6/21/21

Gas Turbine
Engines
ME134-2
Combustion Engineering
Lecture 5

Engr. Emmanuelle R. Biglete

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

Topic Outline
• Brayton Cycle
• Ideal Turbojet Cycle
• Jet Engines
• Four and Two-stroke Engines

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Brayton Cycle
The Brayton cycle is the air-standard ideal cycle approximation for the gas-turbine engine. This
cycle differs from the Otto and Diesel cycles in that the processes making the cycle occur in
open systems or control volumes. Therefore, an open system, steady-flow analysis is used to
determine the heat transfer and work for the cycle.
Brayton Cycle Analysis
We assume the working fluid is air and the specific heats are constant and will consider the
cold-air-standard cycle.

Ideal Brayton Cycle

Brayton Cycle
QA QA

2 3 2 3
P=C P=C

s=C s=C s=C s=C

WC WT
1 QR 4 WC QR WT
1 4
P=C

Open Cycle Closed Cycle

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P-v and T-s Diagrams (Brayton Cycle)

The T-s and P-v diagrams for the

Closed Brayton Cycle

Process Description
1-2 Isentropic compression (in a
compressor)
2-3 Constant pressure heat
addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a
turbine)
4-1 Constant pressure heat
rejection

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘

𝜂! = 𝜂" =
𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘

Governing Equations of Brayton Cycle

Heat Added, QA Thermal Efficiency

𝑊𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜:
QA = mC p (T3 − T2 ) 𝜂!#,%&'(!)* = ×100% -! -#
𝑄+ 𝑟, = =
-" -$
1
h th , Brayton = 1 -
rp
( k -1)/ k Back Work Ratio, BWR
Heat Rejected, QR 𝑊"
𝐵𝑊𝑅 =
Mean Effective Pressure, PMEP 𝑊!
QR = mC p (T1 − T4 )
Wknet
PMEP =
Work Net, WNET Vd
Wknet = QA + QR Wknet
=
= mC p ⎡⎣(T3 − T2 ) + (T1 − T4 )⎤⎦ V4 −V2

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Ideal Turbojet Cycle

In actual cycles, the effect of irreversibilities associated with the diffuser, compressor, turbine,
and nozzle should be accounted. This reduces the thrust produced in from the turbojet engine.
Net thrust 𝐹 = 𝑚̇ %&' 𝑉()&* − 𝑉&+,(*
Propulsive power 𝑊̇ - = 𝐹𝑉%&'.'%/*
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑊̇ !
Propulsive efficiency 𝜂 = =
!
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑄̇ "#

Modern jet engine of power Boeing 777 aircraft

capable of producing 38,000 kgf of thrust

Modifications in Jet Engines

Aircraft gas turbines operate on jet-propulsion cycle. Aircraft are propelled by accelerating a fluid
in the opposite direction to motion. This is accomplished by either slightly accelerating a large
mass of fluid (propeller-driven) or greatly accelerating a small mass of fluid (jet or turbojet
engine) or both (turboprop engine).

Turbofan engine

Turbojet engine (M = 2)

Turbofan or fanjet- a large fan is driven by the turbine

forcing large amount of air through a cowl surrounding the
engine.
Bypass Ratio- amount if air bypassing the combustion
chamber to that of air flowing through it.
Turboprop engine
(M < 1)

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Sample Problem (Brayton Cycle)

Sample Problem 1
A gas-turbine power plant operates on the simple Brayton cycle between the
pressure limits of 100kPa and 2MPa. The working fluid is air, which enters the
compressor at 40C at a rate of 700 m3/min and ideally leaves the turbine at 650C.
Using specific heats for air at 25C and assuming a compressor isentropic efficiency
of 85% and a turbine isentropic efficiency of 88%, determine a)the net power output,
b)the back work ratio, and c)the thermal efficiency.

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Sample Problem (Turbojet Cycle)

Sample Problem 2
A turbojet aircraft is flying with a velocity of 280 m/s at an altitude of 9150 m, where
the ambient conditions are 32 kPa and -32C. The pressure ratio across the
compressor is 12,and the temperature at the turbine inlet is 1100 K. Air enters the
compressor at a rate of 50 kg/s, and the jet fuel has a heating value of 42,700 kJ/kg.
Assuming ideal operation for all components and constant specific heats for air at
room temperature, determine (a) the velocity of the exhaust gases, (b) the
propulsive power developed, and (c) the rate of fuel consumption.

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Four-Stroke Engine

1st stroke (Intake):

The piston sucks in the fuel-
air-mixture from the
carburetor into the cylinder.
2nd stroke (Compression):
The piston compresses the
mixture.
3rd stroke (Combustion):
The spark from the spark
plug inflames the mixture.
The following explosion
presses the piston to the
bottom, the gas is operating
on the piston.
4th stroke (Exhaust): The
4-stroke engine piston presses the exhaust
out of the cylinder.

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Two-Stroke Engine
1st stroke
The compressed fuel-air mixture ignites and
thereby the piston is pressed down. At the same
time the intake port is covered by the piston.
Now the new mixture in the crankcase becomes
pre-compressed. Shortly before the piston
approaches the lower dead center, the exhaust
port and the overflow conduit are uncovered.
Being pressurized in the crankcase the mixture
rushes into the cylinder displacing the
consumed mixture (exhaust now).
2nd stroke
The piston is moving up. The overflow conduit
and the exhaust port are covered, the mixture in
the cylinder is compressed. At the same time
new fuel-air mixture is sucked into the
crankcase.

2-stroke engine

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Seatwork 1
Item 1
An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the compression
process, air is at 100 kPa and 17C, and 800 kJ/kg of heat is transferred to air during the
constant volume heat addition process. Determine a)the maximum temperature and
pressure that occur during the cycle b)the net work output, c) thermal efficiency, and d)the
mean effective pressure for the cycle.
Item 2
An ideal diesel cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 18 and an cut
off ratio of 2. At the beginning of the compression process, the working fluid is at 100 kPa,
27C, and 1917 cm^3. Determine a) the temperature and pressure of air at the end of each
process, b)the net work output, c)the thermal efficiency, d)the mean effective pressure.

Item 3
In an air standard diesel cycle, the compression ratio is 16, and at the beginning of
isentropic compression, the temperature is 15C and the pressure is 0.1 Mpa. Heat is added
until the temperature at the end of the constant pressure process is 1480C, calculate a)the
cut-off ratio, b)the heat supplied per kg of air, c)the cycle efficiency, and d)the mean
effective pressure.

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