Difficulty

Level

1
CONTENTS (1) THERMODYNAMICS APPLICATIONS

(2) ANALYSIS OF POWER CYCLE

(3) THE CARNOT CYCLE

BASIC CONCEPTS
IN IC ENGINE (4) IC ENGINE CYCLES
ANALYSIS
(5) AIR STANDARD ASSUMPTIONS

(6) RECIPROCATING ENGINE

THERMODYNAMIC (7) INDICATOR DIAGRAM

CYCLES FOR IC
ENGINES (8) OTTO CYCLE

(9) DIESEL CYCLE

2
THERMODYNAMICS
APPLICATIONS

3
 THERMODYNAMIC APPLICATIONS

THERMODYNAMIC
CYCLE

POWER COOLING/HEATING
GENERATION SYSTEM

POWER PLANT ENGINE REFRIGERATOR AIR

CONDITIONING

CHAP 3: GAS CHAP 2

CHAP 5 CHAP 6
CHAP 4: VAPOR
4
ANALYSIS OF POWER
CYCLE

5
 ANALYSIS OF POWER CYCLE
P
ACTUAL IDEAL
CYCLE Actual cycle CYCLE
Complicated Simplified
Idealization

Ideal cycle
vv
ANALYSIS
Internal Internal
Irreversibility reversibility
• Chemical • No friction: No
• Friction pressure difference
• Heat transfer • Working Fluid:
Neglect KE & PE
• Mixing of fluid
• Pipe line well
• Electric
insulated: No heat
resistance
transfer
• Insufficient
Fast Slow • Quasi
time for
equilibrium
Equilibrium
6
IC ENGINE’S CYCLES

7
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE’S CYCLES
INTERNAL
COMBUSTION
ENGINES

PETROL ENGINE CARNOT ENGINE DIESEL ENGINE

CARNOT CYCLE
OTTO CYCLE DIESEL CYCLE
q in
P 1
3 P qin
P 2 3

qin
2
4 4 qout
2 qout 4

1 q out 1
3
TDC BDC V v TDC BDC V
THE CARNOT CYCLE

9
 THE CARNOT CYCLE
q in
P 1 The Most Efficient Cycle T q in
That Can Be Executed TH 1 2
Between a Heat Source and a

Isentropic

Isentropic
2 Sink Temperatures
4
Standard for Comparison
TL
4 3
q out q out
3
v s
PROCESSES 10

(1)  (2) A) PROCESS 1-2 D) PROCESS 4-1 (1)  (4)

TH = const.

Isothermal TH

Insulation
Energy
source Heat Isentropic
at Addition Compression
TH, QH TL
Insulation

TL = const.
TH Energy
Isothermal sink
Isentropic Heat at
TL
Expansion Rejection TL, QL

B) PROCESS 2-3 (2)  (3) C) PROCESS 3-4 (4)  (3)

 A STEADY-FLOW CARNOT ENGINE

11

q in
P 1 T q in

TH 1 2

Isentropic

Isentropic
2

4 TL
4 3
q out q out
3
vv s
EXAMPLE 2.1

Show that the thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle

operating between the temperature limits of TH
and TL is solely a function of these two
temperatures and is given by equation

T q in

TH 1 2
Isentropic

Isentropic

TL
4 3
q out

s 12
SOLUTION 2.1
For T-s diagram: qin=TH (s2-s1)
Area under the curve represent the energy for certain process T q in
(Rectangle’s area formula) 1 2
TH

Isentropic

Isentropic
Heat transfer:
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝐿 𝑠3 − 𝑠4
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝑇𝐻 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 TL
4 3
q out wnet=qin-qout
Net work:
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑖𝑛 − 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝐻 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 − 𝑇𝐿 𝑠3 − 𝑠4 s1=s4 s2=s3 s

qout=TL (s3-s4)
Thermal Efficiency:
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑇𝐻 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 − 𝑇𝐿 𝑠3 − 𝑠4
𝜂𝑡ℎ = = 𝑠1 = 𝑠4
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝐻 𝑠2 − 𝑠1
𝑠2 = 𝑠3
𝑇𝐻 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 − 𝑇𝐿 𝑠2 − 𝑠1
=
𝑇𝐻 𝑠2 − 𝑠1
𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐿 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝑠3 − 𝑠4
= =1−
𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐻

= 𝜂𝑡ℎ,𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡
13
AIR STANDARD
ASSUMPTION

14
 AIR STANDARD ASSUMPTION
FUEL COMB.
PROD.
ACTUAL COMBUSTION
Combustion FUEL + AIR 
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
AIR Comb.
Complicated Analysis Fuel
HEAT Products
+Air

HEAT
AIR AIR
Simplify the analysis
Heating
section
AIR STANDARD PETROL ENGINE

The combustion process

Heat addition process
from external sources
Working fluid:
Air circulated in closed loop
N2 predominant: Hard for
chemical reaction
Ideal gas
ASSUMPTION
Internally reversible
• No friction: No
pressure difference
• Working Fluid:
Neglect KE & PE
• Pipe line well
Cold Air Standard insulated: No heat
Assumption:
transfer
Air constant specific heat at
room temperature (25C): • Quasi equilibrium
CV and CP 15
 AIR STANDARD ASSUMPTION
The combustion Heat addition process
process from external sources

FUEL COMB. HEAT

PROD.
AIR AIR
Combustion
Heating
section
AIR

Fuel +
Bahan Api + Combustion
Hasil
Air Products
Pembakaran Air
Udara Air
Udara
Udara

Heating
Elemen HEAT
HABA HEAT
HABA Heating
Elemen
Element
Pemanas Element
Pemanas

16
Bahan Api HABA
 AIR STANDARD ASSUMPTION

AIR STANDARD
ASSUMPTION

Constant Specific Variation of

Heat (cv, cp) With Specific Heat (cv, cp)
Temperature With Temperature

Cold Air Standard Ideal Gas of Air

Assumption: Table
Air constant specific Cannot Use
heat at room Equations involved
temperature (25C): with cV or cP
cV and cP
Cannot use the Ideal
Gas of Air Table
Use Equations
involved with cV or cP
17
RECIPROCATING
ENGINE

18
 RECIPROCATING ENGINE (PISTON-CYLINDER DEVICE)

TYPE OF ENGINES
SI Engine Air Fuel CI Engine
• 2 strokes Air+Fuel spray • 2 strokes
Mixture • 4 strokes
• 4 strokes

Fuel
Penyuntik
Plug
Pencucuh Injector
Bahan Api
FuelApi
+ + Combustion
Bahan
Air
Hasil Combustion
Hasil
Udara Products
Pembakaran Air
Udara Products
Pembakaran

Percikan
Spark Semburan
Fuel
Api Air-Fuel
Campuran Spray
Bahan Api
Mixture
Bahan Api Compressed
Udara
dan Udara Air
Termampat

19
 RECIPROCATING ENGINE (PISTON-CYLINDER DEVICE)
TERMINOLOGY P-V DIAGRAM
Valves Clearance
volume, Vc
P

Bore TDC
Displacement
volume, Vd MEP
Stroke

Vmin Vmax V
BDC
Cylinder TDC BDC
Piston

V-Shape Number of
Vtotal = Vd x Nc configuration Cylinders (Nc)

20
4.5 L DURAMAX V-8 DIESEL ENGINE
Compression @ Mean effective
Volume ratio (r) pressure (MEP)

V-Shape Configuration with 8

Vd = Vmax = VBDC Vc = Vmin = VTDC
Piston-Cylinders
 2-STROKES ENGINE: MECHANISM
Spark
Combustion Plug
Products

Exhaust Gas

Air/Fuel TDC
Mixture
Exhaust
Port
BDC

Transfer
Port
(Inlet Port) Intake
Port

SOURCE: https://www.youtube.com/user/MechanicsTips/How 2 Stroke Engine Works21

 2-STROKES ENGINE: PROCESSES
A B C D E F
Exhaust TDC TDC
gas

BDC BDC
Fuel+
Air

State 1 State 2 State 3 State 4

Why 2 Strokes?? 22
Compression stroke Power stroke
Spark plug
Actual Ideal
Cylinder
P head Cooling P
Exhaust fins 3
port TDC
Piston
D
Exhaust Inlet BDC
open open Intake Inlet
C port port
(Transfer
port)
Ignition
B 4
E Connecting 2
F rod
A Crankshaft Crankcase
1
Exhaust Inlet
close close

TDC BDC V
2-Stroke SI Engine BDC V
TDC
 2-STROKES ENGINE: EXERCISE
Exhaust
Gas
Gas Campuran
Identify the point on the P-V diagram that Exhaust
Gas
Gas
Ekzos
Air-Fuel
Ekzos Bahan Api
Mixture
dan Udara describe the process for Figure A to F. TDC

BDC

P Campuran
Air-Fuel
Pengembangan
Expansion Bahan Api
Mixture
dan Udara

A D

Campuran
Compressed
Bahan Api Exhaust
Ekzos
Air-Fuel Exhaust
dan Udara
Mixture Open
Terbuka Gas Air-Fuel
Campuran
Termampat Inlet Gas
Ekzos
Kemasukan Mixture
Bahan Api
Spark
Nyalaan Open dan Udara
Terbuka

Campuran
Pemampatan
Compression
Air-Fuel
Bahan Api
Mixture
dan Udara Kemasukan
Inlet
Ekzos
Exhaust Close
Tertutup
Close
Tertutup
B V E
TDC BDC
Inlet
Kemasukan
Combustion
Pembakaran Burned
Campuran
Air-Fuel
Bahan Api Exhaust
Gas Campuran
TDC Mixture
dan Udara Gas
Ekzos Air-Fuel
Bahan Api
Terbakar Mixture
dan Udara

BDC

Campuran
Air-Fuel
Bahan Api
Mixture
dan Udara

F
C Ekzos Pengambilan
Intake 23
 Intake Exhaust
Valve
Spark
Valve
4-STROKES
Plug
ENGINE:
MECHANISM

TDC Actual
End of
P combustion
Fuel+Air
Mixture
Exhaust
Gas
Exhaust
Ignition valve
Cylinder
open

Intake
valve open
Exhaust
BDC
Patm Intake

Piston TDC BDCV

 4-STROKES ENGINE: PROCESSES
A B C D Exhaust gas Exhaust gas Fuel+Air Fuel+Air

E F G H
TDC TDC

BDC BDC

State 1 State 2 State 3 State 4 State 1 State 5 State 5 State 1

Compression stroke Power Why 4 Exhaust Intake stroke

stroke Strokes? stroke

Actual Inlet Plug Exhaust Ideal

End of cam cam
P combustion P
Valves 3
Water
jacket
Exhaust
Ignition valve Piston
open
Connecting
rod
2 4
Intake
valve open
Exhaust Crankshaft
5 1
Patm Intake 4-Stroke SI Engine
TDC BDCV 25 TDC BDCV
 4-STROKES ENGINE: EXERCISE
Identify the point on the P-V diagram that
Air-
Campuran
Exhaust
describe the process for Figure A to H.
FuelApi
Bahan Gas
Mixture
dan Udara Gas
Ekzos End of
Pembakaran
Campuran P Combustion
Air-Fuel Tamat
Bahan Api dan
Mixture
BDC BDC Udara Masuk Expansion
Pengembangan

A B Intake Ignition Exhaust

Injap
Valve Nyalaan Injap
Pengambilan TDC Valve
Ekzos
Gas Open
Exhaust Terbuka Open
Ekzos
Gas Terbuka
Spark
Nyalaan Keluar
Pemampatan
Compression
Injap Pengambilan
Intake Valve
TDC Exhaust
Injap
G Open
Terbuka
Valve
Ekzos Exhaust
Ekzos
Open
Terbuka
Air-Fuel
Campuran
Mixture
Bahan Api Campuran
Air-Fuel
Compressed
dan Udara Bahan Api dan Intake
Pengambilan
Termampat Mixture
BDC Udara Masuk
C D V
TDC BDC
Injap
Intake
Valve
Pengambilan
Gas Open
Terbuka Exhaust
Injap
Exhaust Valve
Ekzos
Gas Ekzos
Keluar
BDC

TDC TDC Exhaust

Injap
Valve
Ekzos
Open
Terbuka
H
Campuran
Air-Fuel
Bahan Api
Mixture Injap Pengambilan
IntakeValve
dan Udara
Burned
Terbakar

E F 26
INDICATOR DIAGRAM

27
 INDICATOR DIAGRAM (P-V DIAGRAM)
Power Loop Pumping Loop
P

Area enclosed Area enclosed

by the by the Exhaust
Power Loop
Compression and Intake
and Expansion curve
curve

Exhaust Net work done

Net work done
on the piston by the piston
by the gas Intake Pumping Loop on the gas
TDC BDCV

Area Under Curve 28

Compression Curve: Expansion Curve:

Work done by the Work done on the
piston on the gas piston by the gas

A Pressure That If It Acted On The Piston

During The Entire Power Stroke, Would
Produce The Same Amount Of Net Work As
That Produced During The Actual Cycle
A Parameter To Compare The Performance
Of Reciprocating Engines Of Equal Sizes
INDICATOR DIAGRAM: BETTER ENGINE?
BIODIESEL DIESEL

TDC

15.5 cm
15 cm 15.7 cm
15 cm

BDC

510kJkJ
Wnet = 500 505kJkJ
Wnet = 600

ENJIN AA
ENGINE ENGINE
ENJIN BB
29
OTTO CYCLE

30
 INTRODUCTION TO OTTO CYCLE
THERMODYNAMIC CYLE FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINE
(2-STROKE & 4-STROKE)

OTTO CYCLE’S OTTO’S ENGINE DEVELOPMENT

FOUNDER 1861: A copy of 1862: A four cycle 1864: The first 1876: The four
NICOLAUS AUGUST Lenoir's compressed successful stroke compressed
OTTO atmospheric charge engine- atmospheric charge engine
engine FAIL engine (Otto cycle engine)
Otto’s Otto Cycle
Atmospheric Engine
Engine

PERIOD: 1832 - 1891

THE BASIC OF MODERN
NATIONALITY: GERMAN SI @ PETROL ENGINE
OCCUPATION: ENGINEER

IDEAL OTTO
ANALYSIS
CYCLE CONSIDER A
SINGLE
CYLINDER
AIR
STANDARD
Source: Wikipedia.com ASSUMPTIONS 31
Source: www.hansonsubaru.com
 IDEAL OTTO CYCLE: SI ENGINE
AIR STANDARD
3
P 3 ASSUMPTIONS T qin
#AIR CIRCULATED
qin IN A CLOSED
LOOP
#CONSIDER A
4 CLOSED SYSTEM 2
2 qout 4
#CERTAIN
PROCESS IS WELL
1 INSULATED 1 qout
#QUASI
EQUALIBRIUM
TDC BDC V s
qin qout
AIR AIR AIR

(2) (2) (3) (3)

AIR

(1) (4) (4) (1)

(A) ISENTROPIC (B) v-CONSTANT (C) ISENTROPIC (D) v-Constant Heat

COMPRESSION (1-2) HEAT ADDITION (2-3) EXPANSION (3-4) Rejection (4-1)

#Compression Stroke #Combustion #Expansion @ Power Stroke 32

#After Expansion @ Before
(IV & EV closed) (IV & EV closed) (IV & EV closed) Exhaust Stroke (IV & EV closed)
 IDEAL OTTO CYCLE ANALYSIS
qin 3
P 3 T qin
AIR AIR
(2) (2) (3)
qin
V-constant
Heat
(1) Addition 4 2
2 qout 4
Isentropic
Compression Isentropic
Expansion 1 1 qout
qout
AIR
TDC BDC V s
AIR V-constant (3)
Heat
Rejection ANALYSIS
(4) (1) (4)
Energy Balance Eq. (Closed Sys): (qin-qout)+(win-wout) = (ufinal-uinitial)

HEAT ISENTROPIC PROCESS GAS LAWS THERMAL COMPRESSION

TRANSFER (1-2) & (3-4) EQUATIONS EFFICIENCY RATIO
(2-3) & (4-1) (ALL STATES)
v1 vr1 vr4 v4 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉1 v1
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝑢3 − 𝑢2 = = = 𝑃𝑉 𝜂𝑡ℎ =
v2 vr2 vr3 v3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. 𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑟= = =
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑢4 − 𝑢1 𝑇 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑉2 v2
𝑘−1 𝑘−1 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇2
=
v1
=
v4
=
𝑇3 𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐴 𝑃𝐵 𝑉𝐵
=
𝜂𝑡ℎ =1−
𝑞𝑖𝑛 •r , 
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝑐v 𝑇3 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 v2 v3 𝑇4 𝑇𝐴 𝑇𝐵 • Limit:
1
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑐v 𝑇4 − 𝑇1 𝑃2 v1
𝑘
v4
𝑘
𝑃3 𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 − 𝑘−1  Too high
= = = 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 𝑟  Auto-ignition
𝑃1 v2 v3 𝑃4
 Engine knock
Cold Air Standard Cold Air Standard Cold Air Standard
Assumption Assumption Assumption 33
EXAMPLE 2.2

An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8.

At the beginning of the compression process, air
is at 100kPa and 17C, and 800kJ/kg of heat is
transferred to air during the constant-volume
heat-addition process. Accounting for the
variation of specific heats of air with
temperature, determine (a) the maximum
temperature and pressure that occur during the
cycle, (b) the net work output, (c) the thermal
efficiency, and (d) the mean effective pressure for
the cycle.

34
SOLUTION 2.2

P,kPa
3 3
qin
T qin

4
2 qout 2
4
100 1 qout
1

v2 = v3 = (1/8)v1 v1 = v4 v s

T , P ?w ? ?MEP?
max max net th
35
SOLUTION 2.2
(a) the maximum temperature and pressure
Determine the important values for each state.
State 1:
so
P1=100 kPa u1=206.91kJ/kg T
(K)
h
(kJ/kg)
pr
u
(kJ/kg)
vr
(kJ/kg*K)
T1=17C=290K vr1=676.1 285 285.14 1.1584 203.33 706.1 1.65055
290 290.16 1.2311 206.91 676.1 1.66802
State 2: (Isentropic: 1-2) P2=?, T2= ? 295 295.17 1.3068 210.49 647.9 1.68515

vr2= ? v
v𝑟2 = 𝑟1 =84.52 T h
pr
u
vr
so
8 (K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
v𝑟1 v1 650 659.84 21.86 473.25 85.34 2.49364
= =𝑟=8 T2=652.4K u2=475.11kJ/kg 660 670.47 23.13 481.01 81.9 2.50985
v𝑟2 v2 670 681.14 24.46 488.81 78.61 2.52589

𝑃2 v2 𝑃1 v1 v1 𝑇2
P2= ? = 𝑃2 = 𝑃1 P2= 1799.7 kPa
𝑇2 𝑇1 v2 𝑇1
State 3: P3=?, T3= ?
qin= 800 kJ/kg u3= qin+ u2 =1275.11 kJ/kg
T h u so
qin= u3 –u2 T3=1575.1K (K) (kJ/kg)
pr
(kJ/kg)
vr
(kJ/kg*K)
vr3=6.108 1560
1580
1708.82
1733.17
710.5
750.0
1260.99
1279.65
6.301
6.046
3.49276
3.50829
1600 1757.57 791.2 1298.30 5.804 3.52364
𝑃3 v3 𝑃2 v2 v2 𝑇3
P3= ? = 𝑃3 = 𝑃2 P3= 4.345 MPa
𝑇3 𝑇2 v3 𝑇2
State 4: (Isentropic: 3-4) P4=?, T4= ? T h u so
pr vr
vr4= ? v𝑟4 = 8v𝑟3 =48.864 (K)
760
(kJ/kg)
778.18 39.27
(kJ/kg)
560.01 55.54
(kJ/kg*K)
2.66176
780 800.03 43.35 576.12 51.64 2.69013
v𝑟4 v4 v1 T4=795.6K 800 821.95 47.75 592.30 48.08 2.71787
= = =8
v𝑟3 v3 v2 u4=588.74kJ/kg 36
SOLUTION 2.2

(b) the net work output

wnet = qin -qout
qin= 800 kJ/kg
qout= u4 –u1=381.83 kJ/kg
u1=206.91kJ/kg
u4=588.74kJ/kg wnet = qin –qout=418.17 kJ/kg

(c) the thermal efficiency

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 418.17
𝜂𝑡ℎ = = = 0.523 @ 52.3%
𝑞𝑖𝑛 800

(d) the mean effective pressure for the cycle.

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑀𝐸𝑃 = =
v1 − v2 1
v1 1 −
𝑟
𝑅𝑇1
v1 = = 0.832 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔 R= 0.287kPa.m3/kg.K
𝑃1

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑀𝐸𝑃 = = 574 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1
v1 1−
𝑟
37
EXAMPLE 2.3
Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2 are P-V diagram and T-s diagram for an
ideal Otto cycle, respectively. Considering variation of specific
heat with temperatures and according to the data given in the
both figures, determine: (a)the compression ratio of the cycle,
(b)the beginning and the end temperatures of the heat addition
process in the cycle,(c)the temperature at the end of the isentropic
expansion process,(d)amount of heat transferred to the
cycle,(e)the thermal efficiency.

P (kPa) T (K)

3
4867
1000 q in 3
q in Isentropic V- constant

2
4
2433
500 Isentropic
2 4
q out q out
100 300
1 1 V- constant

60 600 V (cm3) s (kJ/kg.K)

Figure 1.1: P-V diagram Figure 1.2: T-s diagram 38
SOLUTION 2.3
(a) Compression ratio?
V1 v𝑟1 v1 600𝑐𝑚3
𝑟= = =
V2 v𝑟2 v2 = 60𝑐𝑚3 = 10
(b) Beginning & end temperatures for heat addition process
so
State 1: T h
pr
u
vr

T1=300K u1=214.07kJ/kg vr1=621.2 (K)

295
(kJ/kg)
295.17 1.3068
(kJ/kg)
210.49 647.9
(kJ/kg*K)
1.68515
300 300.19 1.3860 214.07 621.2 1.70203

State 2: (Isentropic: 1-2) 305 305.22 1.4686 217.67 596.0 1.71865

P2= 2433 kPa T h

pr
u
vr
so
v (K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
vr2= ? v𝑟2 = 𝑟1 =62.12 720 734.82 32.02 528.14 64.53 2.60319
10
730 745.62 33.72 536.07 62.13 2.61803
v𝑟1 u2=536.10kJ/kg 740 756.44 35.50 544.02 59.82 2.63280
𝑟= = 10
v𝑟2 T2=730K T h u so
pr vr
State 3: (K)
1440
(kJ/kg)
1563.51 506.9
(kJ/kg)
1150.13 8.153
(kJ/kg*K)
3.39586

P3= 4867 kPa v3 𝑃3 1460 1587.63 537.1 1168.49 7.801 3.41247

𝑇3 = 𝑇2 T3= 1460 K 1480 1611.79 568.8 1186.95 7.468 3.42892
v2 𝑃2
𝑃2 v2 𝑃3 v3
=
𝑇2 𝑇3 u3=1168.49 kJ/kg vr3=7.801

(c) The temperature at the end of isentropic expansion process

State 4 (Isentropic: 3-4): T h
pr
u
vr
so
(K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
vr4= ? v𝑟4 = 10v𝑟3 =78.01 670 681.14 24.46 488.81 78.61 2.52589
680 691.82 25.85 496.62 75.50 2.54175
v𝑟4 v4 v1 u4=490.32kJ/kg 690 702.52 27.29 504.45 72.56 2.55731
= = = 10
v𝑟3 v3 v2 T4=671.93K 39
SOLUTION 2.3 P (kPa)

3
4867
1000
q in Isentropic
(d) Amount of heat transfer to the cycle
4
qin= u3 –u2 2433
500 Isentropic
2
q out
u2=536.10kJ/kg 100 1

u3=1168.49 kJ/kg 60 600 V (cm3)

P (kPa) T (K)
qin= u3 –u2= 632.39 kJ/kg
3
4867
1000 q in 3

(e) Thermal efficiency q in Isentropic V- constant

2
4
2433
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢4 − 𝑢1 500
2
Isentropic
4
𝜂𝑡ℎ = =1− =1− q out
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑢3 − 𝑢2 100 300
V- constant
q out
1 1

u1=214.07kJ/kg 60 600 V (cm3) s (kJ/kg.K)

u2=536.10kJ/kg
u3=1168.49 kJ/kg
u4=490.32kJ/kg

𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑢4 − 𝑢1
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 − =1− = 0.5632 @ 56.32%
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑢3 − 𝑢2

40
EXAMPLE 2.4
(a)Explain on how the ideal Otto cycle differs from the ideal
Diesel cycle. Then, show the differences on the P-V diagram for
both cycles.
(b)An ideal Otto cycle uses air as the working fluid. The minimum
and maximum temperatures in the cycle are 300 K and 1340 K.
The volume before and after isentropic compression process are
0.0048 m3 and 0.0006 m3, respectively. Assume constant specific
heat at room temperature. Determine:
[Air: cv= 0.718 kJ/kg.K, k=1.4]
(i)The compression ratio of the cycle.
(ii)The amount of heat transferred during the heat-addition
process and heat rejection process.
(iii)The thermal efficiency.

41
SOLUTION 2.4
(b) i Compression ratio?
V1 v𝑟1 v1 0.0048𝑚3
𝑟= = = = =8
V2 v𝑟2 v2 0.0006𝑚3

(b) ii Amount of heat transfer during heat addition & Heat rejection
State 1: State 4: (Isentropic: 3-4)
T1=300K 𝑘−1 𝑘−1 𝑘−1
𝑇3 v4 v3 1
= 𝑇4 = 𝑇3 = 𝑇3
𝑇4 v3 v4 𝑟
State 2: (Isentropic: 1-2)
𝑘−1
v1
𝑘−1 T4= 583.3 K
𝑇2 v1 𝑘−1
= 𝑇2 = 𝑇1 = 𝑇1 𝑟
𝑇1 v2 v2
cv= 0.718 kJ/kg.K, k=1.4
T2= 689.2K
qin= cv (T3 –T2)
State 3: qin= cv (T3 –T2) = 467.27 kJ/kg
T3= 1340 K
qout= cv (T4 –T1) = 203.3 kJ/kg

(b) iii Thermal efficiency

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂𝑡ℎ = =1− = 0.5649 @ 56.49%
𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑖𝑛
42
EXERCISE

The figure shows a spark ignition engine operating on the ideal Otto cycle. The
movement and the distance of the piston from the top dead center (TDC) at
different condition are shown in the figure. The cylinder of the engine has a
bore size of 10 cm. The isentropic compression process begins at 100 kPa and
25C. The temperature at the end of the isentropic expansion process is 527  C.
Accounting for the variation of specific heats with temperature, determine:
(a) The compression ratio of the cycle.
(b) The highest temperature in the cycle.
(c) The amount of heat transferred to the cycle.
(d) The thermal efficiency of the cycle
(e) Draw the P-V diagram for the cycle.

TDC TDC TDC

43
DIESEL CYCLE

44
 INTRODUCTION TO DIESEL CYCLE
THERMODYNAMIC CYLE FOR COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE
(2-STROKE & 4-STROKE)
DIESEL CYCLE’S
FOUNDER DIESEL’S ENGINE DEVELOPMENT
RUDOLF CHRISTIAN 1893: First 1894: Second 1896: Third & 1898: The First
KARL DIESEL Diesel Engine Diesel Engine Final Diesel Commercial
Prototype Prototype Engine Prototype Diesel Engine

PERIOD: 1858 - 1913 1st Prototype 2nd Prototype 1st Fully THE BASIC OF
Functional
NATIONALITY: GERMAN Diesel Engine MODERN CI @
DIESEL ENGINE
OCCUPATION: ENGINEER
Idea of Diesel Carnot
Engine Cycle

FIRE PISTON:
A traditional fire IDEAL
starter using DIESEL ANALYSIS
rapid adiabatic
compression CYCLE CONSIDER A
SINGLE
principles
CYLINDER
Invented In Southeast Asia AIR
(Particularly In The Malay
Peninsula, The Philippines, STANDARD
Borneo, Sumatra, Java) Source: Wikipedia.com ASSUMPTIONS Source: mechanical-engg.com
 IDEAL DIESEL CYCLE: CI ENGINE
AIR STANDARD
P qin ASSUMPTIONS
T 3
2 3 qin
#AIR CIRCULATED
IN A CLOSED
LOOP
2 4
#CONSIDER A
CLOSED SYSTEM
4 qout qout
#CERTAIN
PROCESS IS WELL
INSULATED
1 #QUASI 1
EQUALIBRIUM
TDC BDC
V s
qin qout
AIR AIR AIR
(2) (2)
AIR
(3) (3)

(1) (4) (4) (1)

(A) Isentropic (B) P-Constant (C) Isentropic (D) v-Constant Heat

Compression (1-2) Heat Addition (2-3) Expansion (3-4) Rejection (4-1)
#Compression Stroke #Combustion #Expansion @ Power Stroke #After Expansion @ Before
(IV & EV closed) (IV & EV closed) (IV & EV closed) Exhaust Stroke (IV & EV closed)
 IDEAL DIESEL CYCLE ANALYSIS
P-constant
qin Heat qin
AIR
AIR
Addition P 2 3 T qin 3
(2)
(2)

(3)
2 4
(1)
4 qout qout
Isentropic
Compression
Isentropic
qout Expansion 1 1
AIR
TDC BDC
V-constant
V s
AIR
Heat
Rejection (3) ANALYSIS
(4) (1)
(4) Energy Balance Eq. (Closed Sys): (qin-qout)+(win-wout) = (ufinal-uinitial)

HEAT ISENTROPIC GAS LAWS THERMAL COMPRESSION

TRANSFER PROCESS EQUATIONS EFFICIENCY RATIO & CUT
(2-3) & (4-1) (1-2) & (3-4) (ALL STATES) OFF RATIO
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃2 v3 − v2 v1 vr1 vr4 v4 𝑃𝑉 𝜂𝑡ℎ = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉1 v1
+ 𝑢3 − 𝑢2 = = = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. 𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑟= = =
v2 vr2 vr3 v3 𝑇 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑉2 v2
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = ℎ3 − ℎ2 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑘−1 𝑃𝐴 𝑉𝐴 𝑃𝐵 𝑉𝐵 𝜂𝑡ℎ =1−
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑢4 − 𝑢1 𝑇2 v1 𝑇3 v4
𝑘−1
= 𝑞𝑖𝑛 𝑉3 v3
= = 𝑇𝐴 𝑇𝐵 𝑟𝑐 = =
𝑇1 v2 𝑇4 v3 𝑉2 v2
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝑐p 𝑇3 − 𝑇2 𝑘 𝑘 1 𝑟𝑐𝑘 − 1
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑐v 𝑇4 − 𝑇1 𝑃2 v1 𝑃3 v4 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 −
=
𝑃4
=
v3
𝑟 𝑘−1 𝑘 𝑟𝑐 − 1
𝑃1 v2
Cold Air Standard Cold Air Standard Cold Air Standard
Assumption 47
Assumption Assumption
 DIESEL CYCLE OTTO CYCLE
Isentropic P-constant Heat Isentropic V-constant Heat
Compression Addition qin Compression Addition qin
AIR AIR AIR
AIR
(2) (2) (2) (3)
(2)
(3)
(1) (1)

Isentropic Isentropic
qout Expansion Expansion
qout
AIR AIR
V-constant V-constant (3)
AIR Heat
Heat AIR
Rejection (3) Rejection

(4) (1) (4)

(4) (4) (1)

qin P 3
P 2 3
qin
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝑐p 𝑇3 − 𝑇2 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝑐v 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑐v 𝑇4 − 𝑇1 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑐v 𝑇4 − 𝑇1 4
4 qout 2 qout

𝑉3 v3 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉1 v1 1
1 𝑟𝑐 = = 𝑟= = =
𝑉2 v2 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑉2 v2
TDC BDC
V
TDC BDC V
48
EXAMPLE 2.5

An ideal Diesel cycle with air as the working

fluid has a compression ratio of 18 and a cutoff
ratio of 2. At the beginning of the compression
process, the working fluid is at 100kPa, 27C, and
1917cm3. Utilizing the cold-air standard
assumptions, determine (a) the temperature and
pressure of air at the end of each process, (b) the
net work output and the thermal efficiency, and
(c) the mean effective pressure.

49
SOLUTION 2.5

P,kPa

qin
2 3

qout
100 1

v2 = (v1 / 18) v3 = 2v2 v1 = v 4 v

T, P ? w , ? MEP? net th 50
 SOLUTION 2.5: CONSTANT SPECIFIC HEAT CASE
(a) the temperature and pressure of air at the end of each process
V1 V1 P,kPa
𝑟= = 18 State 1:
V2 = = 106.5𝑐𝑚3
V2 18 P1=100 kPa qin
2 3
V3 T1=300K
𝑟𝑐 = =2 V3 = 2V2 = 213𝑐𝑚3
V2
k=1.4 V4 = V1 = 1917𝑐𝑚3 4
V1= 1917cm3
qout
100
State 2: (Isentropic Process: 1-2) 1

𝑘−1 𝑘−1
𝑇2 V1 V1
= 𝑇2 = 𝑇1 T2=953 K
𝑇1 V2 V2 v1 = v 4 v
v2 = (v1 / 18) v3 = 2v2
𝑘 𝑘
𝑃2 V1 V1
𝑃1
=
V2
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 P2=5720 kPa
V2

State 3:
𝑃2 V2 𝑃3 V3 V3 𝑃3
P3=P2=5720 kPa = 𝑇3 = 𝑇2 T3=1906 K
𝑇2 𝑇3 V2 𝑃2

State 4: (Isentropic Process: 3-4)

𝑘−1 𝑘−1
𝑇4 V3 V3
= 𝑇4 = 𝑇3 T4=791 K
𝑇3 V4 V4
𝑘 𝑘
𝑃4 V3 V3
𝑃3
=
V4
𝑃4 = 𝑃3
V4
P4=264 kPa
51
 SOLUTION 2.5: CONSTANT SPECIFIC HEAT CASE
(b) the net work output and the thermal efficiency
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
Wnet = Qin - Qout 𝜂𝑡ℎ = P,kPa
𝑄𝑖𝑛
qin
2 3
R=0.287kPa.m3 / kgK cp =1.005 kJ/kgK cv =0.718 kJ/kgK

Qin= mcp (T3 –T2)

4
𝑃1 V1
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 𝑚= = 0.0023𝑘𝑔 qout
𝑅𝑇1
100 1

Qin= mcp (T3 –T2)=2.136 kJ

Qout= mcv (T4 –T1)=0.786 kJ v2 = (v1 / 18) v3 = 2v2 v1 = v 4 v

Wnet = Qin – Qout=1.35 kJ

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 1.35
𝜂𝑡ℎ = = = 0.632 @ 63.2%
𝑄𝑖𝑛 2.136

(c) the mean effective pressure

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑀𝐸𝑃 = = 746 𝑘𝑃𝑎
V1 − V2
52
 SOLUTION 2.5: VARIATION OF SPECIFIC HEAT CASE
(a) the temperature and pressure of air at the end of each process
V1 V1= 1917cm3 State 1:
𝑟= = 18 vr1=621.2
V2 V1 P1=100 kPa
V2 = = 106.5𝑐𝑚3 u1=214.07 kJ/kg
V3 18 T1=300K
𝑟𝑐 = =2
V2 V3 = 2V2 = 213𝑐𝑚3 T h
pr
u
vr
so
(K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
k=1.4 V4 = V1 = 1917𝑐𝑚3 295 295.17 1.3068 210.49 647.9 1.68515
300 300.19 1.3860 214.07 621.2 1.70203

State 2: (Isentropic Process: 1-2) 305 305.22 1.4686 217.67 596.0 1.71865

V1 v𝑟1 v𝑟1 T2=898.3 K T h

pr
u
vr
so
𝑟= = = 18 v𝑟2 = = 34.51 (K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
V2 v𝑟2 18 h2=931 kJ/kg 880 910.56 68.98 657.95 36.61 2.82344
900 932.93 75.29 674.58 34.31 2.84856
𝑃2 V2 𝑃1 V1 V1 𝑇2 920 955.38 82.05 691.28 32.18 2.87324
= 𝑃2 = 𝑃1 P2=5389.8 kPa
𝑇2 𝑇1 V2 𝑇1
State 3:
so
P3=P2=5389.8 kPa T h
pr
u
vr
T3=1796.6 K (K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
𝑃3 V3 𝑃2 V2 V3 𝑃3 1750 1941.6 1161 1439.8 4.328 3.6336
= 𝑇3 = 𝑇2 h3=1999.1 kJ/kg 1800 2003.3 1310 1487.2 3.994 3.6684
𝑇3 𝑇2 V2 𝑃2 vr3=4.02 1850 2065.3 1475 1534.9 3.601 3.7023

State 4: (Isentropic Process: 3-4) T h u so

pr vr
v𝑟4 V4 T4=883.9 K (K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg*K)
= =9 vr4=9vr3=36.18 880 910.56 68.98 657.95 36.61 2.82344
v𝑟3 V3 u4=661.2 kJ/kg 900 932.93 75.29 674.58 34.31 2.84856
920 955.38 82.05 691.28 32.18 2.87324
𝑃4 V4 𝑃3 V3 V3 𝑇4
= 𝑃4 = 𝑃3 P4=294.6 kPa
𝑇4 𝑇3 V4 𝑇3
SOLUTION 2.5: VARIATION OF SPECIFIC HEAT CASE
(b) the net work output and the thermal efficiency
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
Wnet = Qin - Qout 𝜂𝑡ℎ = P,kPa
𝑄𝑖𝑛
qin
Qin= m(h3 –h2) 2 3

𝑃1 V1
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 𝑚= = 0.0023𝑘𝑔
𝑅𝑇1
4
Qin= m(h3 –h2)= 2.38 kJ
qout
Qout= m(u4 –u1)=0.997 kJ 100 1

Wnet = Qin – Qout=1.383 kJ

v2 = (v1 / 18) v3 = 2v2 v1 = v 4 v
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 1.383
𝜂𝑡ℎ = = = 0.5811@ 58.11%
𝑄𝑖𝑛 2.38

(c) the mean effective pressure

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑀𝐸𝑃 = = 831.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎
V1 − V2
EXERCISE

An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 18.2. Air is at 27C and
100 kPa at the beginning of the compression process and at 1700 K at the end of
the heat addition process. Accounting for the constant specific heats at room
temperatures, determine:
(Take cv=0.718 kJ/kg.K, cp=1.005 kJ/kg.K and specific heat ratio, k =1.4)

(a) the cut-off ratio.

(b) the heat rejection per unit mass.

(c) the thermal efficiency for the cycle.

55
9-30 9-55 Good things
9-31 9-149 come to people
9-34 9-157 who wait, but
9-35 9-158 better things
9-37 9-184 come to those
9-47 9-187 who go out and
9-50 9-189 get them. 56
57