJ increased

v7=120m3/kg 7 v8=135m3/kg
RH 8
With
Reheater 50

Reheating: Average specific volume, vave  wout ,wTurb 

 BRAYTON CYCLE + INTERCOOLING + REHEATING +
REGENERATION: Temperature Change Due to Intercooling
1 T1=15C
4 T4=35C

Win,1 Win,2
Comp. 1 Comp. 2

T2=25C 2 3 T3=25C
Without
Intercooler

1 T1=15C
4 T4=30C

Win,1 Win,2
Comp. 1 Comp. 2

T2=25C 2 3 T3=20C
INT
51
With
Intercooler
Intercooling: Leaving the Comp. Lower temp. Regeneration potential 
 BRAYTON CYCLE + INTERCOOLING + REHEATING +
REGENERATION: Temperature Change Due to Reheating
6 T6=500C T9=400C
9

Wout,1 Wout,2
Turb. 1 Turb. 2

T7=450C 7 8 T8=450C
Without
Reheater

6 T6=500C T9=500C
9

Wout,1 Wout,2
Turb. 1 Turb. 2

7
T7=450C RH 8 T8=550C
With
Reheater

Reheating: Leaving the Turbine  Higher temp. Regeneration potential 

EXAMPLE 3.4
An ideal gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression and
two stages of expansion has an overall pressure ratio of 8. Air
enters each stage of the compressor at 300 K and each stage of the
turbine at 1300 K. Determine the back work ratio and the thermal
efficiency of this gas-turbine cycle, assuming (a) no regenerators
and (b) an ideal regenerator with 100% effectiveness. Compare
the results with those obtained in Example 3.1, 3.2 & 3.3.
EXAMPLE 3.1
Ideal brayton Cycle
th= 0.426@ 42.6%
EXAMPLE 3.2
Actual brayton Cycle
th= 0.266@ 26.6%
EXAMPLE 3.3
Actual brayton Cycle+Regeneration
th= 0.366@ 36.9% 53
SOLUTION 3.4
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of this
gas-turbine cycle, assuming (a) no regenerators
Data: 6 8
T
T1 = T3= 300K T6 = T8= 1300K q in
9
T1 = T 3  h1 = h3 T6 = T 8  h6 = h8 7
T2 = T 4  h2 = h4 T7 = T 9  h7 = h9
4 2
q out
3 1
State 1: s
T1=300K h1=300.19 kJ/kg Pr1=1.3860
T h u so
pr vr
(K)
300
(kJ/kg)
300.19 1.3860
(kJ/kg)
214.07 621.2
(kJ/kg*K)
1.70203 CC RH
Air 9
6
1 4 7 8
wnet
C1 C2 T1 T2
2 3 Open Cycle
INT
SOLUTION 3.4
6 8
State 2: (Isentropic: Process 1-2); Pr2=?, T2= ?, h2= ?
T
Pr2= ?
𝑃𝑟2 = 2.83𝑃𝑟1 = 3.92
𝑃𝑟2 𝑃2 q in
= = 𝑟𝑝 = 2.83 T2=403.3K 9
𝑃𝑟1 𝑃1 7
h2=404.31kJ/kg
T h u so
(K) (kJ/kg)
pr
(kJ/kg)
vr
(kJ/kg*K) 4 2
400 400.98 3.806 286.16 301.6 1.99194 q out
410 411.12 4.153 293.43 283.3 2.01699
3 1
State 6: s
T6=1300K h6=1395.97 kJ/kg Pr6=330.9
T h u so
pr vr
(K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
1300 1395.97 330.9 1022.82 11.275 3.27345
CC RH
State 7: (Isentropic: Process 6-7); Pr7=?, T7= ?, h7= ? Air 9
6
𝑃𝑟6 1 4 7 8
Pr7= ? 𝑃𝑟7 = = 117 wnet
𝑃𝑟6 𝑃6
2.83 C1 C2 T1 T2
= = 𝑟𝑝 = 2.83 T7=1006.4K
𝑃𝑟7 𝑃7 h7=1053.33kJ/kg 2 3 Open Cycle
INT
o
T h u s
pr vr
(K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
1000 1046.04 114.0 758.94 25.17 2.96770
1020 1068.89 123.4 776.10 23.72 2.99034
SOLUTION 3.4 6 8
T1 = T3= 300K T2 = T4  h2 = h4 T
T1 = T 3  h1 = h3 T2=403.3K
q in
9
h1=300.19 kJ/kg h2=404.31kJ/kg 7

T6 = T8= 1300K T7 = T9  h7 = h9
4 2
T6 = T 8  h6 = h8 T7=1006.4K
q out
h6=1395.97 kJ/kg h7=1053.33kJ/kg
3 1
s

CC RH
Air 9
6
1 4 7 8
wnet
C1 C2 T1 T2
2 3 Open Cycle
INT
56
SOLUTION 3.4
T1 = T3= 300K T2 = T 4  h2 = h4 T6 = T8= 1300K T7 = T 9  h7 = h9

T1 = T 3  h1 = h3 T2=403.3K T6 = T 8  h6 = h8 T7=1006.4K

h1=300.19 kJ/kg h2=404.31kJ/kg h6=1395.97 kJ/kg h7=1053.33kJ/kg

6 8
T
q in
9
7

4 2
q out
ℎ6 − ℎ7 + ℎ8 − ℎ9 − [ ℎ2 − ℎ1 + ℎ4 − ℎ3 ] 3 1
𝜂𝑡ℎ =
ℎ6 − ℎ4 + ℎ8 − ℎ7 s

Same inlet temperature & same outlet temperature:

CC RH
2 ℎ6 − ℎ7 − 2 ℎ2 − ℎ1 Air 9
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 6
ℎ6 − ℎ4 + ℎ8 − ℎ7 1 4 7 8
wnet
C1 C2 T1 T2
2 3 Open Cycle
INT
SOLUTION 3.4
Determine the back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of this
gas-turbine cycle, assuming (b) an ideal regenerators with 100%
effectiveness
T1 = T3= 300K T2 = T4  h2 = h4 6 8
T1 = T 3  h1 = h3 T2=403.3K T q in

h1=300.19 kJ/kg h2=404.31kJ/kg

5
q regen 9
7
T6 = T8= 1300K T7 = T9 = T5  h7 = h9 = h5
T6 = T 8  h6 = h8 T7=1006.4K 4 2
10 q regen=q saved
h6=1395.97 kJ/kg h7=1053.33kJ/kg
3 1 q out
s

10 R
CC RH
Air 5 9
6
1 4 7 8
wnet
C1 C2 T1 T2
2 3 Open Cycle
INT
SOLUTION 3.4 6 8
T1 = T3= 300K T2 = T4  h2 = h4 T q in
T1 = T 3  h1 = h3 T2=403.3K 5
q regen 9
h1=300.19 kJ/kg h2=404.31kJ/kg 7

T6 = T8= 1300K T7 = T9 = T5  h7 = h9 = h5 4 2
T6 = T 8  h6 = h8 T7=1006.4K 10 q regen=q saved
h6=1395.97 kJ/kg h7=1053.33kJ/kg 3 1 q out
s

10 R
CC RH
Air 5 9
6
1 4 7 8
wnet
C1 C2 T1 T2
2 ℎ6 − ℎ7 − 2 ℎ2 − ℎ1
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 3
ℎ6 − ℎ5 + ℎ8 − ℎ7 2 Open Cycle
INT

59
CLOSED CYCLE GAS TURBINE PLANT (PARIS, 1952):
3D VIEW

10 R
CC RH
5 9
1 6
Air 4 7 8
wnet
C1 C2 T1 T2
2 3 Closed Cycle
INT
AIR
HEATER

(COMBUSTION
CHAMBER)

60
CLOSED CYCLE GAS TURBINE PLANT (PARIS, 1952):
INTERCOOLING + REHEATING + REGENERATION

LC: Low Pressure Compressor

MC: Medium Pressure Compressor
HC: High Pressure Compressor
LT: Low Pressure Turbine
HT: High Pressure Turbine
AH: Air Heater @ Combustion
Chamber REHEATING

G: Generator
M: Starting Motor
RB: Recirculationg Blower
IC: Inter coolers INTERCOOLING

PC: Pre cooler

H: Regenerator @ Recuperator
REGENERATION

AP: Air Pre Heater

CC: Charging Blower
ET: Exhaust Gas Turbine
MG: Motor / Generator
61
 CLOSED CYCLE GAS TURBINE PLANT (PARIS, 1952):
T-S DIAGRAM & TEST RESULT
T (C)
qin? qout? qregen? win? wout? ? th? comp? turb? P Gen : 12.65 MW
727 P Net : 12.19 MW
658C 686C
53.58 bar 12
18.89 bar Cycle Air
10
Flow : 75.6 kg/s
627
q in Net
q in wout Efficiency : 28.23 %
527
470C Turbine
9’ 11 19.57 bar 460C Inlet Temp: 658 / 686 C
5.42 bar
427 13
413C 9 Turbine
- bar Inlet Press : 53.58/18.89
bar
327
Cooling
Water
227 Temp : 5C
HP Shaft
80.1
Speed : 7930 rpm
127 70.5C 88.7 91.5 9.74
6 37.06 4 19.69 105.5C
56.16 bar
8
\ 2 14 - bar
LP Shaft
27 win Speed : 3000 rpm
15
q out
7 15C 5 15 3 15 1 15C
36.04 bar 19.47 9.59 5.22 bar
s (kJ/kg.K) 62
EXAMPLE 3.5
Figure shows a gas-turbine plant operates on an ideal Brayton cycle with two-
stages of compression and two-stages of expansion. The pressure ratio across
each stage of the compressor and each stage of turbine is 3. The working fluid
is air. The air enters the first and the second stages of the compressor at 300 K
and 350 K, and the first and the second stages of the turbine at 1400 K and 1300
K. The regenerator used in this cycle has an effectiveness of 75%. Using variable
specific heats with temperature, determine: (a)Exit temperature for each
compressor and each turbine (T2, T4, T6, T8). (b)The temperature before heat
addition process (T9). (c)The thermal efficiency of the cycle.Draw the T-s
diagram for the cycle.
 = 0.75
Regenerator

10 Heat
Exchanger
qout
Heat
Exchanger 8
300 K 1
9
4 5 1400 K
qin
Compressor I Compressor II Turbine I Turbine II wne
t

2 3 350 K 6 7 1300 K
Intercooler Reheater

qout qin 63
SOLUTION 3.5
(a)Exit temperature for each compressor and each turbine (T2,
T4, T6, T8).
so
State 1: T1 = 300K h1=300.19 kJ/kg Pr1=1.3860 T
(K)
h
(kJ/kg)
pr
u
(kJ/kg)
vr
(kJ/kg*K)
300 300.19 1.3860 214.07 621.2 1.70203

State 2: Isentropic (1-2)

T h u so
𝑃𝑟2 𝑃2 𝑃𝑟2 = 3𝑃𝑟1 = 4.158 (K) (kJ/kg)
pr
(kJ/kg)
vr
(kJ/kg*K)
= = 𝑟𝑝 = 3 410 411.12 4.153 293.43 283.3 2.01699
𝑃𝑟1 𝑃1 h2= 411.26 kJ/kg T2= 410.14 K 420 421.26 4.522 300.69 266.6 2.04142

so
State 3: T3 = 350K h3=350.49 kJ/kg Pr3=2.379 T
(K)
h
(kJ/kg)
pr
u
(kJ/kg)
vr
(kJ/kg*K)
350 350.49 2.379 250.02 422.2 1.85708

State 4: Isentropic (3-4)

𝑃𝑟4 𝑃4 𝑃𝑟4 = 3𝑃𝑟3 = 7.137
= = 𝑟𝑝 = 3
𝑃𝑟3 𝑃3 h4= 479.94 kJ/kg T4= 477.51 K
T h u so
pr vr
(K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
470 472.24 6.742 337.32 200.1 2.15604
480 482.49 7.268 344.70 189.5 2.17760

State 5: T5 = 1400K h5=1515.42 kJ/kg Pr5=450.05

T h u so
pr vr
(K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
1400 1515.42 450.5 1113.52 8.919 3.36200
SOLUTION 3.5
State 6: Isentropic (5-6) 𝑃𝑟5
𝑃𝑟5 𝑃5 𝑃𝑟6 = = 150.17
3
= = 𝑟𝑝 = 3
𝑃𝑟6 𝑃6 h6= 1113.74kJ/kg T6= 1071.10 K
T h u so
pr vr
(K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
1060 1114.86 143.9 810.62 21.14 3.03449
1080 1137.89 155.2 827.88 19.98 3.05608

State 7: T7 = 1300K h7=1395.97 kJ/kg Pr7=330.9

T h u so
pr vr
(K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
1300 1395.97 330.9 1022.82 11.275 3.27345

State 8: Isentropic (7-8)

𝑃𝑟7
𝑃𝑟7 𝑃7 𝑃𝑟8 = = 110.3
= = 𝑟𝑝 = 3 3
𝑃𝑟8 𝑃8 h8= 1036.46 kJ/kg T8= 991.59 K
T h u so
pr vr
(K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
980 1023.25 105.2 741.98 26.73 2.94468
1000 1046.04 114.0 758.94 25.17 2.96770

65
SOLUTION 3.5
b)The temperature before heat addition process (T9).
ℎ9 − ℎ4 ℎ9 − ℎ4
𝜀= = = 0.75 ℎ9 = 0.75 ℎ8 − ℎ4 + ℎ4 = 897.29 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ9′ − ℎ4 ℎ8 − ℎ4
T9= 868.09 K
T h u so
pr vr
(K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
860 888.27 63.09 641.40 39.12 2.79783
880 910.56 68.98 657.95 36.61 2.82344

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 ℎ5 − ℎ6 + ℎ7 − ℎ8 − ℎ2 − ℎ1 + ℎ4 − ℎ3
𝜂𝑡ℎ = =
𝑞𝑖𝑛 ℎ5 − ℎ 9 + ℎ7 − ℎ6

761.19 − 240.52
= = 0.5783 @ 57.83%
900.36
EXERCISE
Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the schematic diagrams for 2 different gas power
plants. Data of temperatures for each gas power plant are provided. Consider
variation of specific heat.
(a) Draw T-s diagram for each gas power plant.
(b) Determine the effectiveness of the regenerator used in each plant.
(c) Determine which gas power plant has higher efficiency.
Regenerator Regenerator

12 Heat
12 Heat
Exchanger Exchanger
qout qout
Heat Heat
Exchanger Exchanger
1 10 1 10
11 11
4 qin 5 6 qin 7

Comp I Comp II Turb I Turb II Turb III Comp I Comp II Comp III Turb I Turb II

wnet wnet
7 8 9 3 4 5
2 3 6 2 8 9
INT RHT RHT INT INT RHT

qout qin qin qout qout qin

T1 = 290 K T7 = 960 K T1 = 290 K T7 = 960 K

T2 = 550 K T8 = 730 K T2 = 350 K T8 = 730 K
T3 = 290 K T9 = 920 K T3 = 290 K T9 = 920 K
T4 = 560 K T10 = 720 K T4 = 360 K T10 = 720 K
T5 = 940 K T11 = 680 K T5 = 290 K T11 = 680 K
T6 = 740 K T6 = 340 K
Figure 1: GT1 Figure 2: GT2
9-81 9-92 9-108 9-123 9-163
9-84 9-94 9-109 9-124 9-168
9-87 9-95 9-110 9-125
9-88 9-96 9-111 9-126
9-89 9-102 9-112 9-150
9-90 9-103 9-121 9-161
9-91 9-104 9-122 9-162
68
69