RIZAL'S LIFE AND WORKS

AND OTHER HEROES

By Jose Lyndon De Juan
 Rizal's Biography

Complete Name: José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso

Realonda
Birthday: June 19, 1861
Place of Birth: Calamba, Laguna, Philippines
Nationality: Filipino
Spouse: Josephine Bracken
Father: Francisco Mercado Rizal
Mother: Teodora Alonso Realonda
Siblings: Rizal had nine siblings: Saturnina, Paciano,
Narcisa, Olympia, Lucia, Maria, Concepcion, Josefa, and
Trinidad.
Children: Fransisco but he died 3 hours after birth
Religion: Catholic
Died at age: 35
Died on: December 30, 1896
Place of Death: Bagumbayan, Manila, Philippines
Cause of Death: Rizal was executed by firing squad, as he
was accused of sedition and rebellion against the Spanish
colonial government in the Philippines.
Education: Rizal received his early education in Calamba
and Binan. He pursued higher studies at the Ateneo
Municipal de Manila and later studied medicine at the
Universidad Central de Madrid in Spain, where he earned
his degree in ophthalmology. He also continued his studies
in Europe, particularly in France and Germany, where he
gained knowledge in various disciplines such as literature,
languages, arts, and sciences.
 The Rise of Filipino
Nationalism

Nationalism developed among Filipinos as a result of various

factors. Spanish colonialism, with its oppressive rule,
sparked resistance and discontent among Filipinos. The
influence of European Enlightenment and liberal ideas
introduced concepts of individual rights, freedom, and self-
governance, inspiring Filipinos to question Spanish rule.

The Propaganda Movement, led by intellectuals like José

Rizal, advocated for reforms and equality through writings
and publications. Rediscovery and appreciation of Philippine
culture and history fostered a sense of national identity. The
sacrifice of national heroes, such as Rizal and Bonifacio,
inspired patriotism. The formation of organizations, like the
Katipunan, provided platforms for unity and action.

External events, such as revolutions and independence

movements worldwide, also influenced Filipino nationalism.
Over time, these factors led to the Philippine Revolution and
the establishment of the First Philippine Republic. The
development of nationalism was a gradual process driven by
the desire for freedom, equality, and the recognition of a
distinct national identity.
 Dr. Jose Rizal and La Liga
Filipina

La Liga Filipina was established by José Rizal, the national

hero of the Philippines, as a civic and patriotic organization
aimed at uniting Filipinos in their pursuit of social and
political reforms. The establishment of La Liga Filipina can
be traced back to the period after Rizal's return to the
Philippines from Europe in 1892.
Rizal envisioned La Liga Filipina as a means to address the
various social and political issues plaguing the country under
Spanish colonial rule. He aimed to unite Filipinos from
different social classes and regions to work towards common
goals, such as the promotion of education, agricultural and
industrial development, equality, and representation.
The process of establishing La Liga Filipina began in July
1892 when Rizal arrived in Manila from Hong Kong. On July
3, he convened a meeting with a group of Filipino reformists
and intellectuals at the house of Doroteo Ongjunco. During
this meeting, Rizal presented his plan for establishing La
Liga Filipina and sought support from the attendees.
The founding members of La Liga Filipina, primarily
composed of the Filipino middle class, included notable
individuals such as Ambrosio Salvador, Agustin dela Rosa,
Bonifacio Arevalo, Deodato Arellano, and others. The
organization aimed to provide a platform for peaceful reform
and address the grievances of Filipinos within the existing
legal framework.
La Liga Filipina aimed to accomplish its objectives through
various means, including establishing cooperative stores,
promoting education, fostering unity, and encouraging
collective action. It also sought to facilitate communication
and coordination among its members through the
establishment of regional and provincial chapters.
However, the existence of La Liga Filipina was short-lived
due to the intervention of Spanish authorities. Just a few
weeks after its establishment, on July 7, 1892, Rizal was
arrested and deported to Dapitan in Mindanao, effectively
putting an end to his direct involvement with the
organization.
The sudden disruption caused by Rizal's arrest and
deportation led to internal conflicts and confusion within La
Liga Filipina. The leadership of the organization was
subsequently taken over by Andrés Bonifacio, who later
founded the more radical Katipunan, a secret revolutionary
society that sought complete independence from Spanish
rule.
While La Liga Filipina did not achieve its intended long-
term goals, it played a significant role in laying the
groundwork for the nationalist movement in the
Philippines. The organization's ideals and objectives
resonated with many Filipinos, and its short-lived existence
demonstrated the growing desire for social and political
change during that time. La Liga Filipina, although short-
lived, served as a precursor to the revolutionary
movements that ultimately led to the Philippine Revolution
against Spanish colonial rule.
 Rizal’s Work
Noli Me Tangere
"Noli Me Tangere" is a novel written by José Rizal, the
national hero of the Philippines. Published in 1887, it is
considered one of the most influential and important literary
works in Philippine history. The title "Noli Me Tangere" is
Latin for "Touch Me Not," and it alludes to a biblical passage
where Jesus tells Mary Magdalene not to touch him after his
resurrection.
It exposes the social injustices and abuses suffered by the
Filipino people under Spanish colonial rule. Through vivid
characters and plotlines, Rizal criticizes the Spanish friars
and colonial authorities, highlighting the corruption and
oppression faced by the native Indios.

Noli Me Tangere
"El Filibusterismo" is a novel written by José Rizal, the
national hero of the Philippines, and serves as the sequel to
his earlier work, "Noli Me Tangere." Published in 1891, "El
Filibusterismo" continues the narrative and themes of its
predecessor, but with a darker and more intense tone.
The title "El Filibusterismo" translates to "The Filibustering" in
English, referring to the act of rebellion or subversion against
the Spanish colonial authorities. The novel explores the
consequences of the injustices and abuses depicted in "Noli
Me Tangere" and delves deeper into the themes of
revolution, resistance, and the struggle for social change.
Mi Ultimo Adios "My Last Goodbye"
"Mi Ultimo Adios" is a poem written by José Rizal while he
was in prison before his execution on December 30, 1896. It
serves as a farewell message to his country and loved ones,
expressing his love for the Philippines and his willingness to
sacrifice his life for its freedom. The poem is considered one
of Rizal's most profound and emotional works.

To my Fellow Children "Sa Aking Mga

Kababata"
"Mi Ultimo Adios" is a poem written by José Rizal while he
was in prison before his execution on December 30, 1896. It
serves as a farewell message to his country and loved ones,
expressing his love for the Philippines and his willingness to
sacrifice his life for its freedom. The poem is considered one
of Rizal's most profound and emotional works.

Filipinas dentro de cien años "The

Philippines, a Century Hence"
"Filipinas dentro de cien años" is an essay written by José
Rizal, which speculates on the future of the Philippines a
hundred years from his time. Rizal discusses the potential
outcomes for the country, considering factors such as
colonialism, education, religion, and national identity.
To the Filipino Youth (A La Juventud
Filipina)
"To the Filipino Youth" is a poem written by José Rizal. It
encourages the Filipino youth to embrace education, develop
their skills and talents, and strive for excellence. The poem
emphasizes the importance of the youth in shaping the future
of the nation.

Goodbye to Leonor
"Goodbye to Leonor" is a letter written by José Rizal to his
childhood sweetheart, Leonor Rivera. It expresses Rizal's
farewell and sadness as he realizes the difficulties of their
relationship due to his involvement in the nationalist
movement and his impending martyrdom.

Letter to the Young Women of Malolos

"Goodbye to Leonor" is a letter written by José Rizal to his
childhood sweetheart, Leonor Rivera. It expresses Rizal's
farewell and sadness as he realizes the difficulties of their
relationship due to his involvement in the nationalist
movement and his impending martyrdom.
The Intricate Alliance between Religion
and Education
This phrase refers to the complex relationship between
religion and education during the time of Spanish colonial rule
in the Philippines. It reflects how the Catholic Church played
a significant role in the education system, often using it as a
means to propagate their religious doctrines and maintain
control over the population.
My Last Farewell
"My Last Farewell" is another name for "Mi Ultimo Adios." It
refers to the poem written by José Rizal before his execution,
serving as his final farewell to his country and loved ones.

T he Council of Gods
"The Council of the Gods" (original title: "Ang Dapitanong
Diyos") is indeed a play written by José Rizal, the national
hero of the Philippines. Rizal wrote this play during his exile in
Dapitan, a period in his life when he was restricted from
engaging in political activities but was allowed to pursue
artistic endeavors.
 Other Heroes and Heroines
Andres Bonifacio
Andres Bonifacio was a Filipino revolutionary leader and one of the key
figures in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule. He
founded the Katipunan, a secret society that aimed for Philippine
independence. Bonifacio is known for his nationalist fervor, advocating
armed resistance and leading the movement for social equality and the end
of Spanish oppression.

General Gregorio del Pilar

General Gregorio del Pilar was a Filipino general who fought during the
Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War. He is best known
for his heroic defense of Tirad Pass against American forces, where he
sacrificed his life in 1899. Del Pilar is considered one of the youngest and
most prominent heroes in Philippine history.

General Emilio Aguinaldo

Emilio Aguinaldo was a Filipino revolutionary leader and the first president
of the Philippines. He played a crucial role in the Philippine Revolution
against Spain and led the declaration of Philippine independence on June
12, 1898. Aguinaldo's presidency marked the beginning of the First
Philippine Republic, but his leadership faced challenges during the
Philippine-American War and subsequent political events.

Apolinario Mabini
Apolinario Mabini was a Filipino statesman, lawyer, and intellectual who
served as the first prime minister of the Philippines. He was known for his
political theories and writings advocating for independence and good
governance. Mabini is considered a key figure in the Philippine Revolution
and played a significant role in the drafting of the Malolos Constitution.
Emilio Jacinto
Emilio Jacinto, also known as the "Brains of the Katipunan," was a Filipino
revolutionary and writer. He was a close associate of Andres Bonifacio and
played a vital role in the Katipunan's activities. Jacinto's writings, particularly
his "Kartilya ng Katipunan" (Primer of the Katipunan), became influential in
shaping the principles and ideals of the revolution.

General Antonio Luna

General Antonio Luna was a Filipino military leader during the Philippine
Revolution and the Philippine-American War. He was known for his tactical
brilliance and strict discipline in the battlefield. Luna played a crucial role in
organizing the Philippine Army and is remembered for his efforts to
professionalize and modernize the armed forces.

Melchora Aquino
Melchora Aquino, also known as Tandang Sora, was an important figure in
the Philippine Revolution and is considered the "Mother of the Philippine
Revolution." She provided shelter and support to Filipino revolutionaries and
was involved in various activities to aid the cause of independence. Aquino's
home in Kalookan became a meeting place for revolutionaries.

Graciano Lopez Jaena

Graciano Lopez Jaena was a Filipino writer, journalist, and orator who
played a significant role in the Propaganda Movement. He advocated for
reforms and the fight against Spanish abuses through his writings. Lopez
Jaena co-founded the newspaper La Solidaridad, which became an
important platform for promoting Filipino nationalism and exposing the ills of
Spanish colonial rule.

Panday Pira
Panday Pira, also known as Sultan Kudarat, was a
powerful Muslim leader and warrior in the 17th
century in Mindanao, Philippines. He fiercely
resisted Spanish colonization and defended the
rights and autonomy of the Moro people. Sultan
Kudarat is known for his strategic leadership and
successful resistance against Spanish incursions.
Mariano Ponce
Mariano Ponce was a Filipino physician, writer, and revolutionary leader
during the late 19th century. He was an active member of the Propaganda
Movement and contributed to La Solidaridad, advocating for reforms and
raising awareness about the situation in the Philippines. Ponce

Gregoria de Jesus
Gregoria de Jesus, also known as Aling Oriang, was the wife of Andres
Bonifacio and a prominent figure in the Philippine Revolution. She actively
participated in the Katipunan and supported the cause of independence.
After Bonifacio's death, she continued to play a significant role in the
revolution and worked to preserve his legacy.

Fernando Ma. Guerrero

Fernando Ma. Guerrero was a Filipino poet, journalist, and diplomat. He is
known for his poetry that reflects nationalist sentiments and love for the
Philippines. Guerrero's works often explored themes of patriotism, freedom,
and the beauty of the Filipino homeland. He also served as a diplomat,
representing the Philippines in various international conferences.

Felipe Agoncillo
Felipe Agoncillo was a Filipino diplomat and lawyer who played a crucial
role in the struggle for Philippine independence. He served as the
representative of the Philippine Revolutionary Government, advocating for
the recognition of Philippine independence in foreign countries. Agoncillo's
diplomatic efforts laid the foundation for the recognition of the Philippines as
a sovereign nation.

Juan Luna
Juan Luna was a renowned Filipino painter and
political activist during the late 19th century. He is
best known for his masterpiece painting,
"Spoliarium," which won a gold medal in the 1884
Madrid Exposition. Luna's works often depicted
historical and patriotic themes, and he used his art
to promote the Filipino struggle for independence.
Rafael Palma
Rafael Palma was a Filipino educator, writer, and statesman. He served as
the President of the University of the Philippines and later became a
senator. Palma was known for his contributions to Philippine literature and
his advocacy for education as a means of national progress. He also played
a role in shaping Philippine public policy and governance.

Gregoria de Jesus
Marcelo H. Del Pilar was a Filipino writer, journalist, and lawyer who played
a vital role in the Propaganda Movement. He used his writings, particularly
through the newspaper La Solidaridad, to expose the injustices of Spanish
colonial rule and advocate for reforms. Del Pilar's works contributed
significantly to raising awareness about the plight of the Filipino people.

Pedro Paterno
Pedro Paterno was a Filipino politician, writer, and statesman who held
various positions under Spanish and American colonial rule. He was
involved in the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, an agreement between
the Spanish government and Filipino revolutionaries. Paterno's political
career and controversial actions have drawn both praise and criticism
throughout history.

Leona Florentino
Leona Florentino was a Filipino poet and writer who is considered one of the
first notable Filipina literary figures. She composed poetry in both Spanish
and Ilocano, highlighting themes of nationalism, love, and the struggles of
the Filipino people. Florentino's works broke gender barriers and showcased
the literary talent of Filipino women.

Isabelo Delos Reyes

Isabelo Delos Reyes was a Filipino writer, labor
leader, and politician. He is known for his activism
in advocating for workers' rights and social reforms.
Delos Reyes played a significant role in the labor
movement in the Philippines and was a strong
advocate for the empowerment of the working
class.
Jose Palma
Jose Palma was a Filipino poet and soldier who wrote the lyrics of the
Philippine national anthem, "Lupang Hinirang" (Chosen Land). His patriotic
poem, which later became the anthem, reflects the aspirations and love for
the Philippines. Palma's contribution to Philippine national symbols is highly
regarded and celebrated.

Artemio Ricarte
Artemio Ricarte, also known as the "Father of the Philippine Army," was a
Filipino general and revolutionary leader. He played a significant role in the
Philippine Revolution against Spain and later joined the resistance
movement against American colonization. Ricarte continued to advocate for
Philippine independence and led guerrilla forces during the Philippine-
American War.

Rajah Lakandula
Rajah Lakandula was a prominent indigenous leader in the pre-colonial
Philippines during the 16th century. He was the ruler of the Kingdom of
Tondo and played a crucial role in resisting Spanish colonization.
Lakandula's resistance against Spanish forces was based on protecting the
sovereignty and independence of his kingdom and the Filipino people.

Rajah Soliman
Rajah Soliman, also known as Rajah Sulayman, was another influential pre-
colonial Filipino leader during the 16th century. He was the ruler of the
Kingdom of Maynila, located in present-day Manila. Soliman fought against
Spanish colonization, particularly during the Battle of Bangkusay, where he
and his forces defended their territory against Spanish conquistadors.

Leonor Rivera
Leonor Rivera was the childhood sweetheart and
love interest of Jose Rizal. Their relationship was
immortalized in Rizal's writings, particularly in his
letters and poems. Rivera's influence on Rizal's life
and writings, as well as the challenges they faced
in their relationship, are often discussed in the
context of Rizal's personal journey and his fight for
Philippine independence.
Marcela Mariñ Agoncillo
Marcela Mariño Agoncillo was a Filipino seamstress who played a
significant role in the design and sewing of the first Philippine flag. She,
along with her daughter Lorenza and Delfina Herbosa de Natividad, sewed
the flag in Hong Kong based on the design of Emilio Aguinaldo. Agoncillo's
contribution to the creation of the Philippine flag symbolizes the spirit of
patriotism and national identity.

Jose Ma. Panganiban

Jose Ma. Panganiban was a Filipino writer, journalist, and propagandist
during the late 19th century. He was a co-founder and contributor to the
newspaper La Solidaridad, where he advocated for political and social
reforms. Panganiban's writings focused on the cultural and historical identity
of the Filipino people and played a crucial role in shaping nationalist
sentiment.

Diego Silang
Diego Silang was a Filipino revolutionary leader from the Ilocos region
during the Spanish colonial period. He led an uprising against Spanish
authorities, demanding reforms and better treatment for the local population.
Silang's rebellion and leadership inspired other Filipinos to join the fight
against Spanish oppression.

Maria Josefa Gabriela Silang

Maria Josefa Gabriela Silang, also known as Gabriela Silang, was the wife
of Diego Silang and continued his revolutionary efforts after his death. She
became a prominent leader in the resistance against Spanish rule in the
Ilocos region. Silang's bravery and leadership made her an iconic figure in
the struggle for Philippine independence.

Lapu-Lapu
Lapu-Lapu was a Datu (Chieftain) from the island of
Mactan in the Philippines during the 16th century.
He is best known for his resistance against Spanish
colonization and his victory in the Battle of Mactan
against the forces led by Ferdinand Magellan.
Lapu-Lapu's defiance against foreign invaders has
made him a symbol of Filipino heroism and national
pride.
Francisco Baltazar
Francisco Baltazar, popularly known as Francisco Balagtas or Balagtas,
was a renowned Filipino poet and playwright during the Spanish colonial
period. He was born on April 2, 1788, in Bigaa, Bulacan, Philippines, and is
considered one of the greatest literary figures in Philippine history.

Epifanio de los Santos

Epifanio de los Santos, commonly known as E. de los Santos or Don
Pañong, was a Filipino historian, writer, and scholar. He made significant
contributions to Philippine historiography and is considered one of the
pioneers of Philippine history. De los Santos played a crucial role in
preserving and documenting the country's historical heritage.

Francisco Dagohoy
Francisco Dagohoy was a Filipino leader who led the longest recorded
revolt against Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. Known as the
Dagohoy Rebellion, it lasted for more than 80 years from 1744 to 1829 in
the island of Bohol. Dagohoy's rebellion demonstrated the resilience and
determination of the Filipino people in their fight for freedom.

Teresa Magbanua
Teresa Magbanua, also known as Nanay Isa, was a Filipina revolutionary
leader and one of the few female generals during the Philippine Revolution
against Spain. She played an active role in organizing and leading forces in
the Visayas region. Magbanua's bravery and contributions to the revolution
paved the way for greater recognition of women's participation in the
struggle for independence.

Trinidad Tecson
Trinidad Tecson, also known as Inang Filipina, was
a Filipina revolutionary and nurse during the
Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American
War. She provided medical assistance and support
to wounded Filipino soldiers and played an active
role in the resistance against American forces.
Tecson's dedication to the cause of independence
and her nursing skills made her an invaluable figure
in the revolution.
Agueda Esteban
Agueda Esteban, also known as Henerala Agueda, was a Filipina
revolutionary leader and guerrilla fighter during the Philippine Revolution
and the Philippine-American War. She fought alongside her husband and
brother in various battles, demonstrating her courage and determination in
the fight for Philippine independence.

Julian Felipe
Julian Felipe was a Filipino composer and musician who composed the
music for the Philippine national anthem, "Lupang Hinirang." His
composition, which was chosen among several entries, became the official
national anthem in 1898. Felipe's musical contribution symbolizes the pride
and identity of the Filipino nation.

Marina Dizon
Marina Dizon, also known as Aling Reme, was a Filipina revolutionary who
actively participated in the Philippine Revolution against Spain. She served
as a courier, spy, and combatant, relaying important messages and
engaging in battles. Dizon's bravery and dedication to the cause of
independence exemplify the role of women in the revolution.

General Francisco Makabulos

General Francisco Makabulos was a Filipino revolutionary leader and
military strategist during the Philippine Revolution. He played a crucial role
in organizing and leading forces in Central Luzon. Makabulos advocated for
the establishment of a united and independent Philippines, fighting against
both Spanish and American colonizers.