6/11/21

Gas Power Cycles

ME134-2
Combustion Engineering
Lecture 4

Engr. Emmanuelle R. Biglete

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

Topic Outline
• Otto Cycle
• Efficiency vs Compression Ratio
• Engine Knocking
• Diesel Cycle
• SI vs CI Engines
• Dual Cycles

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P-v and T-s Diagrams (Otto Cycle)

The air-standard Otto cycle is the ideal cycle that approximates the spark-ignition
combustion engine.
Process Description
1-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Constant volume heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant volume heat rejection

Governing Equations of Otto Cycle

Heat Added, QA Work Net, WNET

QA = Q2−3 Wknet = QA + QR
= mCv (T3 − T2 )
= mCvT1 ⎡⎣( rp −1) ( rkk−1 −1)⎤⎦
= mCv (T1rp rkk−1 − T1rkk−1 )
Thermal Efficiency Ratio :
= mCvT1rkk−1 ( rp −1) V
Wknet rk = 1 → compression
Heat Rejected, QR ηth = ×100% V2
QA P3
QR = Q4−1 rp = → pressure
⎡ 1 ⎤ P2
= mCv (T1 − T4 ) = ⎢1− k−1 ⎥ ×100% V4
⎣ rk ⎦ rk = → exp ansion
= mCv (T1 − T1rp ) V3
Mean Effective Pressure, PMEP
= mCvT1 (1− rp ) PMEP =
Wknet 1+ c
Vd rk =
P1rk ⎡⎣( rp −1) ( rkk−1 −1)⎤⎦ c
=
(k −1) (rk −1)

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Sample Problem (Otto Cycle)

Sample Problem 1:
The compression ratio of an air-standard Otto cycle is 9.5. Prior to the
isentropic compression process, the air at 100 kPa, 35C, and 600 cm3. The
temperature at the end of the isentropic expansion process is 800K. Using
specific heat values at room temperature, determine (a)the highest
temperature and pressure in the cycle; (b)the amount of heat transferred in
kJ; (c)the thermal efficiency; and (d)the mean effective pressure.
Sample Problem 2:
Someone has suggested that the air-standard Otto cycle is more accurate if
the two isentropic processes are replaced with polytropic process with a
polytropic index n = 1.3. Consider such a cycle when the compression ratio
is 8, P1 = 95 kPa, T1 = 15C, and the maximum temperature is 1200C.
Determine the heat transferred to and rejected from this cycle, as well as the
cycle’s thermal efficiency. Use constant specific properties at room
temperature.

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Efficiency VS Compression Ratio

We see that increasing the compression ratio increases the thermal efficiency. However,
there is a limit on rk depending upon the fuel. Fuels under high temperature resulting from
high compression ratios will prematurely ignite, causing knock.

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Knocking vs Pre-ignition
Knocking – A spontaneous combustion occurs due to the combustion pressure and induced
heat. A parallel combustion occurs. When both the flame fronts hit, intense high frequency
pressure waves are produced. These pressure waves create the characteristics metallic “ping
sound”, and cylinder pressure increases dramatically.
Pre-ignition – Combustion happened while the piston is still compressing the mixture.
Reasons for Pre-ignition:
• Combustible residues
(carbon or lead deposits)
• Glowing spark plug tip

Engine Knocking
The temperature (heat range) of the
firing end of the spark plug must be
maintained at a level high enough to
prevent fouling, but low enough to
prevent pre-ignition.

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4-stroke Compression-ignition Engine Cycle

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P-v and T-s Diagrams (Diesel Cycle)

The air-standard Diesel cycle is the ideal cycle that approximates the compression-
ignition combustion engine.
Process Description
1-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Constant pressure heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant volume heat rejection

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Governing Equations of Diesel Cycle

Heat Added, QA Work Net, WNET

QA = Q2−3 Wknet = QA + QR
= mC p (T3 − T2 ) = mCvT1 ⎡⎣krkk−1 (rc −1) − (rck −1)⎤⎦
= mC pT1rkk−1 (rc −1) Thermal Efficiency ratio :
V V
Wknet rk = 1 = 4 → compression
Heat Rejected, QR ηth = ×100% V2 V2
QA
V
QR = Q4−1 ⎡ 1 ⎛ rck −1 ⎞⎤
rc = 3 → cut − off
⎢
= 1− k−1 ⎜⎜ ⎥
⎟⎟ ×100% V2
= mCv (T1 − T4 ) ⎢⎣ rk ⎝ k ( rc −1) ⎠⎥⎦ V4 V1
rk = = → exp ansion
V3 V3
= mCv (T1 − T1rck ) Mean Effective Pressure, PMEP
Wknet 1+ c
PMEP = rk =
= mCvT1 (1− rck ) Vd c

=
P1rk ⎡⎣krkk−1 ( rc −1) − ( rck −1)⎤⎦ r =r r
k c e

(k −1) (rk −1)

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Sample Problem (Diesel Cycle)

Sample Problem 1:
A one cylinder Diesel engine operates on the air-standard cycle and receives 27
Btu/rev. The inlet pressure is 14.7 psia, the inlet temperature is 90°F, and the
volume at the bottom dead center is 1.5 ft3. At the end of compression the
pressure is 500 psia.
Determine:
(a) the cycle efficiency
(b) the power if the engine runs at 300RPM
(c) the mean effective pressure

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SI vs CI Engines

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SI vs CI Engines

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Dual Combustion Cycle

The air-standard dual cycle is the ideal cycle that consists of the following:
Process Description
1-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Constant volume heat addition
3-4 Constant pressure heat addition
4-5 Isentropic expansion
5-1 Constant volume heat rejection

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Governing Equations of Dual Cycle

Heat Added, QA
Thermal Efficiency
QA = Q2−3 + Q3−4 ⎡ ⎛
= mCv (T3 − T2 ) + mC p (T4 − T3 )
1
⎛
ηth = ⎢1− ⎜ k−1 ⎜
(rck rp −1) ⎞⎟⎞⎟⎤⎥ ×100%
⎢ ⎜ rk ⎜ ( r p −1) + krp ( rc −1) ⎟⎟⎥
= mCv ⎡⎣(T3 − T2 ) + k (T4 − T3 )⎤⎦ ⎣ ⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠⎦

Heat Rejected, QR Mean Effective Pressure, PMEP

QR = Q5−1 Wknet
PMEP = 1 1
Vd ⎛ P2 ⎞ k ⎛ T2 ⎞ k−1 V1
= mCv (T1 − T5 ) ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = = rk
⎝ P1 ⎠ ⎝ T1 ⎠ V2
Work Net, WNET
Wknet = QA + QR T3 P3
= = rp
= mCv ⎡⎣(T3 − T2 ) + k (T4 − T3 ) + (T1 − T5 )⎤⎦ T2 P2

T4 V4
= = rc
T3 V3

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