Module 4 Class

Module 4 - Web
Development
Disclaimer: The content is curated for educational purposes only.

© Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.
After going through this module, students will be able to
● Understand how web works.

● Structuring the Web
● Scripting and Styling the web
● Enhancing the web using PHP.
● Java the key language.

Understand how web works.

In this section, we will discuss:
● Learn basic concepts regarding the internet,browsers, andHTML.

● Use of HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) in web pages.
● Protocols
● Forms and Input
● Database
● User Account and security
● APIs and Caching.

Learn basic concepts
regarding the
internet,browsers and
HTML.
Basics of Internet
● Internet is a world-wide global system of

interconnected computer networks.
● Internet uses the standard Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP).
Image Source: https://am7s.com/what-is-the-internet/

regarding the
HTML.
Basics of Internet(contd)
● Every computer in internet is identified

by a unique IP address.
● IP Address is a unique set of numbers
(such as 110.22.33.114) which identifies
a computer location.
Image Source: https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/internetbasics/what-is-the-internet/1/

regarding the
HTML.
World Wide Web(WWW)
● The World Wide Web (WWW) is a

collection of documents and other web
resources which are identified by URLs,
interlinked by hypertext links, and can
be accessed and searched by browsers
via the Internet.
Image Source: https://www.informationq.com/internet-and-www/

regarding the
HTML.
World Wide Web(WWW)(contd)
● World Wide Web is also called the Web

and it was invented by Tim Berners-Lee
in 1989.
● The pages can be retrieved and viewed
by using browser.
Image Source:
https://www.tutorialride.com/computer-network/world-wide-web-in-computer-netw
regarding the
HTML.
HTTP
● HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer

Protocol
● WWW is about communication between
web clients and servers
● HTTP is an Application Protocol for
transferring Resources across the
internet.
Image Source: https://www.pickaweb.co.uk/kb/what-is-http/
regarding the
HTML.
HTTP(contd)
● Communication between client

computers and web servers is done by
sending HTTP Requests and receiving
HTTP Responses
Image Source: https://www.cdnfinder.com/content-delivery-network-guide/http/

regarding the
HTML.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
● The URL is a standard for specifying any

kind of information on the Internet.
● The URL consists of four parts: protocol,
host computer, port and path.
● The host is the name of computer on
which the information is located.
Image Source: https://fakebelieve.blog/2018/08/07/the-power-of-a-url/

regarding the
HTML.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
● The protocol is the client or server

program which is used to retrieve the
document or file.
● The URL can optionally contain the port
number and it is separated from the
host name by a colon.
Image Source: https://sitechecker.pro/what-is-url/

regarding the
HTML.
Web browser
● A web browser is a software application

for accessing information on the World
Wide Web.
● When a user requests a web page from
a particular website, the web browser
retrieves the necessary content from a
web server and then displays the page
on the screen.
Image Source:
https://www.webchoiceonline.com.au/the-best-web-browsers-which-one-should-y
regarding the
HTML.
HTML
● HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup

Language
● HTML is the standard markup language
for Web pages
● HTML elements are the building blocks
of HTML pages
Image Source: https://www.javatpoint.com/what-is-html

Use of HTML (Hypertext
Markup Language) in web
pages
Uses of HTML
● Web pages development

● Web document Creation
● Internet navigation
● Cutting edge feature
● Responsive images on web pages
Image Source: https://www.educba.com/pre-tag-in-html/

Use of HTML (Hypertext
Markup Language) in web
pages
Uses of HTML(contd)
● Client-side storage
● Offline capabilities usage
● Data Entry support with HTML
● Game development usage
● Native APIs usage to enrich website
Image Source:
https://www.slideshare.net/manojkumardeswal/learn-html-manoj-kumar-deswal
Protocols
What is protocol?
● A protocol is a set of rules and

guidelines for communicating data.
● Rules are defined for each step and
process during communication between
two or more computers.
● Networks have to follow these rules to
successfully transmit data.
Image Source:
https://www.net.t-labs.tu-berlin.de/teaching/computer_networking/01.02.htm
Protocols
Types of protocol
● Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

● Internet Protocol (IP)
● User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
● Post office Protocol (POP)
● Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP)
Image Source: https://www.educba.com/types-of-networking-protocols/

Protocols
Types of protocol(contd)
● File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

● Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
● Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
(HTTPS)
● Telnet
● Gopher
Image Source: https://www.itgrow.xyz/2020/01/types-of-internet-protocol.html

Forms and Input
HTML Forms
● An HTML form is used to collect user

input.
● The user input can then be sent to a
server for processing.
Image Source: https://www.sitepoint.com/form-validation-with-php/

Forms and Input
HTML Forms(contd)
● HTML Forms are required to collect

different kinds of user inputs, such as
contact details like name, email address,
phone numbers, or details like credit
card information, etc.
● Forms contain special elements called
controls like inputbox, checkboxes,
radio-buttons, submit buttons, etc.
Image Source:
https://fahmidasclassroom.com/how-to-upload-folder-using-html-and-php/
Forms and Input
HTML Forms(contd)
● <form> Element
● <input> Element
● The Action Attribute
● The Target Attribute
● The Method Attribute
Image Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/9288191/

Forms and Input
HTML Input Element
● It allows you to specify various types of

user input fields, depending on the type
attribute.
Image Source: https://www.html-5-tutorial.com/input-element.php

Forms and Input
HTML Input Element(contd)
● Text Fields
● password field
● checkbox
● radio button
● submit button
● reset button
● file select box
Image Source:
https://www.w3resource.com/html/input/HTML-input-tag-and-element.php
Forms and Input
HTML Form Elements
● <input> Element
● <select> Element
● <textarea> Element
● <button> Element
● <fieldset> and <legend> Elements
● <datalist> Element
● <output> Element
Image Source: https://codebridgeplus.com/html-form-elements/

Forms and Input
HTML Input Types
● Input Type Color

● Input Type Datetime-local
● Input Type Email
● Input Type File
● Input Type Month
● Input Type Number
● Input Type Range
Image Source: https://www.tutorialathome.in/html/html-5-forms-iii

Forms and Input
HTML Input Types(contd)
● Input Type Search

● Input Type Tel
● Input Type Time
● Input Type Url
● Input Type Week
Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_form_input_types.asp

Forms and Input
HTML Input Attributes
● The value Attribute

● The readonly Attribute
● The disabled Attribute
● The size Attribute
● The maxlength Attribute
● The min and max Attributes
● The multiple Attribute
Image Source:
https://deals.weku.io/community-deals/@munivihar/html-lessons-lesson-25
Forms and Input
HTML Input Attributes(contd)
● The pattern Attribute

● The placeholder Attribute
● The required Attribute
● The step Attribute
● The autofocus Attribute
● The height and width Attributes
● The list Attribute
● The autocomplete Attribute
Image Source: https://codebridgeplus.com/html-input-attributes/

Database
What is Data?
● Data is a collection of a distinct unit of

information.
● This “data” is used in a variety of forms
of text, numbers, media and many more.
● Data is basically information that can be
translated into a particular form for
efficient movement and processing.
Image Source: https://www.twinkl.co.in/teaching-wiki/data

Database
What is a Database?
● A database is an organized collection of

data, so that it can be easily accessed
and managed.
● You can organize data into tables, rows,
columns, and index it to make it easier
to find relevant information.
Image Source: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Tq7KcGNDNm0/hqdefault.jpg

Database
What is a Database?(contd)
● The main purpose of the database is to

operate a large amount of information by
storing, retrieving, and managing data.
Image Source: https://gamesforepc.com/what-is-database/

Database
DBMS
● A database management system

(DBMS) is a software package designed
to define, manipulate, retrieve and
manage data in a database.
● DBMS also provides protection and
security to the databases.
● It also maintains data consistency in
case of multiple users.
Image Source: https://www.edureka.co/blog/what-is-dbms
Database
RDBMS
● A Relational Database Management

System is a collection of program that
allows to create, update, searching and
interact with a relational database.
Image Source:
https://www.astera.com/type/blog/relational-database-management-system/
Database
RDBMS(contd)
● An RDBMS may also provide a visual

representation of the data.
For example, it may display data in a tables

like a spreadsheet, allowing you to view and
even edit individual values in the table.
Image Source:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Relational-database-data-model_fig1_316498
Database
Difference between DBMS

vs RDBMS
● Number of operators
● Hardware and software needs
● Data modification
● Data volume
● Keys and Indexes
Image Source:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Relational-database-data-model_fig1_316498
Database
Difference between DBMS

vs RDBMS(contd)
● Data consistency
● Database structure
● Data fetching speed
● Client server architecture
Image Source:
http://onlinetutorialhub.blogspot.com/2017/11/top-15-differences-between-dbms-a
Database
Types of Database
● Relational Database
● Object-Oriented Database
● Distributed Database
● NoSQL Database
● Graph Database
● Cloud Database
● Centralization Database
● Operational Database
Image Source: https://www.slideshare.net/DenisReznik/iforum-sql-vs-nosql/15

User Account and security
● SSL
● Web page content
● Script Security
● Infrastructure
● The Data
● Tracking
● Archival and Backup
Image Source:
https://medium.com/koinex-crunch/enhancing-account-security-together-164fa8bf
APIs and Caching
HTML Geolocation
● The Geolocation API (JavaScript-based)

is used for locating the user's position.
● This new feature of HTML5 allows you
to navigate the latitude and longitude
coordinates of the current website's
visitor.
● It lets you share your location with
trusted websites.
Image Source:https://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_geolocation.asp
HTML Geolocation
Getting the User's current position
● To get the user's current location,

getCurrentPosition() method of the
navigator.geolocation object is used.
This method accepts three parameters:
● Success
● Error
● options
Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_geolocation.asp

APIs and Caching
Handling Errors and Rejections
● The second parameter of the

getCurrentPosition() method is used to
handle errors
Following are the possible options for invoking
the error call back function:
● Unknown random error Occurred
● If the user has denied for sharing
location
● Location information is not available
● Request for location is timed-out.
Image Source:https://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_geolocation.asp
APIs and Caching
Displaying location on Google Map
● This services used to provide the exact

location in map.
● Till now, we have seen how to show
your location using latitude and
longitude values, but it is not sufficient.
● Hence we can also show the exact
location on Google map with this API.
Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_geolocation.asp

APIs and Caching
Location properties
● The following table determines

properties used in getCurrentPosition()
and their returning values.
Image Source: https://www.javatpoint.com/html-geolocation

APIs and Caching
HTML Drag/Drop
● Drag and drop is a very common

feature.
● It is when you "grab" an object and drag
it to a different location.
● It is a powerful user interface concept
which is used to copy, reorder and
delete items with the help of mouse.
Image Source:https://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_draganddrop.asp
APIs and Caching
HTML Drag/Drop(contd)
Stages during Drag and Drop operations

● Make an element draggable
● What to drag
● Where to Drop
● Do the Drop
Image Source:https://www.bitdegree.org/learn/html5-drag-and-drop
APIs and Caching
HTML Web Storage
● With web storage, web applications can

store data locally within the user's
browser.
● Web storage is more secure, and large
amounts of data can be stored locally,
without affecting website performance.
● Unlike cookies, the storage limit is far
larger (at least 5MB) and information is
never transferred to the server.
Image Source:https://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_webstorage.asp
HTML Web Storage
HTML Web Storage Objects
HTML web storage provides two objects for

storing data on the client:
● window.localStorage - stores data with
no expiration date
● window.sessionStorage - stores data for
one session (data is lost when the
browser tab is closed)
HTML Web Storage
The localStorage Object
● The localStorage object stores the data

with no expiration date.
● The data will not be deleted when the
browser is closed, and will be available
the next day, week, or year.
HTML Web Storage
The sessionStorage Object
● The sessionStorage object is equal to

the localStorage object, except that it
stores the data for only one session.
● The data is deleted when the user
closes the specific browser tab.
APIs and Caching
Web Worker
● A web worker is a JavaScript that runs in

the background, independently of other
scripts, without affecting the
performance of the page.
● You can continue to do whatever you
want: clicking, selecting things, etc.,
while the web worker runs in the
background.
Image Source:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcIDmzPqlKA
Web Worker
Check Web Worker Support
● Before creating a web worker, check

whether the user's browser supports it
Image Source:https://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_webworkers.asp
Web Worker
Create a Web Worker File
● The important part of the code above is

the postMessage() method - which is
used to post a message back to the
HTML page.
● Normally web workers are not used for
such simple scripts, but for more CPU
intensive tasks
Web Worker
Create a Web Worker Object
● web worker file, we need to call it from

an HTML page.
● Then we can send and receive
messages from the web worker.
Web Worker
Terminate and Reuse a Web Worker
● To terminate a web worker, and free

browser/computer resources, use the
terminate() method
w.terminate();
● If you set the worker variable to
undefined, after it has been terminated,
you can reuse the code
w = undefined;
Image
Source:https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/primers/service-workers
APIs and Caching
HTML SSE API
● To terminate a web worker, and free

browser/computer resources, use the
terminate() method
w.terminate();
● If you set the worker variable to
undefined, after it has been terminated,
you can reuse the code
w = undefined;
Image Source:https://dzone.com/articles/html-5-server-sent-events
HTML SSE API
Server-Sent Events - One Way

Messaging
● A server-sent event is when a web page

automatically gets updates from a
server.
● This was also possible before, but the
web page would have to ask if any
updates were available. With
server-sent events, the updates come
automatically.
Examples: Facebook updates, stock price
Image Source:https://www.ably.io/concepts/server-sent-events
updates, news feeds, sport results, etc. © Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.
HTML SSE API
Receive Server-Sent Event

Notifications
● Create a new EventSource object, and

specify the URL of the page sending the
updates
● Each time an update is received, the
onmessage event occurs
● When an onmessage event occurs, put
the received data into the element with
id="result"
Image Source:https://www.w3schools.com/html/html5_serversentevents.asp
HTML SSE API
Check Server-Sent Events Support
● some extra lines of code to check

browser support for server-sent events
HTML SSE API
The EventSource Object
● we used the onmessage event to get

messages
Structuring the web

● Introduction to HTML
● Structuring of Web Page using HTML
● Multimedia and embedding
● HTML Table and Forms
● APIs

Introduction to HTML
What is an HTML?
● HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup
Language
● HTML is the standard markup language
for creating Web pages
● HTML describes the structure of a Web
page
● HTML consists of a series of elements
● HTML elements tell the browser how to
display the content
● The extension of HTML Page is .html
Image Source:
https://cdn.lynda.com/course/170427/170427-637251494437967118-16x9.jpg/
Advantages of HTML
● HTML is widely used.

● Every browser
supports HTML Language.
● Easy to learn and use.
● Do not need to purchase any extra
software because it is by default in every
window.
Image Source:
https://brandongaille.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/HTML5-Advantages-and-D
Disadvantages of HTML
● HTML can create only static and plain

pages so if we need dynamic pages
then HTML is not useful.
● I need to write a lot of code for making a
simple webpage.
● Security features are not good at HTML.
● If we need to write long code for making
a webpage then it produces some
complexity.
Image Source:
https://brandongaille.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/HTML5-Advantages-and-D
Structure of a Web Page
HTML Web Page Structure

● The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration
defines that this document is an HTML5
document
● The <html> element is the root element
of an HTML page
● The <head> element contains meta
information about the HTML page
● The <title> element specifies a title for
the HTML page (which is shown in the
browser's title bar or in the page's tab)
Image Source:
HTML Web Page Structure

(Continued)
● The <body> element defines the

document's body, and is a container for
all the visible contents, such as
headings, paragraphs, images,
hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc.
● The <h1> element defines a large
heading
● The <p> element defines a paragraph
Image Source:
Structuring of web page
using HTML
Add title to your Web Page
● The <title> tag defines the title of the

document.
● This title is created using the
<title>...</title> tags which are
themselves always nested within the
<head>...</head> tags.
● The title must be text-only, and it is
shown in the browser's title bar or in the
page's tab.
● We can NOT have more than one <title>
Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/tags/tag_title.asp
element in an HTML document. © Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.
Adding Content to Web Page
● The <body> element defines the

document's body, and is a container for
all the visible contents, such as
headings, paragraphs, images,
hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc.
● The <h1> element defines a large
heading
● The <p> element defines a paragraph
Image Source:
Multi Media and Embedding
What is Multimedia?
● Multimedia comes in many different

formats. It can be almost anything you
can hear or see, like images, music,
sound, videos, records, films,
animations, and more.
● Web pages often contain multimedia

elements of different types and formats.
● Multimedia files have formats and
different extensions like: .wav, .mp3,
.mp4, .mpg, .wmv, and .avi. Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/tags/tag_title.asp
Images in HTML
● Images can improve the design and the

appearance of a web page.
● Use the HTML <img> element to define
an image
● Use the HTML src attribute to define the
URL of the image
● Use the HTML alt attribute to define an
alternate text for an image, if it cannot
be displayed
● Use the HTML width and height
Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_images.asp
attributes to define the size of the ©image
Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.
Images in HTML
● Images can improve the design and the

appearance of a web page.
● Use the HTML <img> element to define
an image
● Use the HTML src attribute to define the
URL of the image
● Use the HTML alt attribute to define an
alternate text for an image, if it cannot
be displayed
● Use the HTML width and height
Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_images.asp
attributes to define the size of the ©image
Annotating images with figures and

figure captions
● The <figure> tag specifies self-contained

content, like illustrations, diagrams,
photos, code listings, etc.
● The <figcaption> tag defines a caption
for a <figure> element.
● The <figcaption> element can be placed
as the first or last child of the <figure>
element.
Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/tags/tag_figcaption.asp
CSS Background Images
● The background-image property sets

one or more background images for an
element.
● By default, a background-image is
placed at the top-left corner of an
element, and repeated both vertically
and horizontally.
Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/cssref/pr_background-image.asp
● The background-image property sets

one or more background images for an
element.
and horizontally.
Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/cssref/pr_background-image.asp

Background-origin
● The background-origin property

specifies the origin position (the
background positioning area) of a
background image.
● Set two background images for a <div>
element. Let the "paper.gif" background
image starts from the upper left corner
of the padding edge,
● and let the "img_tree.gif" background
image starts from the upper left corner
Image Source:
of the content https://www.w3schools.com/cssref/tryit.asp?filename=trycss3_background-origin2

Background-position
● The background-position property sets

the starting position of a background
image.
and horizontally.
Image Source:
https://www.w3schools.com/cssref/tryit.asp?filename=trycss_background-position

Background-repeat
● The background-repeat property sets

if/how a background image will be
repeated.
repeated both vertically and horizontally.
● The background image is placed
according to the background-position
property. If no background-position is
specified, the image is always placed at
the element's top left corner. Image Source:
https://www.w3schools.com/cssref/tryit.asp?filename=trycss_background-repeaty

Background-repeat
● The background-size property specifies

the size of the background images.
● There are four different syntaxes you
can use with this property: the keyword
syntax ("auto", "cover" and "contain"),
● the one-value syntax (sets the width of
the image (height becomes "auto"),
● The two-value syntax (first value: width
of the image, second value: height)
● and the multiple background syntax
Image Source:
(separated with comma). https://www.w3schools.com/cssref/tryit.asp?filename=trycss3_background_hero
Audio On the Web
● The HTML <audio> element is used to

play an audio file on a web page.
● The controls attribute adds audio
controls, like play, pause, and volume.
● The <source> element allows you to
specify alternative audio files which the
browser may choose from.
● There are three supported audio
formats: MP3, WAV, and OGG
Image Source:
https://www.w3schools.com/html/tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml5_audio_all
Video On the Web
● The HTML <video> element is used to

show a video on a web page.
● The controls attribute adds video
controls, like play, pause, and volume.
● It is a good idea to always include width
and height attributes.
● To start a video automatically use the
autoplay attribute
● There are three supported video
formats: MP4, WebM, and Ogg
Image Source:
https://www.w3schools.com/html/tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml5_video_autoplay
Displaying Video Text Tracks
● The <track> tag specifies text tracks for

<audio> or <video> elements.
● This element is used to specify subtitles,
caption files or other files containing
text, that should be visible when the
media is playing.
● Tracks are formatted in WebVTT format
(.vtt files).
Image Source:
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/track
iframe in HTML
● The <iframe> tag specifies an inline

frame.
● An inline frame is used to embed

another document within the current
HTML document.
Image Source:
https://www.w3schools.com/tags/tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_iframe_frameborder_
iframe in HTML
(Continued)
● Use the height and width attributes to

specify the size of the iframe.
● The height and width are specified in

pixels by default:
Image Source:
iframe in HTML
(Continued)
● By default, an iframe has a border

around it.
● To remove the border, add the style

attribute and use the CSS border
property
Image Source:
iframe in HTML
(Continued)
● An iframe can be used as the target

frame for a link.
● The target attribute of the link must refer

to the name attribute of the iframe
Image Source:
Embedding in HTML
● The <embed> tag defines a container

for an external resource, such as a web
page, a picture, a media player, or a
plug-in application.
Image Source:
https://www.w3schools.com/tags/tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml5_embed_video
Object in HTML
● The <object> tag defines a container for

an external resource.
● The external resource can be a web

page, a picture, a media player, or a
plug-in application.
Image Source:
https://www.w3schools.com/tags/tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_object_video
What is SVG?
● SVG stands for Scalable Vector

Graphics
● SVG is used to define vector-based
graphics for the Web
● SVG defines the graphics in XML format
● Every element and every attribute in
SVG files can be animated
● SVG is a W3C recommendation
● SVG integrates with other W3C
standards such as the DOM and XSL Image Source:
https://www.w3docs.com/uploads/media/default/0001/03/3e1a8c030f58a1cafe3a8
Advantages of SVG
● SVG images can be created and edited

with any text editor
● SVG images can be searched, indexed,
scripted, and compressed
● SVG images are scalable
● SVG images can be printed with high
quality at any resolution
● SVG images are zoomable
● SVG graphics do NOT lose any quality if
they are zoomed or resized
● SVG is an open standard Image Source:
https://www.w3docs.com/uploads/media/default/0001/03/3e1a8c030f58a1cafe3a8
Creating a Circle using SVG
● An SVG image begins with an <svg>

element
● The width and height attributes of the
<svg> element define the width and
height of the SVG image
● The <circle> element is used to draw a
circle
● The cx and cy attributes define the x and
y coordinates of the center of the circle.
If cx and cy are not set, the circle's
Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/graphics/svg_inhtml.asp
center is set to (0, 0) © Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.
Creating a Circle using SVG
(Continuation)
● The r attribute defines the radius of the

circle
● The stroke and stroke-width attributes
control how the outline of a shape
appears. We set the outline of the circle
to a 4px green "border"
● The fill attribute refers to the color inside
the circle. We set the fill color to yellow
● The closing </svg> tag closes the SVG
image Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/graphics/svg_inhtml.asp
Creating a Rectangle using SVG
● The x attribute defines the left position of

the rectangle (e.g. x="50" places the
rectangle 50 px from the left margin)
● The y attribute defines the top position
of the rectangle (e.g. y="20" places the
rectangle 20 px from the top margin)
● The CSS fill-opacity property defines the
opacity of the fill color (legal range: 0 to
1)
● The CSS stroke-opacity property defines
the opacity of the stroke color (legal Image Source:
https://www.w3schools.com/graphics/tryit.asp?filename=trysvg_rect2
Picture tag in HTML
● The <picture> tag gives web developers

more flexibility in specifying image
resources.
● he <picture> element contains two tags:
one or more <source> tags and one
<img> tag.
● The most common use of the <picture>
element will be for art direction in
responsive designs.
Image Source:
https://www.w3schools.com/tags/tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml5_picture
Tables and Forms
Tables in HTML
● HTML tables allow web authors to

arrange data into rows and columns.
● An HTML table is defined with the
<table> tag.
● Each table row is defined with the <tr>
tag. A table header is defined with the
<th> tag.
● By default, table headings are bold and
centered.
● A table data/cell is defined with the <td>
Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_tables.asp
tag. © Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.
Tables and Forms
Adding borders in Table
● If you do not specify a border for the

table, it will be displayed without
borders.
● A border is set using the CSS border

property

Tables and Forms
Adding Cell Padding in Table
● Cell padding specifies the space

between the cell content and its borders.
● If you do not specify a padding, the table

cells will be displayed without padding.
● To set the padding, use the CSS

padding property
Tables and Forms
Left-align Headings in Table
● By default, table headings are bold and

centered.
● To left-align the table headings, use the

CSS text-align property

Tables and Forms
What is Form in HTML?

input.
● The HTML <form> element defines a
form that is used to collect user input
● Form elements are different types of
input elements, like: text fields,
checkboxes, radio buttons, submit
buttons, and more.
Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_forms.asp
Tables and Forms
What is Form in HTML?

input.
● The HTML <form> element defines a
form that is used to collect user input
● Form elements are different types of
input elements, like: text fields,
checkboxes, radio buttons, submit
buttons, and more.
Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_forms.asp
Tables and Forms
Input Elements in Forms
● The <input> element can be displayed in

several ways, depending on the type
attribute.
● <input type="text"> defines a single-line
text input field:

Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● <input type="password"> defines a

password field:

Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● <input type="submit"> defines a button

for submitting form data to a
form-handler.
● The form-handler is typically a server

page with a script for processing input
data.
● The form-handler is specified in the

form's action attribute Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_form_input_types.asp
Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● <input type="reset"> defines a reset

button that will reset all form values to
their default values

Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● <input type="radio"> defines a radio

button.
● Radio buttons let a user select ONLY

ONE of a limited number of choices

Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● <input type="checkbox"> defines a

checkbox.

Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● <input type="checkbox"> defines a

checkbox.

Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● <input type="button"> defines a button

Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The <input type="color"> is used for

input fields that should contain a color.
● Depending on browser support, a color

picker can show up in the input field

Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The <input type="date"> is used for

input fields that should contain a date.
● Depending on browser support, a date

picker can show up in the input field.

Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The <input type="email"> is used for

input fields that should contain an e-mail
address.
● Depending on browser support, the

e-mail address can be automatically
validated when submitted.

Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The <input type="file"> defines a

file-select field and a "Browse" button for
file uploads.

Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The <input type="range"> defines a

control for entering a number whose
exact value is not important (like a slider
control).
● Default range is 0 to 100.
● However, you can set restrictions on
what numbers are accepted with the
min, max, and step attributes
Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The <input type="search"> is used for

search fields (a search field behaves like
a regular text field).

Tables and Forms
Input Attributes in Forms
● The input value attribute specifies an

initial value for an input field
Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_form_attributes.asp

Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The input readonly attribute specifies

that an input field is read-only.
● A read-only input field cannot be

modified (however, a user can tab to it,
highlight it, and copy the text from it).
● The value of a read-only input field will

be sent when submitting the form!
Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The input disabled attribute specifies

that an input field should be disabled.
● A disabled input field is unusable and

un-clickable.
● The value of a disabled input field will

not be sent when submitting the form!
Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The input size attribute specifies the

visible width, in characters, of an input
field.
● The default value for size is 20.
● The size attribute works with the

following input types: text, search, tel,
url, email, and password.
Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The input maxlength attribute specifies

the maximum number of characters
allowed in an input field.
● When a maxlength is set, the input field

will not accept more than the specified
number of characters.

Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The input min and max attributes specify

the minimum and maximum values for
an input field.
● The min and max attributes work with

the following input types: number, range,
date, datetime-local, month, time and
week.
Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The input multiple attribute specifies that

the user is allowed to enter more than
one value in an input field.
● The multiple attribute works with the

following input types: email, and file.

Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The input pattern attribute specifies a

regular expression that the input field's
value is checked against, when the form
is submitted.
● The pattern attribute works with the

following input types: text, date, search,
url, tel, email, and password.
Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The input placeholder attribute specifies
short a hint that describes the expected
value of an input field (a sample value or
a short description of the expected
format).
● The short hint is displayed in the input

field before the user enters a value.
● The placeholder attribute works with the

following input types: text, search, url, Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_form_attributes.asp
Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The input required attribute specifies

that an input field must be filled out
before submitting the form.
● The required attribute works with the

following input types: text, search, url,
tel, email, password, date pickers,
number, checkbox, radio, and file.
Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The input autocomplete attribute
specifies whether a form or an input field
should have autocomplete on or off.
● Autocomplete allows the browser to

predict the value. When a user starts to
type in a field, the browser should
display options to fill in the field, based
on earlier typed values.
● The autocomplete attribute works with

<form> and the following <input> types: Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_form_attributes.asp
Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The input autofocus attribute specifies

that an input field should automatically
get focus when the page loads.

Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The input formenctype attribute specifies

how the form-data should be encoded
when submitted (only for forms with
method="post").
● Note: This attribute overrides the

enctype attribute of the <form> element.
● The formenctype attribute works with the

following input types: submit and image. Image Source:https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_form_attributes_form.asp
Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The input formmethod attribute defines
the HTTP method for sending form-data
to the action URL.

method attribute of the <form> element.
● The formmethod attribute works with the

following input types: submit and image.
● The form-data can be sent as URL

Image Source:https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_form_attributes_form.asp
variables (method="get") or as an© HTTP
Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The input formtarget a attribute specifies

a name or a keyword that indicates
where to display the response that is
received after submitting the form.
● Note: This attribute overrides the target

attribute of the <form> element.
● The formtarget attribute works with the

following input types: submit and image. Image Source:https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_form_attributes_form.asp
Tables and Forms

(Continued)
● The input formnovalidate attribute

specifies that an <input> element should
not be validated when submitted.

novalidate attribute of the <form>
element.
● The formnovalidate attribute works with

the following input types: submit. Image Source:https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_form_attributes_form.asp
APIs
What are APIs ?
● APIs stands for Application Program

Interface.
● API is a set of routines, protocols and
tools for building software applications.
● Basically an API specifies how software
component should interact.
Image Source:
https://www.lorenzo-datasolutions.com/sap-successfactors-api-urls/
APIs
What are APIs
● APIs are used when programming

Graphical User Interface (GUI)
components.
● A good API makes it easier to develop a
program by providing all the building
blocks.
Image Source:
https://www.lorenzo-datasolutions.com/sap-successfactors-api-urls/
APIs
GeoLocation API
● Geolocation API is used to identify the

users geographical location for the web
application.
● Geolocation services use Network
routing addresses such as IP address,
WiFi and MAC address or internal GPS
devices to identify users location.
Image Source:
https://www.udemy.com/course/html5-geolocation-in-depth-build-location-aware-a
APIs
GeoLocation API Methods
● getCurrentPosition()
● watchPosition()
● clearWatch()
Image Source:
https://www.udemy.com/course/html5-geolocation-in-depth-build-location-aware-a
APIs
Drag and Drop
● HTML Drag and Drop (DnD) is a

powerful user interface concept which is
used to copy, reorder and delete items
with the help of mouse.
Image Source:
https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/web-designer/learn-to-use-the-html5-drag-and-
APIs
Events for Drag and Drop
● Drag
● Dragstart
● Dragenter
● Dragover
● Dragleave
● Drop
● Dragend
Image Source: http://tutorials.jenkov.com/html5/drag-and-drop.html

APIs
Web Storage
● With web storage, web applications can

store data locally within the user's
browser.
● Storing data with the help of web
storage is similar to cookies, but it is
better and faster than cookies storage.
● Web storage sometimes also known as
DOM storage.
Image Source: https://scriptverse.academy/tutorials/html5-web-storage.html

APIs
Advantages of Web Storage
● Web storage can use storage upto 5MB

per domain.
● It will not send data to server side,
hence faster than cookies.
● Data stored by local storage never
expires, but cookies data expires after
sometime.
● Web storage is more secure than
cookies.
Image Source: https://scriptverse.academy/tutorials/html5-web-storage.html

APIs
Types of Web Storage
● Local Storage : stores data with no

expiration date.
● Session Storage : stores data for one
session (data is lost when browser tab is
closed).
Image Source:
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/19867599/what-is-the-difference-between-loc
APIs
Web Worker
● A Web worker is a java-script that runs

in the background, independently of
other scripts, without affecting the
performance of the page.You can
continue to do whatever you want :
clicking, selecting things, etc., while the
web worker runs in the background.
Image Source:
https://blog.sessionstack.com/how-javascript-works-the-building-blocks-of-web-wo
APIs
Features of the Web Worker

● Web workers are threaded javascript.
● Web workers requires more space and
CPU times.
● Web workers enhances the speed of a
website.
● Web workers executes code on the
client side.
● Web worker threads communicate with
each other using postMessage()
callback method.
Image Source:
https://blog.sessionstack.com/how-javascript-works-the-building-blocks-of-web-wo
APIs
Types of Web Worker

● Dedicated web workers : It can be
accessed by only one script which has
called it.Dedicated worker thread ends
as its parent thread ends.
● Shared web workers : It can be shared
by multiple scripts and can communicate
using the port.
● Service workers : They doesn't directly
interact with the web page and runs in
the background.
Image Source: https://www.educba.com/html5-web-workers/
APIs
SSE
● Server-Sent Events (SSE) allow a web

page to get updates from a server.
● The Server-Sent Events are
mono-directional (always come from
server to client ).
Image Source:https://prochazka.dev/server-sent-events/
APIs
Events for SSE
● onopen
● Onmessage
● onerror
Image Source:https://prochazka.dev/server-sent-events/
Scripting and Styling the
web

● CSS Overview
● Syntax
● CSS values and units
● Stylingtext
● Stylingbox
● CSSlayout

CSS Overview
What is CSS ?
● CSS is referred to as Cascading Style

Sheet.
● CSS is a simple design language
intended to simplify the process of
making web pages presentable.
● CSS describes how HTML elements are
to displayed on screen, paper, or in
other media.
Image Source:
https://justpublishingadvice.com/what-is-css-inline-css-tricks-and-tips-for-total-beg
CSS Overview
Why CSS ?
● CSS allows web designers, bloggers,

developers and so forth to make
websites unique and attractive.
● CSS allows us to play with page layout,
adjust colors and fonts, add effects to
images, etc.
● CSS allows us to separate the
presentation from the structure (HTML)
into different files.
Image Source:
https://www.granneman.com/teaching/web-development-granneman-way/videos/
CSS Overview
Advantages of CSS
● CSS saves time

● Pages load faster
● Easy maintenance
● Global web standards
● Multiple device compatibility
● Superior styles to HTML
Image Source: https://www.educba.com/advantages-of-css/

CSS Syntax
How does CSS affect HTML
● A CSS rule set is made of three parts:

○ Selector
○ Property
○ Value
Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/css/css_syntax.asp

CSS Syntax
CSS id Selector
● The id selector uses the id attribute of

an HTML element to select a specific
element.
● The id of an element is unique within a
page, so used to select one unique
element.
● To select an element with specific id,
write a hash (#) character, followed by id
of element.
Image Source: http://referencedesigner.com/tutorials/css/css_tutorial_03.php

CSS Syntax
CSS class Selector
● The class selector selects HTML

elements with a specific class attribute.
● To select elements with a specific class,
write a period (.) character, followed by
the class name.
● HTML elements can also refer to more
than one class.
Image Source: http://referencedesigner.com/tutorials/css/css_tutorial_04.php

CSS Syntax
CSS universal Selector
● Rather than selecting elements of a

specific type, the universal selector quite
simply matches the name of an element
type.
● The universal selector (*) selects all
HTML elements on the page.
Image Source: https://www.educba.com/types-of-css-selectors/?source=leftnavr

CSS Syntax
CSS grouping Selector
● The grouping selector select all the

HTML elements with the same style
definitions.
● It will be better to group the selectors, to
minimize the code.
● To group selectors, separate each
selector with a comma.
Image Source: https://www.educba.com/css-commands/

CSS Syntax
CSS Combinators selector
● A CSS selector can contain more than

one simple selector. Between the
selectors, we can use combinators.
● There are four different combinators:
○ descendent selector (space)
○ Child selector (>)
○ Adjacent sibling selector (+)
○ General sibling selector (~)
Image Source: https://www.tutorialbrain.com/css_tutorial/css_selectors/

CSS Syntax
CSS Pseudo-class selector
● A pseudo-class is used to define a

special state of an element.
● For example, it can be used to:
○ Style an element when a user
mouses over it.
○ Style visited and unvisited links
differently.
○ Style an element when it gets
focus.
Image Source: https://www.tutorialbrain.com/css_tutorial/css_pseudo_class/

CSS Syntax
CSS Pseudo-elements selector
● A pseudo-element is used to style

specified parts of an element.
● Some pseudo-elements are:
○ ::first-line
○ ::first-letter
○ ::before
○ ::after
○ ::selection
Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/css/css_pseudo_elements.asp

CSS Syntax
CSS Attribute selector
● Some attribute selectors are:

○ [attribute] Selector
○ [attribute="value"] Selector
○ [attribute~="value"] Selector
○ [attribute|="value"] Selector
○ [attribute^="value"] Selector
○ [attribute$="value"] Selector
○ [attribute*="value"] Selector
Image Source: https://www.tutorialbrain.com/css_tutorial/css_attribute_selector/
CSS Syntax
Types of CSS
● There are three ways of inserting a style

sheet:
○ External CSS
○ Internal CSS
○ Inline CSS
Image Source: https://www.tutorialbrain.com/css_tutorial/css_attribute_selector/

CSS Syntax
Types of CSS (External CSS)
● An external style sheet can be written in

any text editor, and must be saved with
a .css extension.
● The external .css file should not contain
any HTML tags.
Image Source: https://www.bitdegree.org/learn/inline-css

CSS Syntax
Types of CSS (Internal CSS)
● An internal style sheet may be used if

one single HTML page has a unique
style.
● The internal style is defined inside the
<style> element, inside the head
section.

CSS Syntax
Types of CSS (Inline CSS)
● An inline style may be used to apply a

unique style for a single element.
● To use inline styles, add the style
attribute to the relevant element. The
style attribute can contain any CSS
property.

CSS values and units
Numerical Values
● Length values for specifying e.g.
element width, border thickness, or font
size.
● Pixels (px) are referred to as absolute
units because they will always be the
same size regardless of any other
related settings.
● em: 1em is the same as the font-size of
the current element (more specifically,
the width of a capital letter M.)
Image Source:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgetflywheel.com%2Flayo
Numerical Values
● ex, ch: Respectively these are the height
of a lower case x, and the width of the
number 0. These are not as commonly
used or well-supported as ems.
● rem: The rem (root em) works in exactly
the same way as the em, except that it
will always equal the size of the default
base font-size
● vw, vh: Respectively these are 1/100th
of the width of the viewport, and 1/100th
of the height of the viewport.
Image Source:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgetflywheel.com%2Flayo
Unitless Values
● Some values accept numbers, without

any unit added to them.
● An example of a property which accepts
a unitless number is the opacity
property, which controls the opacity of
an element (how transparent it is). This
property accepts a number between 0
(fully transparent) and 1 (fully opaque).
Image Source:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=imgres&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ah
Percentages
● A measurement of relative size.

Percentages take the form of a number
followed by %.
● Percentages can be used by the likes of
the width, height, padding, and margin
properties as well as font-size.
Image Source:
https://htmldog.com/references/css/values/percenta
Stylingtext
● The font-familyFonts
property is used to change the
face of a font.
● The font-style property is used to make a font
italic or oblique.
● The font-variant property is used to create a
small-caps effect.
● The font-weight property is used to increase or
decrease how bold or light a font appears.
● The font-size property is used to increase or
decrease the size of a font.
● The font property is used as shorthand to
specify a number of other font properties.
Image Source:
Stylingtext
Color
● CSS uses color values to specify a color.
● Typically, these are used to set a color either
for the foreground of an element (i.e., its text)
or else for the background of the element.
● They can also be used to affect the color of
borders and other decorative effects.
Image Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/css/css_colors.htm

Stylingtext
● CSS Colors - Hex Codes: A hexadecimal is a 6

Colorof a color. The first two
digit representation
digits(RR) represent a red value, the next two
are a green value(GG), and the last are the
blue value(BB).
● CSS Colors - RGB Values: This color value is
specified using the rgb( ) property. This
property takes three values, one each for red,
green, and blue. The value can be an integer
between 0 and 255 or a percentage.
Image Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/css/css_colors.htm

Stylingtext
● The text-align property in CSS is used for
aligning the inner content of a block element.
● left – The default value. Content aligns along
Text Alignment
the left side.
● right – Content aligns along the right side.
● center – Content centers between the left and
right edges. White space on the left and right
sides of each line should be equal.
● justify – Content spaces out such that as many
blocks fit onto one line as possible and the first
word on that line is along the left edge and the
last word is along the right edge.
● inherit – The value will be whatever the parent
element’s is.
Image Source:
Stylingtext
● The line-height property defines the amount of

space above Line
andheight
below inline elements. That
is, elements that are set to display: inline or
display: inline-block.
● The line-height property can accept the
keyword values normal or none as well as a
number, length, or percentage.
● The recommended method for defining line
height is using a number value, referred to as a
“unitless” line height..
Image Source:
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fiamvdo.me%2Fconten
Stylingtext
Letter & Word spacing

● The letter-spacing property controls the amount
of space between each letter in a given
element or block of text.
● The word-spacing property is similar to
letter-spacing, though naturally its use governs
the amount of space between the words in a
piece of text, not the individual characters.
Image Source:
Stylingbox
Box properties
● CSS box model is a container which contains
multiple properties including borders, margin,
padding and the content itself.
● It is used to create the design and layout of
web pages. It can be used as a toolkit for
customizing the layout of different elements.
Image Source:
Stylingbox
● The overflow property specifies whether to clip
the contentOverflow
or to add scrollbars when the
content of an element is too big to fit in the
specified area.
● visible - Default. The overflow is not clipped.
The content renders outside the element's box
● hidden - The overflow is clipped, and the rest of
the content will be invisible
● scroll - The overflow is clipped, and a scrollbar
is added to see the rest of the content
● auto - Similar to scroll, but it adds scrollbars
only when necessary
Image Source:
Stylingbox
● In CSS we broadly have two types of boxes —
block Box
boxesdisplay typesboxes. These
and inline
characteristics refer to how the box behaves in
terms of page flow, and in relation to other
boxes on the page:
● The box will break onto a new line.
● The box will extend in the inline direction to fill
the space available in its container. In most
cases this means that the box will become as
wide as its container, filling up 100% of the
space available.
●
Image Source:
Styling box
Background color
● The background-color property in CSS is used
to specify the background color of an element.
● The background covers the total size of the
element with padding and border but excluding
margin.
● It makes the text so easy to read for the user.
Image Source:
Styling box
● The background-image property in CSS

Background
applies a graphic (e.g. image
PNG, SVG, JPG, GIF,
WEBP) or gradient to the background of an
element.
●
● The url() value allows you to provide a file path
to any image, and it will show up as the
background for that element.
● Another option when using backgrounds is to
tell the browser to create a gradient.
Image Source: https://css-tricks.com/almanac/properties/b/background-image/

CSS layout
● Normal Flow, or Flow Layout, is the way that
Block andNormal
Inline elements
flow are displayed on a
page before any changes are made to their
layout.
● The flow is essentially a set of things that are
all working together and know about each other
in your layout.
● Once something is taken out of flow it works
independently.

CSS layout
Normal flow
Image Source:
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Flow_Layout#:~:text=N
CSS layout
● The display property specifies if/how an

Theisdisplay
element displayed. property
● Every HTML element has a default display
value depending on what type of element it is.
● The default display value for most elements is
block or inline .
● This panel contains a <div> element, which is
hidden by default ( display: none ).

CSS layout
The
#geeks1{ display property
height: 100px;
width: 200px;
background: teal;
display: block;
Image Source: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/css-display-property/

CSS layout
● CSS FlexibleFlexbox
Box Layout, commonly known as
Flexbox, is a CSS3 web layout model.
● It is in the W3C's candidate recommendation
stage.
● The flex layout allows responsive elements
within a container to be automatically arranged
depending upon screen size.

CSS layout
.flex-container {
display: flex;
background-color: DodgerBlue;
Flexbox
}
.flex-container > div {
background-color: #f1f1f1;
margin: 10px;
padding: 20px;
font-size: 30px;
Image Source:
https://www.w3schools.com/css/tryit.asp?filename=trycss3_flexbox
CSS layout
● CSS grid layoutGrid

or CSS grid is a technique in
Cascading Style Sheets that allows web
developers to create complex responsive web
design layouts more easily and consistently
across browsers.
● There have been other methods for controlling
web page layout methods, such as tables, the
box model, and CSS flex box
Image Source:
CSS layout
Grid
Image Source:
https://www.w3schools.com/css/tryit.asp?filename=trycss_grid_layout_named
CSS layout
Floats
● The float CSS property places an element on
the left or right side of its container, allowing
text and inline elements to wrap around it.
● The element is removed from the normal flow
of the page, though still remaining a part of the
flow (in contrast to absolute positioning)
Image Source:
Enhancing the web using
PHP
● PHP Fundamentals overview

● PHP Forms, files and cookies
● Form Validations
● Introduction to PHP Script
● Looping statement in PHP Script
● Working with Predefined functions
● Maintaining Validations in PHP Script
● Working with Different types of Mouse Events

● Object Oriented Programming and PHP5
● Debugging PHP Code
● PHP Session Handling Features
● Smarty Installation
● Handling Date & Time in PHP
● Installing and Managing MySQL (access control overview)
● Understanding and using MySQL clients
● Database Access, Design Patterns, Mail Function, PEAR and cURL
PHP Fundamentals
Overview
Introduction
● PHP scripts can be written using any

text editor like: Notepad, Notepad++,
simple text or vi.
● PHP files end with extension .php
Image Source:
https://www.techopedia.com/2/28997/development/web-development/php-101
PHP Fundamentals
Overview
Use of start and end tag
● <?php tag is the start tag and ?> is the

end tag of php script.
● PHP interpreter ignores all other code
outside of these tags.
● In a PHP program we can use multiple
start and end tags.
PHP Fundamentals
Overview
Comments in PHP scripts
● The lines those are written in between

the comments are ignored by the
interpreter.
● In PHP comments are of 2 types:
○ Single line comment:
○ For it we use // Image Source: http://www.easytolearning.com/php-comments

PHP Fundamentals
Overview
Comments in PHP scripts
● Multiline comment:
○ This type of comment is used to

make a block of lines as comment
just like C language
○ We use /*...................*/ symbol for

this. Image Source: http://www.easytolearning.com/php-comments
PHP Fundamentals
Overview
Variables in PHP
● Variables are the memory locations

used to store some values.
● In PHP variables are loosely typed,
means there is no need to define data
type of variables.
● In PHP variables are prefixed with a
$(dollar sign) and are case sensitive.
● The first letter of a variable name
must be an underscore or letter and Image Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=esCHWLYIusU
it cannot be a number.
PHP Fundamentals
Overview
PHP echo and print Statements
● They are both used to output data to the

screen.
● echo has no return value while print has
a return value of 1 so it can be used in
expressions.
● echo can take multiple parameters
(although such usage is rare) while print
can take one argument.
● echo is marginally faster than print. Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_echo_print.asp
PHP Fundamentals
Overview
PHP Data Types
● PHP supports the following data types:
− String, Integer
− Float, Boolean
− Array, Object
− NULL,Resource
Image Source: https://www.tutorialandexample.com/php-data-types/
PHP Forms, files and
cookies
PHP Forms
● Forms are the basic interface between

user and server.
● For form creation, we should use HTML.
● Using forms we can accept data from
user and then we can handle the data
using PHP.
● Data can be saved in any database
server like MySql.
Image Source: http://www.learncomputer.com/php-form-handling/
cookies
Creating forms in PHP using HTML
● We should specify a unique name for

every entry element like (form, textbox,
● password box, select, text area etc.), for
this we can use Name attribute.
● We should specify Value rather than
HTML default value.
● We can pass hidden variables from form
to form using Hidden data entry
elements.
cookies
Server variables
● There are some useful server variables

apart of PHP_SELF and $_SERVER,
those can be used to provide
information on the web server and the
current request.
cookies
How to pass Information using form?
● There are two different ways of passing

information between browser and
server.
− GET and
− POST
● These methods are used in form tag as:
<form method=”GET”> and
● <form method=”POST”> Image Source: http://www.learncomputer.com/php-form-handling/
cookies
Steps in form handling
● Form display
− user sends a request to server to

display form. Web server will verify
the web page and revert it to the
client machine.
● Form processing
− After display form on client

machine, user can enter values in
form. When the form is submitted, Image Source: http://www.learncomputer.com/php-form-handling/
it is validated and processed at
server side.
cookies
Editing data with an HTML Form
● To accomplish this task there are

various form elements are found in
HTML such as:
− Text and Textarea, Checkboxes,

Radio Buttons, Select, etc.
Image Source: http://www.learncomputer.com/php-form-handling/
cookies
File handling in PHP
● In a file manipulation process following

tasks can be included:
− Open file for read and write
− Close file
− Perform operations on file
− Write results Image Source: http://www.easytolearning.com/file-handling-in-php

cookies
File connections
● There are four types of file connections

that can be made in PHP:
− HTTP
− FTP
− Standard I/O
− Filesystem Image Source: http://www.easytolearning.com/file-handling-in-php

cookies
File read
● fread() function can be used.

● This function takes a file pointer and a
file size in bytes as parameters.
● If the file size is not clear, we can use
filesize() function as parameter.
cookies
File Write
● fwrite() function, which takes two

parameters first file pointer and a string,
with an optional length in bytes.
cookies
feof
● This function is used to check for

end-of-file on a file pointer and takes a
filename as argument.
● It is basically used in loop to perform the
same function on each line in a file.
cookies
file_exists
● This function simply checks for the

availability of file on local file system
with the specified name.
● Function will simply return true if the file
exists, otherwise false will be returned.
cookies
PHP file upload
● The main use of PHP file handling is to

upload files on web server.
● We can perform this task using HTML
form.
cookies
Description of form contents
● Enctype
● Action
● Method
● Input type
● Input name
cookies
Writing text file using PHP
● We can write in text file using PHP. For

the same first file should be opened in
write mode
cookies
Reading a text file using PHP
● To perform a read operation in text file,

first of all we should open file in read
mode.
● We can read file in line by line manner
or it can be completely read.
cookies
File close
● File close can be done using fclose().

● fclose() function does not require
assignment in any variable.
cookies
Introduction to Cookie
● Cookie is a small piece of information

that can be stored on a client-side
machine by PHP script.
● We can set a cookie on a user’s
machine by sending an HTTP header
containing data in key value pair format.
Image Source: Image Source:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=esCHWLYIusU
cookies
Working with Cookies
● To set a cookie we have to use

setcookie() function.
● Syntax of setcookie() function:
● setcookie ( name, value, expire, path,
domain);
● Cookies can be retrieved using
$_COOKIE global variable like:
● echo $_COOKIE[“user”];
Form Validations
PHP form validation
● Proper validation of form data is

important to protect your form from
hackers and spammers!
Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_form_validation.asp

Introduction to PHPScript
Introduction
● PHP is an Open source scripting

language that is widely used to create
Dynamic websites having database
connectivity.
● The name PHP is short form of
“Hypertext Preprocessor”.
● It is cross-platform language and can be
used everywhere.
Image Source:
● It can run on almost all Operating https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Execution-of-PHP-script_fig2_266032271
systems.
Types of scripting languages
● There are two types of scripting

languages:
● Client-side scripting
● This type of script is executed on
client side by browser.
● Server-side scripting
● This type of script is executed on
server side. PHP comes under this Image Source:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Execution-of-PHP-script_fig2_266032271
category.
Types of two way communication in

server side scripting
● Server side scripting is invisible to the

user. In server side scripting, the
following two types of two way
communication is done:
● Server to client
● Web pages can be assembled from
back end server output.
● Client to server
Image Source:
● Customer entered information can be https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Execution-of-PHP-script_fig2_266032271
acted upon.
Tasks of server side scripting

language
● The following are some of the tasks that

can be implemented using server side
scripting language.
Features of PHP5
● Here are the lists of features of PHP5.

Looping statements in PHP
Script
Different looping statements
● PHP has two major groups of looping

statements: for and while.
● The For statements are best used when
you want to perform a loop a specific
number of times.
● The While statements are best used to
perform a loop an undetermined number
of times.
● In addition, you can use the break and
continue statements within looping
statements.
Working with Predefined
functions
Steps in using functions
● Calling the function by passing some

arguments.
● After the calling control will move to the
function definition and then the set of
statements written inside the function
block are get executed.
● After the execution of function, control
will return to the module, from where the
Image Source:
function was called. http://www.learncomputer.com/php-form-handling/
functions
Types of PHP functions
● In built functions
● Date and time functions
● String functions
● User defined functions
functions
Variable Scope
● Based on variables accessibility (scope

of variables), variables can be classified
in two types:
● Global variables
● Local variables
functions
Default arguments in functions
● Default arguments can be used in PHP,

when we want to call function with same
default parameters in case user doesn’t
pass those parameters at the time of
function call.
functions
Predefined functions in PHP
● In PHP there are number of predefined

functions are available for various
categories:
functions
Date or time functions
● By default date() and strftime() both

functions display date and time in
mm/dd/yy hh:mm:ss format.
● We can also change the format if
needed by passing parameters in these
functions.
functions
String functions in PHP
● strlen()
● substr()
● strtoupper() and strtolower()
● strpos()
Maintaining Validations in
PHP Script
PHP Form validation
● While creating forms in PHP using

HTML we should keep some points in
our mind:
● We should specify a unique name for
every entry element like (form, textbox,
password box, select, text area etc.), for
this we can use Name attribute.
Image Source: https://www.w3resource.com/w3r_images/validation.jpg

PHP Script
PHP Form validation
● We should specify Value rather than

HTML default value.
● We can pass hidden variables from form
to form using Hidden data entry
elements.
Image Source: https://www.w3resource.com/w3r_images/validation.jpg

PHP Script
PHP Variables
● $GLOBALS
● $_SERVER
● $_REQUEST
● $_POST
● $_GET
● $_FILES
● $_ENV
● $_COOKIE
● $_SESSION
Image Source:
https://codelack.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Php_variable-e1496174087403
PHP Script
PHP Global Variables - $_Global
● $GLOBALS is a PHP super global

variable which is used to access global
variables from anywhere in the PHP
script (also from within functions or
methods).
Image Source:
https://cdn.educba.com/academy/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/PHP-Superglobal-
PHP Script
PHP Global Variables - $_Global
● <?php
$x = 75;
$y = 25;
function addition() {
$GLOBALS['z'] = $GLOBALS['x']
+ $GLOBALS['y'];
}
addition();
echo $z;
?> Image Source:
PHP Script
PHP Global Variables - $_Server
● $_SERVER is a PHP super global

variable which holds information about
headers, paths, and script locations.
Image Source:
PHP Script
Element/Code Description
$_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] Returns the filename of the currently executing script
$_SERVER['GATEWAY_INTERFAC Returns the version of the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) the server is
E'] using
$_SERVER['SERVER_ADDR'] Returns the IP address of the host server
$_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'] Returns the name of the host server (such as www.w3schools.com)
$_SERVER['SERVER_SOFTWARE'] Returns the server identification string (such as Apache/2.2.24)

Image Source:
PHP Script
$_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] Returns the name and revision of the information
protocol (such as HTTP/1.1)
$_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] Returns the request method used to access the page

(such as POST)
$_SERVER['REQUEST_TIME'] Returns the timestamp of the start of the request (such

as 1377687496)
$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'] Returns the query string if the page is accessed via a

query string
$_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT'] Returns the Accept header from the current request
Image Source:
PHP Script
<!DOCTYPE html><html><body><?php
echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['SERVER_NAME'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'];
echo "<br>";
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'];
echo "<br>";
echo $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'];
Image Source:
?> © Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.
PHP Script
PHP Global Variables - $_Request
● PHP $_REQUEST is a PHP super

global variable which is used to collect
data after submitting an HTML form.
Image Source:
PHP Script
Example
<html> <body>
<form method="post" action="<?php echo
$_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];?>">
Name: <input type="text" name="fname">
<input type="submit">
</form>
<?php

PHP Script
Example
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] ==
"POST") {
// collect value of input field
$name = $_REQUEST['fname'];
if (empty($name)) {
echo "Name is empty";
} else {
echo $name;
}}?></body></html>
PHP Script
PHP Global Variables - $_POST
● PHP $_POST is a PHP super global

variable which is used to collect form
data after submitting an HTML form with
method="post". $_POST is also widely
used to pass variables.
Image Source:
PHP Script
● <html> <body>
<form method="post" action="<?php ech
o $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];?>">
Name: <input type="text" name="fname"

>
<input type="submit">
</form>
<?php
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"]
== "POST") {
// collect value of input field
$name = $_POST['fname'];
if (empty($name)) {
PHP Script
Primary Validating Function
<?php
function validate($str) {
return trim(htmlspecialchars($str));
} // calling validate function
echo '<pre>';
echo validate(' <script> ');
echo '</pre>';
?>

PHP Script
Email Validation Function
We use in-built
function filter_var() with FILTER_VALIDATE
_EMAIL flag to validate emails.
The filter_var() can be used for many
purposes. To say that we are using it to
validate an email, we have to set the second
parameter (called as flag)
to FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL.
Image Source:
PHP Script
$email = validate($_POST['email’]);
if (!filter_var($email,
FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) { $emailError =
'Invalid Email'; }
Image Source:
PHP Script
Complete code available in notes
Image Source:
PHP Script
URL Validation
Here we use filter_var() function

with FILTER_VALIDATE_URL flags
$website = validate($_POST['website']);
if (!filter_var($website,
FILTER_VALIDATE_URL))
{
$websiteError = 'Invalid URL’;
}
The only validation should be done to
description input is, sending the input though Image Source:
PHP Script
URL Validation Example
<?php
$url = "https://www.w3schools.com";
if (filter_var($url, FILTER_VALIDATE_URL))
{
echo("$url is a valid URL");
} else {
echo("$url is not a valid URL");
}
?>
PHP Script
Checkbox Validation
Most of browsers set value of check box to
"on" if it is checked. We
use filter_var() function
with FILTER_VALIDATE_BOOLEAN flag to
convert it to boolean. This function will
convert "on" to true, which makes later
processes easy for us.
$remember =
validate($_POST['remember']);
$remember = filter_var($remember,
https://html.form.guide/assets/img/sample-cake-form-prev.3ddee477.png
FILTER_VALIDATE_BOOLEAN); © Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.
Working with Different types
of Mouse Events
Event Description
Checkbox Validation
onclick The event occurs when the user clicks on an element
oncontextmenu The event occurs when the user right-clicks on an element to open a context
menu
ondblclick The event occurs when the user double-clicks on an element
onmousedown The event occurs when the user presses a mouse button over an element
onmouseenter The event occurs when the pointer is moved onto an element

of Mouse Events
Event Description
Checkbox Validation
onmouseleave The event occurs when the pointer is moved out of an element
onmousemove The event occurs when the pointer is moving while it is over an element
onmouseout The event occurs when a user moves the mouse pointer out of an element,
or out of one of its children
onmouseover The event occurs when the pointer is moved onto an element, or onto one of
its children
onmouseup The event occurs when a user releases a mouse button over an element

of Mouse Events
Onclick Event
The onclick event occurs when the user

clicks on an element.
<element onclick="myScript">
<button onclick="getElementById('demo').in
nerHTML = Date()">What is the
time?</button>
Image Source:
https://cdn.educba.com/academy/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/event-attributes.pn
of Mouse Events
Onclick Event
<html><body><h1>The onclick Event</h1>

<p>The onclick event is used to trigger a
function when an element is clicked on.</p>
<p>Click the button to trigger a function that
will output "Hello World" in a p element with
id="demo".</p>
<button onclick="myFunction()">Click
me</button>
<p id="demo"></p>
of Mouse Events
Onclick Event
<script>
function myFunction() {
document.getElementById("demo").innerHT
ML = "Hello World";
}
</script></body></html>

of Mouse Events
Ondblclick Event
Syntax :
<element ondblclick="myScript">
<html><body>
<p>This example demonstrates how to
assign an "ondblclick" event to a p
element.</p>
<p id="demo"
ondblclick="myFunction()">Double-click
me.</p> © Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.
of Mouse Events
Ondblclick Event
<script>
function myFunction() {
document.getElementById("demo").innerHT
ML = "I was double-clicked!";
}
</script></body></html>

Object Oriented
Programming and PHP5
What is Object-Oriented
Programming?
● Object-Oriented Programming, also

known as OOP is a special way of
programming. It is considered to be
more powerful and fast for certain tasks
than the normal way of programming in
PHP. OOP helps you to create and
manage tasks easily.
Image Source:
https://di3xp7dfi3cq.cloudfront.net/pub/media/magefan_blog/10-applications-of-ob
Object Oriented
What is Object-Oriented
Programming?
● Some advantages of OOP:

● Easy to manage
● Easy to use
● Prevents repetition
● Fast and efficient
Image Source:
https://di3xp7dfi3cq.cloudfront.net/pub/media/magefan_blog/10-applications-of-ob
Object Oriented
What is a Class?
● The first term we find in OOP is class. A

class is a blueprint. It is a piece of code
describing how to manage a topic or
task in the way we want.
● For instance, a class is like a blueprint of
a car.
Image Source:
https://javatutorial.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/class-object-featured-image.p
Object Oriented
What is a Class?
● You can build more than one cars from a

blueprint. In the same way, you can
create more Objects from a class.
Image Source:
Object Oriented
What is an Object?
● An Object is an instance of a class.

● It is like a car built from the blueprint.
You can build more than one object from
a class like creating multiple cars from a
blueprint.
Image Source:
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/KhmzJ5_D0HmPEB_H625AXKySsn3IX6
Object Oriented
What is an Object?
● Each car can have its own color,

dimensions, features equipment and
more. In the same way, different objects
can have different properties.
Image Source:
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/KhmzJ5_D0HmPEB_H625AXKySsn3IX6
Object Oriented
What is an Property?
● Properties are variables of an object.

They are the values associated with the
object. They describe the appearance of
the Object.
● Properties can be added, changed,

removed. Some can also be read-only.
Image Source:
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introductiontoobjectorientedprogramming-14121
Object Oriented
What is an Property?
● Color is a property of our car.

● We can also perform actions on our car
(like changing the color).
Image Source:
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introductiontoobjectorientedprogramming-14121
Object Oriented
What is an Method?
● Methods are actions that are performed

on Objects. Changing the color of my
car is a method performed on my car
object.
Image Source:
Object Oriented
Declaring Class
● The class keyword followed by the class

name is used to declare a class.
<?php class House
{
// code
}
Here, class says to PHP that you are going
to write a class. House is the name of your
class.
Image Source: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/yrIbbKuSqK8/maxresdefault.jpg
Object Oriented
Naming a Class
● The name you use for a class ("House"

in the above example),
● Should not be a PHP reserved word
Should start with a letter or underscore.
● Can have letters, numbers or
underscores after the first character.
● (ex: TowerHouse, LongHouse, Courty
ardHouse)
Object Oriented
PHP OOP Properties
● Classes can have variables within it.

Those variables are called properties.
A property is a normal PHP variables
which is in any data types (integer,
string, array, object, etc).
Image Source:
https://todaypoints.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/oopConcept-I
Object Oriented
PHP OOP Properties Example
<?php class House

{
public $primaryColor = 'black’;
public $secondaryColors = [ 'bathroom' =>
'white', 'bedroom' => 'light pink', 'kitchen' =>
'light blue' ];
public $hasPool = false;
public $extra;
}
Image Source:
https://todaypoints.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/oopConcept-I
Object Oriented
PHP OOP Properties
As in the above example, we can declare

any type of variable as a property.
We can add default values for those
properties. (Black is the default
for $primaryColor) Also, note that the
property $extra does not have a default
value.
Image Source:
Object Oriented
PHP OOP Objects
We can create multiple objects from a class.

These objects are called instances of the
class. This process is called instantiation.
Image Source:
Object Oriented
PHP OOP Objects Example
<?php
class House
{
public $primaryColor = 'black’;
public $secondaryColors = [ 'bathroom' =>
'white', 'bedroom' => 'light pink', 'kitchen' =>
'light blue' ];
public $hasPool = false;
public $extra;
} Image Source:
Object Oriented
After the class declaration, you can create

instances from it.
$myHouse = new House();
$friendHouse = new House();
Now each object is created having the
default values of the class.
Image Source:
Object Oriented
You can check it by echoing the color of

each object.
echo $myHouse -> primaryColor; echo
$friendHouse -> primaryColor;
Both would echo out the default value black.
Image Source:
Object Oriented
PHP OOP Objects
-> is the object operator, which is used to

access properties and methods of an object.

Object Oriented
How to declare a method?
<?php
class Example
{
public function echo($string)
{
echo $string;
}
}
We use the public keyword to make the
method available inside and outside the
Image Source:
class. https://javatutorial.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/class-object-featured-image.p
Object Oriented
How to call a method?
$example = new Example();

$example -> echo('Hello World’);
● First, we create an object ($example)

from the class Example
● Next, we call the
method echo with -> (object operator)
and () (parentheses)
● The parentheses contain
the arguments as usual
Image Source:
Object Oriented
<?php class House {

public $primaryColor = 'black';
public function changeColor($color) {
$this -> primaryColor = $color;
}
} // creates an object from the class
Image Source:
Object Oriented
// creates an object from the class

$myHouse = new House();
# black (default value)
echo $myHouse -> primaryColor;
// change the color of the house
$myHouse -> changeColor('white');
# white
echo $myHouse -> primaryColor; ?>
Image Source:
Object Oriented
$this Keyword
● $this refers to the current object.

● $this is a pseudo-variable (also a
reserved keyword) which is only
available inside methods. And, it refers
to the object of the current method.
Image Source: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/dG4nZkTnhX4/maxresdefault.jpg

Object Oriented
$this Keyword
● Inside the class (by adding a set_name()
method and use $this):
<?php
class Fruit {
public $name;
function set_name($name) {
$this->name = $name;
}
}
$apple = new Fruit();
$apple->set_name("Apple");
Image Source:
echo $apple->name; © Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.
Object Oriented
new Keyword
● To create an instance of a class,

the new keyword must be used. An
object will always be created unless the
object has a constructor defined that
throws an exception on error.
● If there are no arguments to be passed
to the class's constructor, parentheses
after the class name may be omitted.
Image Source:
Object Oriented
Creating an instance
● <?php
$instance = new SimpleClass();
// This can also be done with a variable:

$className = 'SimpleClass';
$instance = new $className(); // new S
impleClass()
?>
Image Source:
Object Oriented
Object Assignment
<?php
$instance = new SimpleClass();
$assigned = $instance;
$reference =& $instance;
$instance->var = '$assigned will have this va
lue';
$instance = null; // $instance and $reference
become null
var_dump($instance);
var_dump($reference);
var_dump($assigned); Image Source:
Object Oriented
Object Assignment
<?php
class Test
{
static public function getNew()
{
return new static;
}
}
class Child extends Test

{} Image Source:
Object Oriented
Object Assignment
$obj1 = new Test();

$obj2 = new $obj1;
var_dump($obj1 !== $obj2);
$obj3 = Test::getNew();
var_dump($obj3 instanceof Test);
$obj4 = Child::getNew();
var_dump($obj4 instanceof Child);
?> Image Source:
Object Oriented
Constructors
● A constructor is a public method which is

named as __construct.
class Example
{
public function __construct()
{ // your constructor function echo "Hello
World";
}}
● The __construct() method will be called

once when you create an object from Image Source:
https://beginnersbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/constructor_overloading.j
Object Oriented
Constructors
<?php
class House {
public $name;
public $color;
public function __construct($name,
$color) {
$this -> name = $name;
$this -> color = $color;
}
Image Source:
Object Oriented
Constructors
public function echoData()

{
echo "The color of the {$this -> name} is
{$this -> color}";
}
}
$blackHouse = new House("John's House",
"black");
$blackHouse -> echoData(); ?>
Image Source:
Object Oriented
Destructors
● A destructor is called when the object is

destructed or the script is stopped or
exited.
<?php
class House {
public $name;
public $color;
$color) {
$this -> color = $color; Image Source:
https://cdn.educba.com/academy/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Destructor-in-PHP.
Object Oriented
Destructors
public function __destruct() {

echo "The color of the {$this -> name} is
{$this -> color}";
}}
$blackHouse = new House("John's House",
"black"); ?>

Object Oriented
Visibility
● Visibility of a class member

(property, method or constant) is where
it can be accessed. (Eg: inside the
class, outside the class)
Image Source:
https://tutorials.supunkavinda.blog/static/images/php-oop-visibility.jpg
Object Oriented
Types of Visibility
● Public - Can be accessed from

everywhere
● Private - Can only be accessed within
the class
● Protected- Can be accessed by the
class declared it and by the classes that
inherit the above declared class.
Image Source:
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BENn14np4qA/USjZDNwoaXI/AAAAAAAAAIE/a7gReK
Object Oriented
Types of Visibility - Public
● A public property or method can be

declared adding the public keyword in
front of its declaration. (If you followed
the previous chapters, you will
remember that we used this.)
Image Source:
Object Oriented
class Example {
public $property = 'property'; // a public
property public function myMethod()
{ // a public method echo 'Hello'; } }
Image Source:
Object Oriented
A method declared without a visibility

keyword will be public.
class Example {
function myMethod() {
// a public method }
}
● Properties cannot be declared without

a visibility keyword.
Image Source:
Object Oriented
Types of Visibility - Private
● A private property or method can be

declared adding the private keyword in
front of its declaration.
Image Source:
Object Oriented
Types of Visibility - Private
class Example {
private $property = 'property’;
// a private property
private function privateMethod()
{
// a private method
echo $this -> property;
// this is valid } }
A private class member can only be accessed

from the methods in the class. Image Source:
Object Oriented
Types of Visibility - Protected
A protected property or method can be

declared adding the protected keyword in front
of its declaration.
class Example {
protected $property = 'This is a protected
property’;
protected function myMethod()
{
// I'm protected!
}
} Image Source:
Object Oriented
Types of Visibility - Protected
● Protected properties and methods can

be accessed by,
● The class which declared the variable
● The classes which *inherits the above
declared class
● * Note: You will learn more about
inheriting in the next chapters. Just
remember that inheriting is another
interesting concept in object-oriented
programming. Image Source:
Object Oriented
<?php
class User {
public $name = 'Hyvor';
public function changeName($name) {
}
}
Image Source:
Object Oriented
$user = new User();

// Accessing public property from outside
echo $user -> name;
echo '<br>'; // a line break
// Accessing public method from outside
$user -> changeName('Hyvor Developer');
echo $user -> name;
?>
Image Source:
Object Oriented
PHP OOP Interfaces
● Interfaces allow you to specify what

methods a class should implement.
Why?
● When you need to let a class to
compulsorily implement some methods
in it, you can use interfaces. This is a
good practice when creating real-world
web applications in PHP.
Image
Sourcehttps://phpenthusiast.com/theme/assets/images/blog/factory_design_patte
Object Oriented
PHP OOP Interfaces
● Declaring Interfaces
Interfaces are declared using
the Interface keyword.
<?php
Interface MyFirstInterface
{
// Defining methods
}
Image
?> Sourcehttps://phpenthusiast.com/theme/assets/images/blog/factory_design_patte
Object Oriented
PHP OOP Interfaces
● Declaring Interfaces
Interfaces are declared using
the Interface keyword.
<?php
Class Car_model implements
MyFirstInterface
{
// Defining methods body
}
Image
?> Sourcehttps://phpenthusiast.com/theme/assets/images/blog/factory_design_patte
Object Oriented
PHP OOP Interfaces
● Interfaces can be extended like classes

using the extends operator.
● interface a
{
public function foo();
}
interface b extends a
{
public function baz(Baz $baz);
Image
} Sourcehttps://phpenthusiast.com/theme/assets/images/blog/factory_design_patte
Object Oriented
PHP OOP Inheritance
● In Object-Oriented Programming, when

a class derives from another class, it is
called inheritance.
● The derived class is the child, and the
other class which the child derived from
is the parent class. (Sometimes they are
called subclass and superclass
respectively)
Image Source:
https://tutorials.supunkavinda.blog/static/images/php-oop-inheritance-2.png
Object Oriented
PHP OOP Inheritance
● Syntax:
● class Tom extends Person {...} is the
syntax for the child class.
Image Source:
Object Oriented
PHP OOP Inheritance
Class Animal
{ // variables and methods
}
Class Dog extends Animal
{// variables and methods
}
Class Cat extends Animal
{// variables and methods
}
Image Source:
Object Oriented
PHP OOP Inheritance

<?php
class Person {
public $name;
public $age;
$age) {
$this -> age = $age;
}
public function introduce() {
echo "My name is {$this -> name}.
Image Source:
My age is {$this -> age}"; https://tutorials.supunkavinda.blog/static/images/php-oop-inheritance-2.png
Object Oriented
PHP OOP Inheritance
/* Tom is inherited from Person */

class Tom extends Person {
# __construct() is inherited
# introduce() is inherited
public function sayHello() {
echo "Hello, World <br>";
}
}
$tom = new Tom('Tom', 29);
$tom -> sayHello();
$tom -> introduce(); Image Source:
Object Oriented
PHP OOP Abstract Classes and
Methods
● When the parent class Knows what to

do and
● Need its child class to do some tasks
● it can let its child classes to do the task.
This is an abstraction.
Image Source:
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3WnKibey_3w/WWGroOYi5nI/AAAAAAAACCA/HA82Y
Object Oriented
Declare Abstract Classes and
Methods
● The abstract keyword is used to define

an abstract class.
● <?php abstract class ParentClass { /* ...
*/ }
● ?>
Image Source:
Object Oriented
Declaring Abstract Methods
● When you prepend the abstract keyword

to a method's declaration it becomes an
abstract method. And, remember,
abstract methods do not have a body.
Therefore, curly brackets {} are not
used.
Image Source:
Object Oriented
Declaring Abstract Methods
<?php abstract class ParentClass

{ abstract public function myMethod1();
abstract protected function
myMethod2($name, $age);
abstract protected function myMethod3() :
int;
}
● Abstract method's visibility can either be
public or protected, but not private.
Image Source:
https://online.visual-paradigm.com/images/tutorials/class-diagram-tutorial/08-abstr
Object Oriented
Abstraction Rules
● The child class should override

(redeclare) all the abstract methods.
● The arguments for methods should be
the same as the abstract method.
● The child class can have arguments with
default values where the abstract class
hasn't defined.
Image Source:
Object Oriented
Abstraction Rules
● If the abstract class uses type

hinting (type declaration for return
values), the child class should use the
same.
● Objects cannot be created from abstract
classes.
Image Source:
Object Oriented
Abstraction Rules
Abstract Method Child Method's

Visibility Visibility
Public Public
Protected Protected or Public
Image Source:
Object Oriented
Abstraction Rules
● Abstract class example see in notes
Image Source: https://static.javatpoint.com/images/abstract-class-in-java.jpg

Object Oriented
Only Abstract Methods
● An interface can only have method

signatures. It means that all the methods
cannot have a body - only the
declaration.
● And, all the methods must have public
visibility
Image Source:
https://techvidvan.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/example-of-a
Object Oriented

abstract class AbstractClass
{
// Force Extending class to define this met
hod
abstract protected function getValue();
abstract protected function prefixValue($p
refix);
// Common method
public function printOut()
{
print $this->getValue() . "\n"; Image Source:
https://techvidvan.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/example-of-a
Object Oriented
class ConcreteClass1 extends AbstractClas

s
{
protected function getValue() {
return "ConcreteClass1";
}
public function prefixValue($prefix) {

return "{$prefix}ConcreteClass1";
}
Image Source:
} https://techvidvan.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/example-of-a
Object Oriented
<?php Interface MyInterface

{
public function myMethod1();
public function myMethod2($name, $age);
public function myMethod3() : int;
}
Image Source:
https://tutorials.supunkavinda.blog/static/images/php-oop-abstract.png
Object Oriented
Implements Keyword
Unlike abstract classes, we use

the implements keyword to implement an
interface in a child class.
<?php
class MyClass implements MyInterface
{ /* ... */ }
Image Source:
https://tutorials.supunkavinda.blog/static/images/php-oop-abstract.png
Object Oriented
Implements Keyword
A class can implement multiple interfaces

separated by commas in the declaration
(After the implements keyword).
Multiple Interface Example code in notes
Image Source:
https://miro.medium.com/max/596/1*SoyFBd8-AKktEDGou3C0kg.png
Object Oriented
Implements Keyword
Interface Example code in notes
Image Source:
Object Oriented
PHP - What are Traits?
● PHP only supports single inheritance: a

child class can inherit only from one
single parent.
● So, what if a class needs to inherit
multiple behaviors? OOP traits solve this
problem.
Image Source:
Object Oriented
● Syntax
● <?php
trait TraitName {
// some code...
}
?>
Use
● <?php
class MyClass {
use TraitName;
} Image Source:
Object Oriented
● <?php
trait message1 {
public function msg1() {
echo "OOP is fun! ";
}
}
class Welcome {
use message1;
}
$obj = new Welcome();
$obj->msg1(); Image Source:
Object Oriented
PHP - Constants
● Constants cannot be changed once it is

declared.
● Class constants can be useful if you

need to define some constant data
within a class.
Image Source:https://clevertechie.com/img/main/php-constant.png
Object Oriented
PHP - Constants
● A class constant is declared inside a

class with the const keyword.
● Class constants are case-sensitive.

However, it is recommended to name
the constants in all uppercase letters.
Image Source:https://clevertechie.com/img/main/php-constant.png
Object Oriented
PHP – Constants - Example
● <?php
class Goodbye {
const LEAVING_MESSAGE = "Thank
you for visiting W3Schools.com!";
public function byebye() {
echo self::LEAVING_MESSAGE;
}
}
$goodbye = new Goodbye();

$goodbye->byebye(); Image Source:https://clevertechie.com/img/main/php-constant.png
Object Oriented
PHP – Static methods
● Static methods can be called directly -

without creating an instance of a class.
● Static methods are declared with the
static keyword:
● Static properties cannot be accessed
through the object using the arrow
operator ->.
● Like any other PHP static variable, static
properties may only be initialized using a
literal or constant Image Source:
https://i1.wp.com/www.thecodingtutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/static-
Object Oriented
● Syntax:
● <?php
class ClassName {
public static function staticMethod() {
echo "Hello World!";
}
}
?>
● ClassName::staticMethod();
Image Source:
Object Oriented
● <?php
class greeting {
public static function welcome() {
echo "Hello World!";
}
}
// Call static method

greeting::welcome();
?>
Object Oriented
PHP - Static Properties
● Static properties can be called directly -

without creating an instance of a class.
● Static properties are declared with the

static keyword:
Image Source:
Object Oriented
● Syntax:
● <?php
class ClassName {
public static $staticProp
= "W3Schools";
}
?>
● To access a static property use the class
name, double colon (::), and the
property name:
Image Source:
● ClassName::staticProp; https://i1.wp.com/www.thecodingtutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/static-
Object Oriented
<html>
<body>
<?php
class pi {
public static $value = 3.14159;
}
// Get static property
echo pi::$value;
?>
</body>
</html> © Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.
Debugging PHP Code
Definition
Testing and debugging phase in

development process of any application is
very important, because in this phase it is
ensured that the code written will function as
per expectation.
Image Source:
https://stackify.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/word-image-10.png
Debugging PHP Code
Use
To debug PHP applications, various

strategies can be used for example we can
use turning on error reporting option in
Apache and PHP, use print statements in
PHP code to locate the source more difficult
bug through PHP script.
Image Source:
Debugging PHP Code
Dumping Variables to stdout
The var_dump function is one way to see

what’s happening in your PHP program. It’ll
dump a variable value to stdout. There are
other functions you can use for debugging
through outputs. Here are a few and how
they’ll help you:
Image Source:
Debugging PHP Code
Dumping Variables
● var_dump ($var) dumps the variable

type and value to stdout.
● print_r ($var) prints the variable value
in human-readable form to stdout.
● get_defined_vars() gets all the defined
variables including built-ins and custom
variables (print_r to view them).
Image Source:
Debugging PHP Code
Dumping Variables
● debug_zval_dump ($var) dumps the

variable with its reference counts. This is
useful when there are multiple paths to
update a single reference.
● debug_print_backtrace() prints a
backtrace that shows the current
function call-chain.
● debug_backtrace() gets the backtrace.
You can print_r, log it to a file, or send it
to a logging endpoint asynchronously. Image Source:
Debugging PHP Code
Example
<?php
$myVar = "hello world!";
var_dump($myVar);
print_r($myVar);
$allVars = get_defined_vars();
print_r($allVars);
debug_zval_dump($allVars);
function sayHello($hello) {
echo $hello;
debug_print_backtrace();
Image Source:
} https://stackify.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/word-image-10.png
Debugging PHP Code
Switching error reporting level
PHP has a few ways to configure error

reporting. You can use the php.ini file, if you
have access to it. Otherwise, you might use
the htaccess configuration.
Image Source:
Debugging PHP Code
● error_reporting sets the level of

logging. E_NOTICE is useful during
development since it will tell you about
defects such as unassigned variables.
● display_errors tells PHP if and where
to display error messages.
Image Source:
Debugging PHP Code
● display_startup_errors should only be

used when debugging.
● log_errors and error_log work together
to send errors to a log file. Do this in
production rather than displaying them
to end users.
Image Source:
Debugging PHP Code
Monitoring error logs
● It’s one thing to log errors—that’s almost

a given. It’s a whole other thing to take
action when errors are logged.
Image Source:
Debugging PHP Code
● Log aggregation. You want to see all

your logs in one place. If you can
centralize your logs and metrics across
instances, that’s even better! You’d be
able to spot trouble wherever it
happens.
● Alerting. There’s nothing better than
automation. If you’re a programmer, you
know what I mean! You’ll want to
automate almost anything if you can. Image Source:
Debugging PHP Code
● Traces in your logs. What’s a trace?

It’s not just a stack dump that lets you
see what was going on when an error
happened. It’s also a way to track
performance, which is often a sign or a
cause of a bug.
● Deduplication of log entries. When a
bug causes an error, it can fill up the
logs pretty quickly.
Image Source:
Debugging PHP Code
PHP Debugging Tools
● You can debug PHP using one of many

debugging tools to attach a debugger
client. PhpStorm works with debug
utilities like Xdebug and ZendDebugger.
● PHPStorm
● Zend Debugger
● VS Code
● Xdebug
Image Source:
PHP Session Handling
Features
PHP Sessions
● A session is a way to store information

(in variables) to be used across multiple
pages.
● Unlike a cookie, the information is not

stored on the users computer.
Image source: https://www.sitesbay.com/php/images/session-in-php.png

Features
PHP Sessions
● Session variables solve this problem by

storing user information to be used
across multiple pages (e.g. username,
favorite color, etc). By default, session
variables last until the user closes the
browser.
● Session variables hold information about
one single user, and are available to all
pages in one application.
Features
PHP Sessions
● A session is started with the

session_start() function.
● Session variables are set with the PHP

global variable: $_SESSION.

Features
PHP Sessions
<?php
// Start the session
session_start();
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
// Set session variables
$_SESSION["favcolor"] = "green";
$_SESSION["favanimal"] = "cat";
echo "Session variables are set."; Image source: https://www.sitesbay.com/php/images/session-in-php.png
Features
Get PHP Session Variable Values

<?php
session_start();
?>
<html><body>
<?php
// Echo session variables that were set on
previous page
echo "Favorite color is
" . $_SESSION["favcolor"] . ".<br>";
echo "Favorite animal is
" . $_SESSION["favanimal"] . ".";
?> © Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.
Features
Modify a PHP Session Variable
<?php
session_start();
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
// to change a session variable, just overwrite
it
$_SESSION["favcolor"] = "yellow";
print_r($_SESSION);
?> Image source: https://www.sitesbay.com/php/images/session-in-php.png
Features
Destroy a PHP Session
● To remove all global session variables

and destroy the session, use
session_unset() and session_destroy():

Features
Destroy a PHP Session
<?php
session_start();
?>
<html><body><?php
// remove all session variables
session_unset();
// destroy the session

session_destroy();
?></body></html> Image source: https://www.sitesbay.com/php/images/session-in-php.png
Features
PHP Session Functions
● session_abort — Discard session array

changes and finish session
● session_cache_expire — Return current
cache expire
● session_cache_limiter — Get and/or set
the current cache limiter
● session_commit — Alias of
session_write_close
● session_create_id — Create new
session id
● session_decode — Decodes session Image source: https://www.sitesbay.com/php/images/session-in-php.png
Features
PHP Session Functions
● session_destroy — Destroys all data

registered to a session
● session_encode — Encodes the current
session data as a session encoded
string
● session_gc — Perform session data
garbage collection
● session_get_cookie_params — Get the
session cookie parameters
● session_id — Get and/or set the current
session id Image source: https://www.sitesbay.com/php/images/session-in-php.png
Smarty Installation
Windows XAMPP Installation
● XAMPP is a completely free, easy to

install Apache distribution containing
MariaDB, PHP, and Perl. The XAMPP
open source package has been set up
to be incredibly easy to install and to
use.

Smarty Installation
XAMPP Installation
● https://youtu.be/h6DEDm7C37A

Smarty Installation
Ubuntu LAMP Installation
● Step 1:
sudo tasksel install lamp-server
● Step 2:
sudo apt install phpMyAdmin
● Step 3: Configuration
To use phpMyAdmin to administer a MySQL
database hosted on another server, adjust the
following in /etc/phpmyadmin/config.inc.php:
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['host'] =
'db_server';$cfg['Servers'][$i]['host'] =
'db_server'; © Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.
Handling Date & Time in
PHP
Introduction
● Dates are so much part of everyday life

that it becomes easy to work with them
without thinking.
● PHP also provides powerful tools for date
arithmetic that make manipulating dates
easy.
https://www.plus2net.com/php_tutorial/images/date-time.jpg
PHP
Introduction (Continue)
● PHP's time() function gives you all the

information that you need about the
current date and time.
● It requires no arguments but returns an
integer.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/php/php_date_and_time.htm
Handling Date & Time in Key & Description
PHP seconds Seconds past the minutes (0-59)
minutes Minutes past the hour (0 - 59)
hours Hours of the day (0 - 23)
Introduction (Continue) mday Day of the month (1 - 31)
wday Day of the week (0 - 6)
mon Month of the year (1 - 12)
● The function getdate() optionally accepts year Year (4 digits)

a time stamp and returns an associative yday Day of year ( 0 - 365 )
array containing information about the
weekday Day of the week
date.
● There is a complete list of elements month Month of the year
contained in the array returned by 0 Timestamp
getdate()
PHP
● The date() function returns a formatted

string representing a date.
● You can exercise an enormous amount of
control over the format that date() returns
with a string argument that you must pass
to it.
Format & Description
Handling Date & Time in a 'am' or 'pm' lowercase
A 'AM' or 'PM' uppercase
PHP d Day of month, a number with leading zeroes
D Day of week (three letters)
Introduction (Continue) F Month name
h Hour (12-hour format - leading zeroes)
H Hour (24-hour format - leading zeroes)
g Hour (12-hour format - no leading zeroes)
G Hour (24-hour format - no leading zeroes)
● The date() optionally accepts a time stamp i Minutes ( 0 - 59 )
if omitted then current date and time will L Leap year ('1' for yes, '0' for no)
be used. m Month of year (number - leading zeroes)
● Any other data you include in the format M Month of year (three letters)
string passed to date() will be included in s Seconds of hour
the return value. y Year (two digits)
Y Year (four digits)
z Day of year (0 - 365)
PHP
Installation
● The PHP date/time functions are part of

the PHP core. No installation is required to
use these functions.
https://cdn.lynda.com/course/188214/188214-636673517617174317-16x9.jpg
PHP
Runtime Configuration
● The behavior of these functions is

affected by settings in php.ini
https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_ref_date.asp
PHP
PHP Date & Time Functions
● checkdate()
○ Validates a Gregorian date

● date_add()
○ Adds days, months, years, hours,

minutes, and seconds to a date
https://errorsea.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/php-Date-Time-functions.png
PHP
(Continue)
● date_create_from_format()
○ Returns a new DateTime object

formatted according to a specified
format
● date_create()
○ Returns a new DateTime object

PHP
(Continue)
● date_date_set()
○ Sets a new date

● date_default_timezone_get()
○ Returns the default timezone used

by all date/time functions
PHP
(Continue)
● date_diff()
○ Returns the difference between

two dates
● date_format()
○ Returns a date formatted

according to a specified format
PHP
(Continue)
● date_sub()
○ Subtracts days, months, years,

hours, minutes, and seconds from
a date
● date_time_set()
○ Sets the time

PHP
(Continue)
● date_sunrise()
○ Returns the sunrise time for a

specified day and location
● date_sunset()
○ Returns the sunset time for a

specified day and location
PHP
(Continue)
● date_timezone_get()
○ Returns the time zone of the given

DateTime object
● date_timezone_set()
○ Sets the time zone for the

DateTime object
PHP
(Continue)
● gmmktime()
○ Returns the Unix timestamp for a

GMT date
● strtotime()
○ Parses an English textual datetime

into a Unix timestamp
PHP
(Continue)
● timezone_location_get()
○ Returns location information for a

specified timezone
● timezone_name_get()
○ Returns the name of the timezone
PHP
PHP Date & Time Constants
● DATE_ATOM: Atom (example:

2019-01-18T14:13:03+00:00)
● DATE_COOKIE: HTTP Cookies
(example: Fri, 18 Jan 2019 14:13:03
UTC)
● DATE_ISO8601: ISO-8601 (example:
2019-01-18T14:13:03+0000)
https://www.edureka.co/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/DATE-FORMAT-IN-JA
© Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved. VA.jpg
PHP
(Continue)
● DATE_RFC822: RFC 822 (example:

Fri, 18 Jan 2019 14:13:03 +0000)
Friday, 18-Jan-19 14:13:03 UTC)
Friday, 18-Jan-19 14:13:03 +0000)
PHP
(Continue)

Fri, 18 Jan 2019 14:13:03 +0000)
Fri, 18 Jan 2019 14:13:03 +0000)
● DATE_RFC3339: Same as
DATE_ATOM (since PHP 5.1.3)
PHP
(Continue)
● SUNFUNCS_RET_TIMESTAMP:
Timestamp (since PHP 5.1.2)
● SUNFUNCS_RET_STRING:
Hours:minutes (example: 09:41) (since
PHP 5.1.2)
● SUNFUNCS_RET_DOUBLE: Hours as
a floating point number (example: 9.75)
(since PHP 5.1.2)
PHP
(Continue)
● DATE_RFC3339_EXTENDED:
RFC3339 Extended format (since PHP
7.0.0) (example:
2019-01-18T16:34:01.000+00:00)
● DATE_RSS: RSS (Fri, 18 Jan 2019
14:13:03 +0000)
● DATE_W3C: World Wide Web
Consortium (example:
2019-01-18T14:13:03+00:00)
Installing and Managing
MySQL
Concept of Database
● A database intends to have a collection

of data stored together to serve multiple
applications as possible.
● Such a database would permit not only
the retrieval of data but also the
continuous modification of data needed
for control of operations.
https://cdn.lynda.com/course/548706/548706-637199619492944531-16x9.jpg
MySQL
Concept of Database (Continue)
● When we are creating any website, it is

mandatory to store complete information
about entities.
● Accurate and relevant data is the most
important source of information.
● We can store this data in any type of
DBMS like MySql, Oracle, DB2, Sybase
or SQL SERVER.
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/database.jpg
MySQL
● We can also manage data by providing

data efficiency and integrity rules.
● If we store data in a traditional file
system, it would not be appropriate for
managing data.
● It may be possible to search the
database to obtain answers to queries
or information for planning purposes.
https://media.ttmind.com/Media/tech/article_16_3-27-201911-28-56AM.png
MySQL
● The database is implemented through

three general levels. These levels are:
1. Internal Level or Physical level
2. Conceptual Level
3. External Level or View Level
https://www.guru99.com/images/1/091318_0814_DBMSSchemas1.png
MySQL
Database Key Terminology
● Relation: In general, a relation is a

table, i.e., data is arranged in rows and
columns.
● Cardinality: The number of tuples or
rows in a relation is termed as
cardinality.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Relational_database
© Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved. _terms.svg/1200px-Relational_database_terms.svg.png
MySQL
Database Key Terminology (Continue)
● Tuple: The rows of tables in a

relationship are generally termed as
Tuples.
● Attributes: The columns or fields of a
table is termed as Attributes.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Relational_database
© Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved. _terms.svg/1200px-Relational_database_terms.svg.png
MySQL
● Degree: The number of attributes in a

relation determines the degree of
relation. A relation having three
attributes is said to have a relation of
degree 3.

MySQL
● Key: It is a unique value that is sufficient

to identify any record in a table.
● Join: When we want to access
information from more than one table,
we should join two tables using join
operation.
https://www1.udel.edu/evelyn/SQL-Class2/joins.jpg
MySQL
● Query: In SQL this is a statement that is

written to gather information from a
database.
● Schema: Schema is the way to relate or
map multiple tables.
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcTj7eO4_1pbqHbuM
© Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved. wl5Z7kgQYv4uzY0r-Vu0Dpm-WrRdk_Ht-BK&usqp=CAU
MySQL
Introduction to MYSQL
● MySQL is a fast, easy-to-use RDBMS

being used for many small and big
businesses. MySQL is developed
● In 1979, Monty Widenius invented
MYSQL.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/MySQL.svg/1200px-MySQL
© Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved. .svg.png
MySQL
Introduction to MYSQL (Continue)
● As we are using PHP scripting language

for web site development, it is
recommended that we should use
MYSQL DBMS for storing and managing
data.
● It is very good and freely available.
https://img-a.udemycdn.com/course/750x422/2390114_404d_3.jpg
MySQL
MYSQL Characteristics:
1. Very fast and consistent performance
2. Highly reliable
3. Easy to use
4. Freely available (Open source)
5. Can run on various platforms like Linux,
Windows, HP-UX
https://www.edureka.co/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Features-of-sql.png
MySQL
6. Scalability
7. Robust
8. Web data strength
9. Data security
10. Comprehensive application
development
https://www.edureka.co/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Features-of-sql.png
MySQL
MYSQL Statements
Data Definition Statements

● These types of statements are written to
create or alter database objects.

MySQL
MYSQL Statements (Continue)
Data Manipulation Statements

● These types of statements are written to
modify the state of database objects.

MySQL
Transactional and Locking Statements

● These are statements used to control
transaction of database objects, which
include execution of other statements.

MySQL
Replication Statements
● These statements are used to control
master or slave servers.

MySQL
Prepared Statements
● Prepared statements are the queries
those are compiled once on the server
level and parameters are then passed to
the server instead of building the query
each.

MySQL
Database Administration Statements

● These types of statements are used to
provide or revoke rights on database
objects.

MySQL
Utility Statements
● These statements are used for getting
help from database system for any type
of statements or functionality
commands.

MySQL
Stored Procedures
● These are precompiled sets of database

queries, stored on the server. Stored
procedures are much faster than regular
database queries.
● They are called using CALL statement.
https://www.mysqltutorial.org/getting-started-with-mysql-stored-procedures.aspx
MySQL
Stored Procedures (Continue)
Advantages:
1. Reduce network traffic
2. Centralize business logic in the
database
3. Make database more secure
MySQL
Stored Procedures (Continue)
Disadvantages:
1. Resource usages
2. Troubleshooting
3. Maintenances
MySQL
PHP With MYSQL
● PHP will work with virtually all database

software, including Oracle and Sybase
but most commonly used is freely
available MySQL database.
● With PHP, you can connect to and
manipulate databases.
● MySQL is the most popular database
system used with PHP.
https://miro.medium.com/max/1000/1*3r_XMjYvnS3ETjtC6Xb6ng.png
MySQL
PHP With MYSQL (Continue)
● PHP combined with MySQL are

cross-platform (you can develop in
Windows and serve on a Unix platform)
● To work with MYSQL using PHP,
Downloaded and installed a latest
version of MySQL.
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/i7MZIhpc1gQf5wNrY66fr9tyCySgry1dVkI
-hiz1AKBdEpkVQrjWwPpYeOypTM8MboWEmiWsvFNmYY8eqKYweaeISXPpjA
MySQL
PHP With MYSQL (Continue)
● If we want to use PHP with MySQL, then

first of all we need to install a webserver
(Mostly Apache) in case of LAMP.
● Then we should install PHP and MySQL
both.
https://udemy-images.udemy.com/course/750x422/155640_6f5f_3.jpg
MySQL
Connecting to Database
● When we want to connect with MySQL

database, we need some credentials to
complete the process like:
1. Database name
2. Host name
3. User name
4. Password
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/php/connect_to_mysql_using_php.htm
MySQL
Connecting to Database (Continue)
● mysql_connect() function is used to

make a connection, which receives
three parameters(hostname, username,
password).
● After creation of connection
successfully, we use mysql_select_db()
function to connect with database using
database name.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/php/connect_to_mysql_using_php.htm
MySQL
Creating MYSQL Database Using
PHP
● To create and delete a database you

should have admin privilege.
● It is very easy to create a new MySQL
database.
● PHP uses mysql_query() function to
create a MySQL database.
● This function takes two parameters and
returns TRUE on success or FALSE on
failure.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/php/create_mysql_database_using_php.htm
MySQL
PHP (Continue)
● Syntax:
bool mysql_query( sql, connection );
● Sql
○ Required - SQL query to create a

database
● connection
○ Optional - if not specified then last

open connection by
mysql_connect will be used.© Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.
MySQL
PHP (Continue)
● Once you establish a connection with a

database server then it is required to
select a particular database where your
all the tables are associated.
● PHP provides function
mysql_select_db() to select a
database. It returns TRUE on success or
FALSE on failure.
MySQL
PHP (Continue)
● Syntax
bool mysql_select_db( db_name, connection
);
● db_name
○ Required - Database name to be

selected
● connection
○ Optional - if not specified then last

opend connection by https://www.tutorialspoint.com/php/create_mysql_database_using_php.htm
MySQL
PHP (Continue)
● In case you need to create many tables

then its better to create a text file first
and put all the SQL commands in that
text file and then load that file into $sql
variable and excute those commands.
MySQL
Fetching Data
● The most frequently used option is to use

function mysql_fetch_array()
● This function returns row as an associative
array, a numeric array, or both.
● This function returns FALSE if there are no
more rows.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/php/mysql_select_php.htm
Understanding and Using
MySQL Clients
Introduction
● MySQL client GUI interface is easy

software for Windows or Linux to use for
controlling database.
● A database could be even warehoused.
● Also, it has front end for MySQL, a user
interface for communicating with the
data component.
https://cdn.freshdesignweb.com/wp-content/uploads/site/mysql-interface.jpg
MySQL Clients
● MYSQL Client parallels the two-tier

programming model that separates the
data layer from the user interface.
● It allows the makers of the database
software focus on their product’s
strongest suit: data storage and
management.
https://miro.medium.com/max/904/1*--XmrOJdNZE_u8lNTxZzoA.png
MySQL Clients
Renowned MYSQL Client Software are:

1. PHP MyAdmin
2. Workbench
3. DBTools Manager
4. SQL Examiner
5. xBase View
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhpMyAdmin
MySQL Clients
phpMyAdmin
● phpMyAdmin is a free software tool

written in PHP, intended to handle the
administration of MySQL over the Web.
● phpMyAdmin supports a wide range of
operations on MySQL.
● Frequently used operations can be
performed via the user interface.
● while you still have the ability to directly
execute any SQL statement.
https://www.siteground.com/tutorials/phpmyadmin/administration/
MySQL Clients
phpMyAdmin (Continue)
Features
● Intuitive web interface
● Support for most MySQL features
● Import data from CSV and SQL
● Export data to various formats
● Administering multiple servers
● Creating complex queries using
Query-by-example (QBE)
https://i0.wp.com/fossnaija.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/phpmyadmin.png?ss
© Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved. l=1
MySQL Clients
phpMyAdmin (Continue)
● Searching globally in a database or a

subset of it
● Transforming stored data into any format
using a set of predefined functions, like
displaying BLOB-data as image or
download-link
● Creating graphics of your database
layout in various formats
https://i0.wp.com/fossnaija.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/phpmyadmin.png?ss
© Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved. l=1
MySQL Clients
Management Console Overview
● On the right side of the screen, in the

Database server section you can find
information about the MySQL server.
● The databases which you will manage
are stored on the same server as the
software and the hostname is -
localhost.
MySQL Clients
(Continue)
● In the other two sections - Web server

and phpMyAdmin you can also see
information regarding the MySQL server,
the MySQL client and the phpMyAdmin
version.
MySQL Clients
(Continue)
● In the middle part of the page, in the

General Settings section, you can see
the MySQL charset and you will be able
to define the MySQL connection
collation.
MySQL Clients
(Continue)
● In the panel on the left side of the page

you will see the list of the databases
for which your cPanel user has
privileges.
MySQL Clients
(Continue)
● In the Databases tab you will find a list

with all the databases which can be
managed through the cPanel user.
MySQL Clients
(Continue)
● Using SQL tab you can perform a

MySQL query towards the MySQL
server. Just type in the query and click
the Go button and the phpMyAdmin tool
will execute the query and provide the
results from it.
MySQL Clients
(Continue)
● In the Status tab you can find detailed

information regarding the MySQL server
since the last restart.
MySQL Clients
(Continue)
● In the Import tab you can import

database tables from a file, saved on
your local computer.
MySQL Clients
(Continue)
● The Engines tab opens a page with a

list of all the engines supported by the
MySQL server.
● The default one is MyISAM. Another
popular storage engine, used by many
databases is InnoDB.
MySQL Clients
(Continue)
● In the Variables tab you can see all the

current MySQL variables and their
values.
MySQL Clients
(Continue)
● In the Settings tab you can configure

phpMyAdmin the way you want it to.
MySQL Clients
(Continue)
● There are different operations which you

can perform on the whole database and
on a separate table.
● Database Operations
● Database Table Operations
MySQL Clients
(Continue)
● To execute MySQL queries by using the

tool, there are two ways to do that with
the phpMyAdmin interface.
● Execute MySQL queries with the SQL
tab
● Construct and execute MySQL queries
with the Query tab
MySQL Clients
(Continue)
● To create new tables inside a database,

first open the phpMyAdmin tool, click on
the Databases tab and click on the
name of the desired database.
● On the new page that opens you will see
a list of all the current tables inside the
database and a section named Create
table.
MySQL Clients
(Continue)
● On the next page you can configure the

structure of the columns in the new
table.
● When you are ready, click the Save
button to create the new table.
Database Access, Design
Patterns, Mail Function,
PEAR and cURL
Design Patterns
● Design Patterns are “descriptions of

communicating objects and classes that
are customized to solve a general
design problem in a particular context.”
● Design patterns provide a generic
reusable solution to the programming
problems that we encounter every day.
https://www.script-tutorials.com/design-patterns-in-php/
PEAR and cURL
Design Patterns (Continue)
● Design patterns help to speed up the

development, as the templates are
proven and from the developer’s
position, only implementation is
required.
● Design patterns not only make software
development faster, but also
encapsulate big ideas in a simpler way.
Photo by Neil Thomas on Unsplash
PEAR and cURL
● By now there are 23 different known

design patterns, and they can be
separated into three categories by
purpose:
● Creational Patterns: used to construct
objects such that they can be decoupled
from their implementing system
PEAR and cURL
● Structural Patterns: used to form large

object structures between many
disparate objects
● Behavioral Patterns: used to manage
algorithms, relationships, and
responsibilities between objects
PEAR and cURL
The 5 Most Common Design Patterns in

PHP Applications
1. Factory
2. Strategy
3. Adapter
4. Observer
5. Decorator
PEAR and cURL
PHP Mail Functions
● The mail() function allows you to send

emails directly from a script.
● For the mail functions to be available,
PHP requires an installed and working
email system.
● The program to be used is defined by
the configuration settings in the php.ini
file.
https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7UgYDn3hh6c/WaDzoVwo_FI/AAAAAAAAAA0/NSCa
NWs59R4cboW9Ii1HPVF_NOrqX8fhwCLcBGAs/s640/send-mail-in-php.png
PEAR and cURL
PHP Mail Functions (Continue)
● The mail functions are part of the PHP

core. There is no installation needed to
use these functions.
● The behavior of the mail functions is
affected by settings in php.ini
https://www.w3schools.com/php/php_ref_mail.asp
PEAR and cURL
● Syntax
mail(to,subject,message,headers,parameter
s);
https://www.w3schools.com/php/func_mail_mail.asp
PEAR and cURL
Parameter Description
to Required. Specifies the receiver / receivers of the

email
subject Required. Specifies the subject of the email. Note:
This parameter cannot contain any newline
characters

PEAR and cURL
message Required. Defines the message to be sent. Each line

should be separated with a LF (\n). Lines should not
exceed 70 characters.
headers Optional. Specifies additional headers, like From, Cc,
and Bcc. The additional headers should be separated
with a CRLF (\r\n).

PEAR and CURL
parameters Optional. Specifies an additional parameter to the

sendmail program (the one defined in the
sendmail_path configuration setting). (i.e. this can be
used to set the envelope sender address when using
sendmail with the -f sendmail option)

PEAR and cURL
Sending Plain Text Email
● The simplest way to send an email with

PHP is to send a text email.
● In the example, we first declare the
variables
1. recipient's email address
2. subject line
3. message body
● Then, we pass these variables to the
mail() function to send the email.
https://www.tutorialrepublic.com/php-tutorial/php-send-email.php
PEAR and cURL
Sending HTML Email
● When you send a text message using

PHP, all the content will be treated as
simple text.
● We're going to improve that output, and
make the email into a HTML-formatted
email.
● To send an HTML email, the process will
be the same.
● However, this time we need to provide
additional headers as well as an HTML
https://www.tutorialrepublic.com/php-tutorial/php-send-email.php
formatted message. © Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.
PEAR and cURL
Sending Attachements in Email
● The PHP mail() function with some

MIME type headers can be used to send
email with attachment in PHP.
● To send an email with mixed content
requires to set Content-type header to
multipart/mixed.
● Then text and attachment sections can
be specified within boundaries.
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/php-send-attachment-email/
PEAR and cURL
PEAR & cURL
● The PHP Extension and Application

Repository, or PEAR, is a repository of
PHP software code.
● Stig S. Bakken founded the PEAR
project in 1999 to promote the re-use of
code that performs common functions.
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-56yMnwfCrPc/XEgzu66f2-I/AAAAAAAAzGw/PIVukGD
XCsg140XiLwj8GYAkG5Lv7p_2wCLcBGAs/s728-e100/php-pear-hacked-packag
PEAR and cURL
PEAR & cURL (Continue)
● PEAR project seeks to provide a

structured library of code, maintain a
system for distributing code and for
managing code packages, and promote
a standard coding style.

PEAR and cURL
Commonly used PEAR packages are:

● Net_SMTP
● Mail
● HTTP_Request2
● VersionControl_SVN
● HTTP2
● Text_LanguageDetect
● XML_Util
● Mail_Mime
● OLE
● XML_Parser © Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.
PEAR and cURL
● The cURL stands for ‘Client for URLs’,

originally with URL spelled in uppercase
to make it obvious that it deals with
URLs. It is pronounced as ‘see URL’.
● The cURL project has two products
libcurl and curl.
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/pUwJ27RT_Il90DZwQqMz49GezSmBwk
bRmX9oaQgjXwE0NdDW0vDwoGMg1XBiYIN0ZxDIrrYjWat8gJIv4sMjUwSW-P6b
PEAR and cURL
● libcurl: A free and easy-to-use

client-side URL transfer library,
supporting FTP, TPS, HTTP, HTTPS,
GOPHER, TELNET, DICT, FILE, and
LDAP.
● libcurl is free, thread-safe, IPv6
compatible, feature rich, well supported
and fast.
● https://i.ytimg.com/vi/qwG10Hs3Blo/maxresdefault.jpg
PEAR and cURL
● libcurl supports TTPS certificates, HTTP

POST, HTTP PUT, FTP uploading,
kerberos, HTTP based upload, proxies,
cookies, user & password
authentication, file transfer resume,
HTTP proxy tunneling and many more.

PEAR and cURL
● curl: A command line tool for getting or

sending files using URL syntax. Since
curl uses libcurl, it supports a range of
common internal protocols, currently
including HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS,
GOPHER, TELNET, DICT, and FILE.
https://curl.haxx.se/logo/curl-logo.svg
PEAR and cURL
● The module for PHP that makes it

possible for PHP programs to access
curl functions within PHP. cURL support
is enabled in PHP, the phpinfo() function
will display in its output.
● You are requested to check it before
writing your first simple programme in
PHP.

PEAR and cURL
Some basic cURL functions:

● curl_init() function will initialize a new
session and return a cURL handle.
● curl_exec($ch) function should be
called after initialize a cURL session and
all the options for the session are set. Its
purpose is simply to execute the
predefined CURL session (given by ch).
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/php-curl/
PEAR and cURL
● curl_setopt($ch, option, value) set an

option for a cURL session identified by
the ch parameter. Option specifies which
option is to set, and value specifies the
value for the given option.
● curl_close($ch) close curl resource,
and free up system resources.
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/php-curl/
JAVA: The key language.

● Introduction to Java Programming

● The Java Virtual Machine
● Variables and datatypes
● Conditional and looping constructs Arrays
● Object-oriented programming with Java Classes and Objects
● Exception handling with try- throw-catch-finally constructs

Introduction to Java
Programming
What is JAVA
● A general-purpose object-oriented
language.
● Write Once Run Anywhere (WORA).
● Designed for easy Web/Internet
applications.
● Widespread acceptance.
Image Source:
https://www.edureka.co/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/what-is-java-000.png
Programming
What is JAVA
● It is a simple programming language.

● Writing, compiling and debugging a
program is easy in java.
● It helps to create modular programs and
reusable code.
Image Source:
https://www.edureka.co/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/what-is-java-000.png
Programming
Why Java is important

● Two reasons : –
○ Trouble with C/C++ language is
that they are not portable and are
not platform independent
languages.
○ Emergence of World Wide Web,
which demanded portable
programs.
● Portability and security necessitated the
invention of Java
Image Source:
https://image.isu.pub/160804060928-8208a310b192b21ae0301fad5f0f5d02/jpg/p
Programming
History of JAVA
● Java is a high level object-oriented

programming language developed by
James Gosling at Sun Microsystems in
the early 1990s.
● James Gosling was unhappy using c++
programming language so he developed
Java.
● Originally designed in (1991) as a small
language for consumer electronics
(cable boxes, toasters etc.)
Image Source:
https://cdn.lynda.com/video/560731-42-636149676558616265_338x600_thumb.jp
Programming
History of JAVA
● A team of Sun Microsystems in the

guidance of James Gosling decided to
develop an advanced programming
language for the betterment of
consumer electronic devices.
● They developed a platform independent
software based on the power of
networks that can run on different
application areas, such as computers
and electronic devices.
Image Source:
Programming
History of JAVA
● It was initially called 'Oak‘.

● It was renamed as 'JAVA' released in
1995 as a core component of Sun
Microsystems Java platform.
Image Source:
Programming
JAVA Editions
● J2SE(Java 2 Standard Edition) - to

develop client-side standalone
applications or applets.
● J2ME(Java 2 Micro Edition ) - to
develop applications for mobile devices
such as cell phones.
● J2EE(Java 2 Enterprise Edition ) - to
develop server-side applications such as
Java servlets and Java ServerPages.
Image Source:
https://quiz.tcalive.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Picture1-460x282.jpg
Programming
How is JAVA different from C
● Major difference is that C is a structure

oriented language and Java is an object
oriented language and has mechanism
to define classes and objects.
○ Java does not support an explicit
pointer type
○ Java does not have preprocessor,
so we cant use #define, #include
and #ifdef statements.
Image Source:
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ccjavaandworldwideweb-140426000150-phpapp
Programming
How is JAVA different from C
○ Java does not include structures,

unions and enum data types.
○ Java does not include keywords
like goto, sizeof and typedef.
○ Java adds labeled break and
continue statements.
○ Java adds many features required
for object oriented programming.
Image Source:
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ccjavaandworldwideweb-140426000150-phpapp
Programming
How is JAVA different from C++
● Class definitions take the similar form in

java as in C++, but there is no closing
semicolon.
● Operator overloading is not possible in
java.
Image
Source:https://data-flair.training/blogs/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/04/Differe
Programming
How is JAVA different from C++
● Java does not support global variables.

Every variables and method is declared
within class and forms part of that class.
● Java doesn’t use pointers.
● The destructor function is replaced with
a finalize() function.
● There are no header files in java.
● Java supports multithreading.
Image Source:
https://data-flair.training/blogs/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/04/Difference-bet
Programming
Applications of JAVA
● Desktop GUI applications

● Embedded systems
● Web applications, including e-commerce
applications, front and back office
electronic trading systems, settlement
and confirmation systems, data
processing projects, and more
Image Source:
https://techvidvan.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/01/applications-o
Programming
Applications of JAVA
● Web servers and application servers

● Mobile applications including Android
applications
● Enterprise applications
● Scientific applications
● Middleware products
Image Source:
https://techvidvan.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/01/applications-o
Programming
JAVA Environment
● Java includes many development tools,

classes and methods
○ Development tools are part of
Java Development Kit (JDK) and
○ The classes and methods are part
of Java Standard Library (JSL),
also known as Application
Programming Interface (API).
Image Source:
https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-dcbbbb2f41e23c8f38f8b9632ff1189d.webp
Programming
JAVA Environment
● JDK constitutes of tools like java

compiler, java interpreter and many.
● API includes hundreds of classes and
methods grouped into several packages
according to their functionality.
Image
Source:https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-dcbbbb2f41e23c8f38f8b9632ff1189
Programming
Advantages of JAVA
● Simple & Familiar

● Object-Oriented
● Compiled & Interpreted
● Platform Independent & Portable
● Robust
● Secure
● Distributed
● Multithreaded
● Dynamic & Extensible.
Image Source:
https://data-flair.training/blogs/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/06/Advantages-of-
Advantages of JAVA
Simpler & Familiar

● Java was designed to be simple and
familiar to learn language.
● Fundamental concepts can be grasped
quickly as the features borrowed from C
& C++.
● Features were removed that led to poor
programming practices or were rarely
used.
● It does not use pointers, goto statement,
Preprocessor header files etc.
Image Source:
Advantages of JAVA
Object-Oriented
● All coding and data reside within object
and classes.
● Java has built-In exception handling.
● Everything in Java (except the primitive
data types) is an object.
● The object model in java is simple and
easy to extend so that complex
programming problems can be reduced
to simple solutions.
● Extensive set of classes, arranged in
packages e.g. java.awt, java.io, java.net
. Image Source:
Advantages of JAVA
Compiled & Interpreted
● Java is both a compiled and Interpreted

language.
● Java Compiler generates
platform-independent byte codes that
are interpreted into machine readable
instructions by a Java Virtual Machine
(Java Interpreter) at runtime..
Image Source:
Advantages of JAVA
Perform-Independent & Portable
● Java programs are designed to work in

a networked environment on a variety of
computers and operating systems.
● The size of the primitive data types are
machine independent.
● Compiler generates platform
independent byte codes rather than
native machine code, so it can be
implemented on any machine.
Image Source:
Advantages of JAVA
Robust
● Java has hard-and-fast rules for

compile-time and runtime error
checking.
● Java supports automatic garbage
collection so all memory corruptions or
unauthorized memory accesses are
impossible.
● Many error-prone features of C/C++
programming were removed.
Image Source:
Advantages of JAVA
Secure
● Usage in networked environment

requires more security.
● JVM verifies all byte codes before
execution & ensures all programs follow
the rules regarding object access and
usage.
● Java ensures that program cannot gain
access to memory locations without
proper authorization.
Image Source:
Advantages of JAVA
Distributed
● Java is network friendly.

● Java is designed as a distributed
language for creating applications on
networks.
● Multiple programmers can work together
on a single project from multiple remote
locations.
● Both data and programs can be shared
on networks.
Image Source:
Advantages of JAVA
Multithreaded
● This feature allows us to handle multiple

tasks simultaneously.
● Designed to run multiple threads.
● Easy to implement.
● Other systems have provided facilities
via light weight libraries, but Java has
in-built language support.
● Great for multimedia displays.
Image Source:
Advantages of JAVA
Dynamic & Extensible
● Provides a highly dynamic runtime

environment.
● Allows dynamically linking in new class
libraries, methods and objects.
● New code can be linked on demand
from anywhere on the network and new
types can be created as needed
dynamically.
Image Source:
Programming
JAVA Development Kit
JDK is a free software development package

from Sun Microsystems. Java Development
Kit (JDK) contains tools needed to develop the
Java programs, and JRE to run the programs.
The Basic tools are- •
● appletviewer – Run and debug applets

without a web browser.
Image
Source:https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcTBvqDboD
Programming
● Java – The java interpreter runs the

Java applets & applications by reading
and interpreting bytecode files. The
same launcher is used for deployment
and development purpose.
● Javac – This is the core of java, which
translates the java source code to
bytecode files that the interpreter can
understand.
Image
Programming
● javadoc – It is used to generate API

documentation. • javah – Produces
header files for use with native methods.
● javap – Java disassembler, which
enables us to convert bytecode files into
a program description.
● jdb – Java Debugger, which helps us to
find errors in our programs.
Image
Programming
JAVA Runtime Environment
● Java Runtime Environment contains

JVM, class libraries, and other
supporting files.
● It does not contain any development
tools such as compiler, debugger, etc.
Actually JVM runs the program, and it
uses the class libraries, and other
supporting files provided in JRE.
Image
Source:https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2020/01/jw-whatisjre-fig1-100827
Programming
● If you want to run any java program, you

need to have JRE installed in the
system.
● It primarily contains-
Image
Programming

● Java Virtual Machine – interprets the
intermediate java byte code and
generates the desired output.
● Runtime class libraries – contains set
of class libraries.
● User Interface Toolkits – AWT and
Swing are examples of toolkits that
support various input methods for the
users to interact with the application
program.
Image Source:
https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2020/01/jw-whatisjre-fig1-100827419-larg
Programming
● Deployment Technologies –
○ Java plug-in : for execution of a

Java applet on the browser.
○ Java web Start : for remote

deployment of an application.
Image
The Java Virtual Machine
What is Virtual Machine
● Before understanding what is JVM let us

first know what virtual machine is.
● A virtual machine is a layer of
abstraction that gives a program one
simplified interface for interacting with a
variety of physical computers and their
operating systems.
Image Source:
https://cdn.educba.com/academy/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Java-Virtual-Machi
What is JAVA Virtual Machine
● As the name indicates, JVM is not a real

hardware machine but a software layer
which resembles an hardware platform.
● JVM converts Java byte code into
machine language and executes it.
● The byte code can be executed on any
platform where there exist JVM.
Image Source:
https://cdn.educba.com/academy/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Java-Virtual-Machi
What is JAVA Virtual Machine
● JVM‘s are available for many hardware

and software platforms.
● The use of the same byte code for all
JVM’s on all platforms allows Java to be
described as a "write once, run
anywhere" programming language.
● Thus, the JVM is a crucial component of
the Java platform.
Image
Source:https://cdn.educba.com/academy/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Java-Virtua
Components of JVM
● Byte code verifier

● Class loader
● Execution engine
● Garbage collector
● Security Manager
Image Source:
https://d1jnx9ba8s6j9r.cloudfront.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/JVM.png
Byte Code Verifier
● As the name suggests, bytecode verifier

is used to verify the bytecode.
● Bytecode verifier checks for unusual
code.
● Byte code verifier is a crucial component
for security.
Image
Source:https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/YAOhV9KJEbR9vmTfZQPWcfTI-
Class Loader
● Class loader loads java classes into java

virtual machine.
● All Java virtual machines include one
class loader that is embedded in the
virtual machine.
Image
Source:https://javatutorial.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/hierarchy-of-class-load
Class Loader
● The main feature of the class loader is

that JVM. doesn’t need to have any
knowledge about the classes that will be
loaded at runtime.
● Class loader reads bytecode and
creates the instance of java.lang.class.
Image
Source:https://javatutorial.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/hierarchy-of-class-load
Execution Engine
● The execution engine helps JVM to

convert bytecode into machine code.
● It has two parts:
○ Interpreter
○ Just-in-time-interpreter
● Execution engine is responsible for
executing the instructions contained in
the methods of loaded classes.
Image
Source:https://www.javacodegeeks.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/jvm_archi_e
Garbage Collector
● Garbage collection is the process of

automatically freeing objects that are no
longer referenced by the program.
● It periodically check for the object on
heap , whose link is broken so it can
collect garbage from heap.
● Garbage collection relieves java
programmer from memory management.
Image
Source:https://techvidvan.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/types-
Security Manager
● Security manage constantly monitors

the code.
● It is special java object that is
responsible for guarding security
policies for java applications.
● It is always consulted before any
potentially dangerous operation is
requested by a java application.
Image
Source:https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcT9k3xgLqw
Comparison of JVM
● Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is platform

independent, meaning it can run on
different Operating Systems (OS) like
Windows or UNIX.
● JVM does not really exist but is created
within another environment.
Image Source:
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/java-120313105732-phpapp02/95/javajava-virtu
Comparison of JVM
● As long as a JVM is available natively to

a system, a Java program can run in the
system.
● The JVM stands on top of the operating
system (OS), which means it is
independent of the OS.
Image Source:
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/java-120313105732-phpapp02/95/javajava-virtu
Variables and Datatypes
Variable
There are different types of variables in Java.

They are as follows:
● Instance Variables (Non-Static Fields)

● Class Variables (Static Fields)
● Local Variables
● Parameters
Image
Source:https://data-flair.training/blogs/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/07/Types-
Instance Variable
● Objects store their individual states in

“non-static fields”, that is, fields declared
without the static keyword.
● Non-static fields are also known as
instance variables because their values
are unique to each instance of a class.
● For example, the currentSpeed of one
bicycle is independent from the
currentSpeed of another.
Image
Source:https://i0.wp.com/codippa.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/instance-varia
Class Variable
● A class variable is any field declared

with the static modifier; this tells the
compiler that there is exactly one copy
of this variable in existence, regardless
of how many times the class has been
instantiated.
Image Source:https://i.ytimg.com/vi/3gYr83ni388/maxresdefault.jpg
Class Variable
● A field defining the number of gears for a

particular kind of bicycle could be
marked as static since, conceptually, the
same number of gears will apply to all
instances.
● The code static int numGears = 6;
would create such a static field.
Image Source:https://i.ytimg.com/vi/3gYr83ni388/maxresdefault.jpg
Local Variable
● A method stores its temporary state
in local variables. The syntax for
declaring a local variable is similar to
declaring a ﬁeld (for example, int
count = 0;)
● There is no special keyword
designating a variable as local; that
determination comes entirely from
the location in which the variable is
declared—between the opening and
closing braces of a method. Image
Source:https://image.slidesharecdn.com/oopinjava-161127140542/95/type-of-vari
Local Variable
● As such, local variables are only

visible to the methods in which they
are declared;
● they are not accessible from the rest
of the class.
Image
Source:https://image.slidesharecdn.com/oopinjava-161127140542/95/type-of-vari
Parameter
● They are the variables that are passed

to the methods of a class.
Image
Source:https://image.slidesharecdn.com/methods-091116064834-phpapp02/95/m
Datatype
● Data type specifies the size and type of

values that can be stored in an identifier.
● The Java language is rich in its data
types.
● Different data types allow you to select
the type appropriate to the needs of the
application.
Image Source:https://static.javatpoint.com/images/java-data-types.png
Datatype
Data types in Java are classified into two

types:
● Primitive—which include Integer,

Character, Boolean, and Floating Point.
● Non-primitive—which include Classes,
Interfaces, and Arrays.
Image Source:https://static.javatpoint.com/images/java-data-types.png
Primitive Datatype
● There are eight primitive datatypes

supported by Java. Primitive datatypes
are predefined by the language and
named by a keyword.
● There are two data types available in
Java −
○ Primitive Data Types
○ Reference/Object Data Types
Image
Source:https://techvidvan.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/primiti
Primitive Datatype
Let us now look into the eight primitive data

types in detail.
● Byte
● Short
● Int
● Long
● Float
● Double
● Boolean
● char Image
Primitive Datatypes
Byte
● Byte data type is an 8-bit signed two's

complement integer
● Minimum value is -128 (-2^7)
● Maximum value is 127 (inclusive)(2^7
-1)
● Default value is 0
● Byte data type is used to save space in
large arrays, mainly in place of integers,
since a byte is four times smaller than
an integer.
● Example: byte a = 100, byte b = -50 Image
Primitive Datatypes
Short
● Short data type is a 16-bit signed two's

complement integer
● Minimum value is -32,768 (-2^15)
● Maximum value is 32,767 (inclusive)
(2^15 -1)
● Short data type can also be used to
save memory as byte data type. A short
is 2 times smaller than an integer
● Default value is 0.
● Example: short s = 10000, short r =
-20000 Image
Primitive Datatypes
Integer
● Int data type is a 32-bit signed two's
complement integer.
● Minimum value is - 2,147,483,648
(-2^31)
● Maximum value is
2,147,483,647(inclusive) (2^31 -1)
● Integer is generally used as the default
data type for integral values unless there
is a concern about memory.
● The default value is 0
● Example: int a = 100000, int b = Image
-200000 Source:https://techvidvan.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/primiti
Primitive Datatypes
Long
● Long data type is a 64-bit signed two's
complement integer
● Minimum value is
-9,223,372,036,854,775,808(-2^63)
● Maximum value is
9,223,372,036,854,775,807
(inclusive)(2^63 -1)
● This type is used when a wider range
than int is needed
● Default value is 0L
● Example: long a = 100000L, long b = Image
-200000L Source:https://techvidvan.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/primiti
Primitive Datatypes
Float
● Float data type is a single-precision

32-bit IEEE 754 floating point
● Float is mainly used to save memory in
large arrays of floating point numbers
● Default value is 0.0f
● Float data type is never used for precise
values such as currency
● Example: float f1 = 234.5f
Image
Primitive Datatypes
Double
● double data type is a double-precision

64-bit IEEE 754 floating point
● This data type is generally used as the
default data type for decimal values,
generally the default choice
● Double data type should never be used
for precise values such as currency
● Default value is 0.0d
● Example: double d1 = 123.4
Image
Primitive Datatypes
Boolean
● boolean data type represents one bit of

information
● There are only two possible values: true
and false
● This data type is used for simple flags
that track true/false conditions
● Default value is false
● Example: boolean one = true
Image
Primitive Datatypes
Character
● char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode

character
● Minimum value is '\u0000' (or 0)
● Maximum value is '\uffff' (or 65,535
inclusive)
● Char data type is used to store any
character
● Example: char letterA = 'A'
Image
Sourcehttps://techvidvan.com/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/02/primiti
Reference/Object Datatype
● Reference variables are created using

defined constructors of the classes.
They are used to access objects. These
variables are declared to be of a specific
type that cannot be changed. For
example, Employee, Puppy, etc.
● Class objects and various type of array
variables come under reference
datatype.
Image
Source:https://www.itcsolutions.eu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/References3.gif
Reference/Object Datatype
● Default value of any reference variable

is null.
● A reference variable can be used to
refer any object of the declared type or
any compatible type.
● Example: Animal animal = new
Animal("giraffe");
Image
Source:https://www.itcsolutions.eu/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/References3.gif
Conditional and Looping
Constructs Arrays
Control Statements
we will see four types of control statements

that you can use in java programs based on
the requirement
● if statement
● nested if statement
● if-else statement
● if-else-if statement
Image Source:
https://simplesnippets.tech/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/control-statements-in-jav
Constructs Arrays
If Statements
If statement consists a condition, followed by

statement or a set of statements as shown
below:
if(condition){
Statement(s);
}
Image
Source:https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20191118171408/If-
Constructs Arrays
If Statements
● The statements gets executed only

when the given condition is true.
● If the condition is false then the
statements inside if statement body are
completely ignored.
Image
Source:https://beginnersbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/if_statement_flow
Constructs Arrays
If Statements
● The statements gets executed only

when the given condition is true.
● If the condition is false then the
statements inside if statement body are
completely ignored.
Image
Source:https://beginnersbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/if_statement
Constructs Arrays
If Else Statements
This is how an if-else statement looks:
if(condition) {
Statement(s);
else {
Statement(s);
}
Image Source:
https://beginnersbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/If_else_flow_diagram.jpg
Constructs Arrays
If Else Statements
● The statements inside “if” would execute

if the condition is true, and the
statements inside “else” would execute if
the condition is false.
Image
Source:https://beginnersbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/If_else_flow_diag
Constructs Arrays
If Else If Statements
● if-else-if statement is used when we

need to check multiple conditions.
● In this statement we have only one “if”
and one “else”, however we can have
multiple “else if”.
● It is also known as if else if ladder. This
is how it looks:
Image Source:
https://i1.wp.com/coderforevers.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Java-if-else-Lad
Constructs Arrays
Syntax:-
if(condition_1) {
statement(s);
else if(condition_2) {
statement(s);
Image Source:
} https://i1.wp.com/coderforevers.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Java-if-else-Lad
Constructs Arrays
else if(condition_3) {
statement(s);
}
else {
statement(s);
}
Image Source:
Constructs Arrays
● The most important point to note here is

that in if-else-if statement, as soon as
the condition is met, the corresponding
set of statements get executed, rest
gets ignored.
● If none of the condition is met then the
statements inside “else” gets executed.
Image Source
Constructs Arrays
Nested If Statements
● The nested if statement represents the if

block within another if block.
● Here, the inner if block condition
executes only when outer if block
condition is true.
Image Source: https://o7planning.org/en/11561/cache/images/i/12387382.png

Constructs Arrays
Syntax:-
if(condition){
//code to be executed
if(condition){
} Image Source:https://o7planning.org/en/11561/cache/images/i/12387382.png
Constructs Arrays
Syntax:-
if(condition){
if(condition){
} Image Source:https://o7planning.org/en/11561/cache/images/i/12387382.png
Constructs Arrays
Switch Case Statements
● Switch case statement is used when

we have number of options (or choices)
and we may need to perform a different
task for each choice.
● Switch Case statement is mostly used
with break statement even though it is
optional.
● The syntax of Switch case statement
looks like this –
Image Source:
https://beginnersbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/switch_case_flow_diagra
Constructs Arrays
switch Switch
(variable or an integer
Case expression)
Statements
{
case constant:
case constant:
default:
;
}
Image Source:
https://beginnersbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/switch_case_flow_diagra
Constructs Arrays
Break Statement in Switch Case
● Break statement is optional in switch

case but you would use it almost every
time you deal with switch case.
● Before we discuss about break
statement.
● Let’s have a look at the example below
Image Source: https://static.javatpoint.com/cpages/images/cswitch.png

Constructs Arrays
Break Statement in Switch Case
● Break statements are used when you

want your program-flow to come out of
the switch body.
● Whenever a break statement is
encountered in the switch body, the
execution flow would directly come out
of the switch, ignoring rest of the cases
Image Source: https://static.javatpoint.com/cpages/images/cswitch.png

Constructs Arrays
Looping Construct in JAVA

Looping constructs in Java are:
● For statement
● For-each statement
● While statement
● Do while statement
● Continue Statement
● Break Statement
Image Source:
https://data-flair.training/blogs/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/01/Types-of-Loop
Constructs Arrays
For Loop
● When you know exactly how many times

you want to loop through a block of
code, use the for loop instead of a while
loop:
Image Source:
https://beginnersbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/for_loop_Java.jpg
Constructs Arrays
For Loop
Syntax of for loop:
for (statement 1; statement 2;

statement3) {
// code block to be executed
Image Source:
https://beginnersbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/for_loop_Java.jpg
Constructs Arrays
For Loop
● Statement 1 is executed (one time)

before the execution of the code block.
● Statement 2 defines the condition for
executing the code block.
● Statement 3 is executed (every time)
after the code block has been executed.
Image
Source:https://beginnersbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/for_loop_Java.jpg
Constructs Arrays
For Each Loop

● It starts with the keyword for like a
normal for-loop.
● Instead of declaring and initializing a
loop counter variable, you declare a
variable that is the same type as the
base type of the array, followed by a
colon, which is then followed by the
array name.
Image Source:
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/50/5d/a5/505da552a8af7974e0417bec12d5ece7.pn
Constructs Arrays
For Each Loop
Syntax:
for (type var : array)
{ statements using var;
Image Source:
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/50/5d/a5/505da552a8af7974e0417bec12d5ece7.pn
Constructs Arrays
While Loop
● The Java while loop is used to iterate a

part of the program several times.
● If the number of iteration is not fixed, it is
recommended to use while loop.
Image Source:https://static.javatpoint.com/cpages/images/while.png
Constructs Arrays
While Loop
Syntax:-
while(condition){
Image Source: https://static.javatpoint.com/cpages/images/while.png

Constructs Arrays
Do While Loop
● The Java do-while loop is used to iterate

a part of the program several times.
● If the number of iteration is not fixed and
you must have to execute the loop at
least once, it is recommended to use
do-while loop.
● The Java do-while loop is executed at
least once because condition is checked
after loop body.
Image Source:
https://beginnersbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/do-while_java.jpg
Constructs Arrays
Do While Loop
Syntax:-
do{
}while(condition);
Image Source:
https://beginnersbook.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/do-while_java.jpg
Constructs Arrays
Continue Statement
● Continue statement is mostly used

inside loops.
● Whenever it is encountered inside a
loop, control directly jumps to the
beginning of the loop for next iteration,
skipping the execution of statements
inside loop’s body for the current
iteration. Image Source:
https://d1jnx9ba8s6j9r.cloudfront.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Flowchart-
Constructs Arrays
Continue Statement
We can use Java break statement in all types

of loops such as for loop, while loop and
do-while loop.
Syntax:
jump-statement;
break;
Image Source:
https://d1jnx9ba8s6j9r.cloudfront.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Flowchart-
Constructs Arrays
Break Statement
● When a break statement is encountered

inside a loop, the loop is immediately
terminated and the program control
resumes at the next statement following
the loop.
● The Java break statement is used to
break loop or switch statement. It breaks
the current flow of the program at
specified condition. In case of inner
loop, it breaks only inner loop. Image Source: https://static.javatpoint.com/cpages/images/break.png
Constructs Arrays
Break Statement
Syntax:-
The syntax of a break is a single statement
inside any loop −
break;
Image Source: https://static.javatpoint.com/cpages/images/break.png

Constructs Arrays
Array
● Java array is an object which contains

elements of a similar data type.
● Additionally, The elements of an array
are stored in a contiguous memory
location.
● It is a data structure where we store
similar elements.
● We can store only a fixed set of
elements in a Java array. Image Source:https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/Arrays1.png
Constructs Arrays
Array
There are two types of arrays in Java they are −

● Single dimensional array
● Multi-dimensional array
Image
Source:https://cdn.educba.com/academy/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Types-of-A
Constructs Arrays
Single Dimensional Array
● A single dimensional array of Java is a

normal array where, the array contains
sequential elements (of same type) −
Syntax to Declare an Array in Java
1. dataType[] arr; (or)

2. dataType []arr; (or)
3. dataType arr[];
Image
Source:https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/cdn-uploads/Blank-Diagram-
Constructs Arrays
Single Dimensional Array
● We can declare, instantiate and initialize

the java array together by:
int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaration, instantiation

and initialization
Image
Source:https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/cdn-uploads/Blank-Diagram-
Constructs Arrays
Multi Dimensional Array
● A multi-dimensional array in Java is an

array of arrays.
● A two dimensional array is an array of
one dimensional arrays and a three
dimensional array is an array of two
dimensional arrays.
Image Source:https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/two-d.png
Constructs Arrays
Syntax to Declare Multidimensional Array

in Java
1. dataType[][] arrayRefVar; (or)

2. dataType [][]arrayRefVar; (or)
3. dataType arrayRefVar[][]; (or)
4. dataType []arrayRefVar[];
Constructs Arrays
Example to instantiate Multidimensional

Array in Java:-
int[][] arr=new int[3][3];//3 row and 3 column
Object-Oriented
Programming with Java
Classes and Objects
Object-Oriented Programming
● As the name suggests, Object-Oriented

Programming or OOPs refers to
languages that uses objects in
programming.
● Object-oriented programming aims to
implement real-world entities like
inheritance, hiding, polymorphism etc in
programming.
Image Source: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/xoL6WvCARJY/maxresdefault.jpg
Object-Oriented
Classes and Objects
Object-Oriented Programming
● The main aim of OOP is to bind together

the data and the functions that operate
on them so that no other part of the
code can access this data except that
function.
Image Source: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/xoL6WvCARJY/maxresdefault.jpg

Object-Oriented
Classes and Objects
OOPs Concept
● Polymorphism
● Inheritance
● Encapsulation
● Abstraction
● Class
● Object
● Method
● Message Passing
Image Source:
https://i2.wp.com/francescolelli.info/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/java-oops.png?fit
Object-Oriented
Classes and Objects
Polymorphism
● If one task is performed in different

ways, it is known as polymorphism. For
example: to convince the customer
differently, to draw something, for
example, shape, triangle, rectangle, etc.
● In Java, we use method overloading and
method overriding to achieve
polymorphism.
● Another example can be to speak
something; for example, a cat speaks Image Source:
https://miro.medium.com/max/638/1*cFSJ95jyw-ACiWaIRxAbbg.jpeg
Object-Oriented
Classes and Objects
Inheritance
● Inheritance is an important pillar of

OOP(Object Oriented Programming).
● It is the mechanism in java by which
one class is allow to inherit the
features(fields and methods) of another
class.
Image Source:
https://cdn.programiz.com/sites/tutorial2program/files/java-working-inheritance.pn
Object-Oriented
Classes and Objects
Inheritance
The keyword used for inheritance is extends.
Syntax:
class derived-class extends base-class
//methods and fields
} Image Source:
https://cdn.programiz.com/sites/tutorial2program/files/java-working-inheritance.pn
Object-Oriented
Classes and Objects
Encapsulation
● Binding (or wrapping) code and data

together into a single unit are known as
encapsulation.
● For example, a capsule, it is wrapped
with different medicines.
● A java class is the example of
encapsulation.
● Java bean is the fully encapsulated
class because all the data members are
private here. Image Source:
https://data-flair.training/blogs/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/02/Encapsulation-i
Object-Oriented
Classes and Objects
Abstraction
● Hiding internal details and showing

functionality is known as abstraction.
● For example phone call, we don't know
the internal processing.
● In Java, we use abstract class and
interface to achieve abstraction.
Image Source:
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-S_KNWGJx3sY/XY-rE_uKOuI/AAAAAAAASVE/EYr_f9
Object-Oriented
Classes and Objects
Class
● Collection of objects is called class. It is

a logical entity.
● A class can also be defined as a
blueprint from which you can create an
individual object.
● Class doesn't consume any space.
Image Source:
https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/Blank-Diagram-Page-1-5.pn
Object-Oriented
Classes and Objects
Object
● Any entity that has state and behavior is

known as an object. For example, a
chair, pen, table, keyboard, bike, etc. It
can be physical or logical.
● An Object can be defined as an instance
of a class. An object contains an
address and takes up some space in
memory.
Image Source:
https://cdn.techbeamers.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Java-Class-and-Object
Object-Oriented
Classes and Objects
Object
● Objects can communicate without

knowing the details of each other's data
or code.
● The only necessary thing is the type of
message accepted and the type of
response returned by the objects.
● Example: A dog is an object because it
has states like color, name, breed, etc.
as well as behaviors like wagging the
tail, barking, eating, etc. Image Source:
https://cdn.techbeamers.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Java-Class-and-Object
Object-Oriented
Classes and Objects
Method
● A method is a collection of statements

that perform some specific task and
return result to the caller.
● A method can perform some specific
task without returning anything. Methods
allow us to reuse the code without
retyping the code.
Image Source:
https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/methods-in-java.png
Object-Oriented
Classes and Objects
Method
● In Java, every method must be part of

some class which is different from
languages like C, C++ and Python.
● Methods are time savers and help us to
reuse the code without retyping the
code.
Image Source:
https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/methods-in-java.png
Object-Oriented
Classes and Objects
Message Passing
● Objects communicate with one another

by sending and receiving information to
each other.
● A message for an object is a request for
execution of a procedure and therefore
will invoke a function in the receiving
object that generates the desired
results.
Image Source:
https://bparanj.gitbooks.io/ruby-basics/content/message-passing-diagram.png
Object-Oriented
Classes and Objects
Message Passing
● Message passing involves specifying

the name of the object, the name of the
function and the information to be sent.
Image Source:
https://bparanj.gitbooks.io/ruby-basics/content/message-passing-diagram.png
Object-Oriented
Classes and Objects
Classes and Objects in Java
● Classes and Objects are basic concepts

of Object Oriented Programming which
revolve around the real life entities.
Image Source:
https://data-flair.training/blogs/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/01/Java-Class-an
Object-Oriented
Classes and Objects
Define Class
● A class is a user defined blueprint or

prototype from which objects are
created.
● It represents the set of properties or
methods that are common to all objects
of one type.
Image Source:
Object-Oriented
Classes and Objects
Class declaration can include these
components
● Modifiers
● Class name
● Superclass
● Interfaces
● Body
Image Source:
Object-Oriented
Classes and Objects
components
● Modifiers : A class can be public or has
default access (Refer this for details).
● Class name: The name should begin
with a initial letter (capitalized by
convention).
● Superclass(if any): The name of the
class’s parent (superclass), if any,
preceded by the keyword extends. A
class can only extend (subclass) one
parent.
Image Source:
Object-Oriented
Classes and Objects
components
● Interfaces(if any): A comma-separated

list of interfaces implemented by the
class, if any, preceded by the keyword
implements. A class can implement
more than one interface.
● Body: The class body surrounded by
braces, { }.
Image Source:
Exception handling with
try-throw-catch-finally
constructs
What is Exception
● An exception is an “unwanted or
unexpected event”, which occurs during
the execution of the program i.e, at
run-time, that disrupts the normal flow of
the program’s instructions.
● When an exception occurs, execution of
the program gets terminated.
Image Source:
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/exceptionslohika-120709091145-phpapp01/95/e
constructs
Why does an Exception occur
● An exception can occur due to several

reasons like Network connection
problem, Bad input provided by user,
Opening a non-existing file in your
program etc
Image Source:
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/exceptionslohika-120709091145-phpapp01/95/e
constructs 1. statement 1;
Advantages of Exception handling 2. statement 2;
3. statement 3;
● Suppose there are 10 statements in 4. statement 4;
your program and there occurs an
5. statement 5;//exception occurs
exception at statement 5, the rest of the
code will not be executed i.e. statement 6. statement 6;
6 to 10 will not be executed. 7. statement 7;
● If we perform exception handling, the
8. statement 8;
rest of the statement will be executed.
● That is why we use exception handling 9. statement 9;
in Java. 10. statement 10;

constructs
Hierarchy of Java Exception Classes
● The java.lang.Throwable class is the

root class of Java Exception hierarchy
which is inherited by two subclasses:
Exception and Error.
● A hierarchy of Java Exception classes
are as follows:
Image Source:
https://simplesnippets.tech/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/java-exception-handling-c
constructs
Types of Java Exceptions
There are mainly two types of exceptions:

checked and unchecked. Here, an error is
considered as the unchecked exception.
According to Oracle, there are three types of
exceptions:
● Checked Exception
● Unchecked Exception
● Error
Image Source: https://static.javatpoint.com/images/types-of-java-exceptions.jpg
constructs
Difference between Checked and
Unchecked Exception
● Checked Exception
○ The classes which directly inherit
Throwable class except
RuntimeException and Error are
known as checked exceptions
○ e.g. IOException, SQLException
etc. Checked exceptions are
checked at compile-time.
Image Source:
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TPzCj5sOo7w/XlYI5WsMoaI/AAAAAAAADwI/lCxhZXJ
constructs
Difference between Checked and
Unchecked Exception
● Unchecked Exception
○ The classes which inherit
RuntimeException are known as
unchecked exceptions
○ e.g. ArithmeticException,
NullPointerException,
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
etc.
○ Unchecked exceptions are not
checked at compile-time, but they Image Source:
are checked at runtime. https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TPzCj5sOo7w/XlYI5WsMoaI/AAAAAAAADwI/lCxhZXJ
constructs
Java Exception Keywords
● Try
● Catch
● Throw
● Throws
● Finally
Image Source: https://images.slideplayer.com/37/10712844/slides/slide_15.jpg

constructs
Try
The try block contains set of statements where
an exception can occur.
try
// statement(s) that might cause exception

}
Image Source:
https://www.guru99.com/images/java/052016_0839_JavaExcepti6.jpg
constructs
Catch
● Catch block is used to handle the

uncertain condition of try block.
● A try block is always followed by a
catch block, which handles the
exception that occurs in associated try
block.
Image Source:
constructs
Catch
● Catch block is used to handle the

uncertain condition of try block.
● A try block is always followed by a
catch block, which handles the
exception that occurs in associated try
block.
Image Source:
constructs
Throw
● Throw keyword is used to transfer

control from try block to catch block.
Image Source: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/ZOFYF5spXGo/maxresdefault.jpg

constructs
Throws
● Throws keyword is used for exception

handling without try & catch block.
● It specifies the exceptions that a
method can throw to the caller and
does not handle itself.
Image Source: https://i.stack.imgur.com/jXAmN.png

constructs
Finally
● It is executed after catch block.

● We basically use it to put some
common code when there are multiple
catch blocks.
Image Source:
https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-6196f606623fffd5c336485ed0c1318a.web
Working with types:
Wrapper Class
Introduction
● We use wrapper classes to use these

data types in the form of objects.
● Wrapper class in Java makes the Java
code fully object-oriented.
● For example, converting an int to
Integer.

Working with types:
Wrapper Class
Hierarchy of the wrapper classes
Image Source :
© Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved. https://dkb46014en6d6.cloudfront.net/tutorials/wp-content/upl
Working with types:
Wrapper Class
Need for Wrapper class
● Provide a mechanism to ‘wrap’ or bind

the values of primitive data types into an
object
● We can not provide null values to
Primitive types but wrapper classes can
be null.
● Data types like converting primitive
types to string objects and vice-versa.

Working with types:
Wrapper Class
Advantages
Image Source:
https://dkb46014en6d6.cloudfront.net/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/advantages-of-
wrapper-class-in-java.jpg

Working with types:
Wrapper Class
Conversion
Primitive type to wrapper class
● Two ways for converting

● Using constructors
● using static factory methods such as
valueOf() (except Character)

Working with types:
Wrapper Class
Conversion
Wrapper class to primitive type
● Converting from wrapper to primitive

type is simple.
● We can use the corresponding methods
to get the primitive type.
● e.g. intValue(), doubleValue(),
shortValue() etc.

Working with types:
Wrapper Class
Autoboxing and Unboxing
Autoboxing
● Autoboxing is the automatic conversion

of the primitive types into their
corresponding object wrapper classes.
● For example, converting an int to an
Integer, a char to a Character, and so
on.

Working with types:
Wrapper Class
Autoboxing and Unboxing
Unboxing
● Unboxing happens when the conversion

happens from wrapper class to its
corresponding primitive type.
● It means we can pass or assign a
wrapper object to an argument or
reference accepting primitive type. e.g.

Working with types:
Wrapper Class
Methods
● Refer Oracle Docs for more information

& methods

Packages
Package in Java
● A package is a collection of similar types

of Java entities such as classes,
interfaces, subclasses, exceptions,
errors, and enums.
● A package can also contain
sub-packages.

Packages
Advantages of using packages
Image Source:
https://dkb46014en6d6.cloudfront.net/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/Advantages-of
-java-packages.jpg

Packages
Types of Packages
Image Source:
https://dkb46014en6d6.cloudfront.net/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/types-of-packa
ges-in-java.jpg

Packages
Built-In Packages
Image Source:
https://dkb46014en6d6.cloudfront.net/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/Built-in-pack
ages-in-java.jpg

Packages
User-defined Package
● As the name suggests, these packages

are defined by the user.
● We create a directory whose name
should be the same as the name of the
package.
● Then we create a class inside the
directory.

Packages
How do Packages in Java Work?
● The names of packages and the

directory structure are closely related to
each other.
Image Source: https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ssw_ibm_i_71/rzaha/clpckdir.html

Packages
Package Naming Conventions
● Packages names follow the reverse

order of domain names, that is,
ibm.edunet.nsti.

Packages
Compiling a Java Package
● -d specifies the destination where to

locate the generated class file. You can
use any directory name like /home (in
case of Linux), C:/folderName (in case
of windows), etc. If you want the
package to be present in the same
directory, you can use the dot ( . )

Packages
User defined Packages

Executing
● You need to use a fully qualified name

e.g. ibm.nsti.edunet.Example etc to run
the class.
● Here -d represents the destination. The .
represents the current folder.

Packages
Accessing Packages or
Classes from Another Package
● By using * after the import statement, we

can access all the classes of the
package but not the sub-packages.
● By using * after the import statement, we
can access all the classes of the
package but not the sub-packages.

Packages
Accessing Packages or
Classes from Another Package
● Using a Fully qualified name means we

can access the declared class of
different packages without using the
import statement.
● But you need to use a fully qualified
name every time when you are
accessing the class or interface which is
present in a different package.

Applets
Introduction
● Applets are small java programs that are

primarily used in internet computing.
● It can be transported over the internet
from one computer to another and run
using the Applet Viewer or any web
browser that supports Java.

Applets
Types of Applets
● We can be classified the java applets

into two ways
● Local Applet
● Remote Applet

Applets
Types of Applets
Local Applet
● An applet developed locally and stored

in a local system that is known as
a Local Applet.
● When a web page is trying to find a local
applet, it doesn’t need to use the
Internet and the local system doesn’t Image Source: https://webeduclick.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/local.png
require the Internet Connection.

Applets
Types of Applets
Remote Applet
● A remote applet is that which is

developed by someone else and stored
on a remote computer connected to the
Internet.
● If our system is connected to the
Internet, we can download the remote
Image Source: https://webeduclick.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/remote.png
applet onto our system via the Internet.

Applets
How Applets different from

Applications
1. Applets are not full featured application

programs.
2. Applets are usually written to accomplish
a small task or a component of a task.

Applets
Preparing to Write Applets
● Building an applet code(.java file)

● Creating an executable applet(.class
file)
● Designing a web page using HTML
● Preparing <Applet Tag>
● Incorporating <Applet> tag into the web
page.
● Creating HTML file.
● Testing the applet code.
Applets
Building Applet Code
● To building the applet code two classes

of java library are essential namely
Applet and Graphics.
● The Applet class is contained in
java.applet package provides life and
behaviour to the applet through its
methods such as int(), start() and
paint().

Applets
Applet Life Cycle
● An applet is a window based event

driven program and it waits until an
event occurs.
● Initialization State
● Running State
● Idle or Stopped State
● Dead State
● Display State Image Source : https://webeduclick.com/applet-life-cycle/

Applet
Applet Program

Applets
How to execute Applet
● Executable applet is nothing but the

.class file of applet, which is obtained by
compiling the source code of the applet.
● The compiled output file called
appletname.class should be placed in
the same directory as the source file.

Basics of AWT and Swing
GUI (graphical user interface)
● Any program that uses GUI (graphical

user interface) such as Java application
written for windows, is event driven.
● Event describes the change in state of
any object. For Example : Pressing a
button, Entering a character in Textbox,
Clicking or Dragging a mouse, etc.

Event Handling
Components of Event Handling
● Three main components:

● Events
● Events Source
● Listeners

Event Handling
How Events are handled?
● A source generates an Event and send it

to one or more listeners registered with
the source.
● Once event is received by the listener,
they process the event and then return.
● Events are supported by a number of
Java packages, like java.util, java.awt
and java.awt.event.

Event Handling
Important Event Classes and Interface

Event Handling
Steps to handle events
● Implement appropriate interface in the

class.
● Register the component with the
listener.

Abstract Window Toolkit
AWT Hierarchy
Image Source: https://www.studytonight.com/java/images/heirarchy-of-component-class.jpg

Abstract Window Toolkit
Window Fundamentals
● Java Abstract window tool kit package is

used for displaying the data within a GUI
Environment.
Image Source:
https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-a_F050aJCqQ/UtkzS2PvfiI/AAAAAAAAFnw/vQeJnozRfDo/s1600/awt.j
pg

Basics of AWT and Swing ● Void SetSize(int Width, int Height)
● Void SetLocation (int x,int y)
● Void setBounds(int x,int y,int width,int height)
● Void setForeground(Color c)
AWT Hierarchy
● Void setBackground(Color c)
Window Fundamentals - Component
● Component class is at the top of AWT

hierarchy. Component is an abstract
class that encapsulates all the attributes
of visual component.
● A component object is responsible for
remembering the current foreground and
background colours and the currently
selected text font. Image Source:
https://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/ehchua/programming/java/images/AWT_ContainerComponent.png
● Void add (object o)
● Void remove(object o)
AWT Hierarchy ● void removeAll()
Window Fundamentals - Container
● Container is a component in AWT that

contains another component like button,
text field, tables etc.
● Container is a subclass of component
class. Container class keeps track of
components that are added to another
component.
Image Source:
Basics of AWT and Swing ● Panel()
● Void setLocation()
● Void setSize()
AWT Hierarchy ● Void setBounds()
Window Fundamentals - Panel
● Panel class is a concrete subclass of

Container. Panel does not contain title
bar, menu bar or border. It is container
that is used for holding components.
Image Source:
● Frame()
Basics of AWT and Swing ● Frame(String Title)
● Void setsize()
● Void show()
AWT ● Void setBackground(Color c)
● Void setLocation(int x,int y)
Working With Frames
● Frame Class is also a Sub Class of

Window Class and frame class allows to
Create a pop-Menus.
Image Source:
AWT
Creating Frame Example
● Creating a Frame
● Setting Frame Properties
● Dimension getSize()
● Canvas

AWT Controls
Buttons
● In Java, AWT contains a Button Class. It

is used for creating a labelled button
which can perform an action.

AWT Controls
Check boxes
● In Java, AWT contains a Checkbox

Class. It is used when we want to select
only one option i.e true or false. When
the checkbox is checked then its state is
“on” (true) else it is “off”(false).

AWT Controls
TextFields
● In Java, AWT contains aTextField Class.

It is used for displaying single line text.

AWT Controls
TextAreas
● In Java, AWT contains aTextArea Class.

It is used for displaying multiple-line text.

AWT Controls
Choice Class
● In Java, AWT contains a Choice Class. It

is used for creating a drop-down menu
of choices. When a user selects a
particular item from the drop-down then
it is shown on the top of the menu.

AWT Controls
List Class
● In Java, AWT contains a List Class. It is

used to represent a list of items
together. One or more than one item can
be selected from the list.

AWT Controls
Canvas
● In Java, AWT contains a Canvas Class.

A blank rectangular area is provided. It
is used when a user wants to draw on
the screen.

AWT Controls
AWT MenuItem and Menu
● In Java, AWT contains a MenuItem and

Menu Class.MenuItem is used for
adding Lable in Menu. The menu is used
to create a drop-down of menu
components

AWT Controls
AWT MenuItem and Menu
● In Java, AWT contains a MenuItem and

Menu Class.MenuItem is used for
adding Lable in Menu. The menu is used
to create a drop-down of menu
components

AWT Controls
AWT PopupMenu
● In Java, AWT contains a Popup Menu.

● It is a popup which is dynamic in nature.

AWT Controls
AWT Panel
● In Java, AWT contains a Panel.

● The panel provides a free space where
components can be placed.

AWT Controls
AWT Dialog
● In Java, AWT contains a Dialog. It is a

type of window which is having a border
and a title. But it does not have any
maximize and minimize button.

AWT Controls
AWT Toolkit
● In Java, AWT contains a Toolkit.

● It is a super class of Abstract Window
Toolkit and can be implemented
anywhere.

Layout Manger
● The Layout manager is used to layout

(or arrange) the GUI java components
inside a container.
Image Source: http://pawlan.com/monica/articles/awtlayout/art/appcall.gif

Layout Manger
BorderLayout
● A BorderLayout places components in

up to five areas: top, bottom, left, right,
and center.
● It is the default layout manager for every Image Source: https://www.guru99.com/images/uploads/2012/06/java-border-layout-manager.jpg
java JFrame

Layout Manger
FlowLayout
● FlowLayout is the default layout

manager for every JPanel.
● It simply lays out components in a single
Image Source: https://www.guru99.com/images/uploads/2012/06/java-border-layout-manager.jpg
row one after the other.

Layout Manger
GridBagLayout
● It is the more sophisticated of all layouts.

It aligns components by placing them
within a grid of cells, allowing
Image Source: https://www.guru99.com/images/uploads/2012/06/java-border-layout-manager.jpg
components to span more than one cell.

Swing
Swing Framework
● Swing Framework contains a set of
classes that provides more powerful and
flexible GUI components than those of
AWT.
● Swing provides the look and feel of
modern Java GUI.
● Swing classes are defined in
javax.swing package and its
sub-packages.
Swing
Main Features of Swing
● Platform Independent
● Customizable
● Extensible
● Configurable
● Lightweight
● Rich Controls
● Pluggable Look and Feel

Swing
Swing and JFC
● JFC is an abbreviation for Java

Foundation classes, which encompass a
group of features for building Graphical
User Interfaces(GUI) and adding rich
graphical functionalities and interactivity
to Java applications.
● Java Swing is a part of Java Foundation
Classes (JFC).

Swing
Features of JFC
● Swing GUI components.

● Look and Feel support.
● Java 2D.

Swing
Swing Hierarchy
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Swing
Swing Classes

Swing
Creating a JFrame
● By instantiating JFrame class.

● By extending JFrame class.

Swing GUI
● Swing isWhat
a GUIis toolkit
Swingthat
GUI??
facilitates the
creation of highly interactive GUI
applications.
● Swing is more flexible and robust when
it comes to implementing graphical
components.
● Swing can be regarded as more
graphically-rich than AWT not only
because they provide some entirely new
graphical components like a tabbed
window and tree structure. © Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.
Swing GUI
Key Items
● A Swing GUI consists of two key items
○ Components
○ Containers

Swing GUI
Components
● In Swing, Components are derived from

the JComponent class where
JComponent provides the functionality
that is common to all components.
● Example: JComponent supports the
pluggable look and feel.

Swing GUI
Swing Component Part-1

Swing GUI
Swing Components - 2

Swing GUI
Container
● A Container holds a group of

components. Thus, a container is a
special type of component that is
designed to hold other components.
● Thus, all Swing GUIs will have at least
one container.
● Because containers are components, a
container can also hold other containers

Swing GUI
Containers - Top level
● It inherits Component and Container of

AWT.
● It cannot be contained within other
containers.
● Heavyweight.
● Example: JFrame, JDialog, JApplet

Swing GUI
Containers - Lightweight
● It inherits JComponent class.

● It is a general purpose container.
● It can be used to organize related
components together.
● Example: JPanel

Swing GUI
● Swing is a very large subsystem and

makes use of many packages

Threads
MultiThreading
● Java Multithreading, Doing some work

or process is called Thread. Multi
Threading is nothing but process of
managing and executing multiple tasks
at a time.

Threads
Important Terminology
● Multitasking is the process of executing

more than one task at a time.
● Java Multithreading is the process
executing multiple threads at a time.
● Multiprocessing is same like
multitasking, but it involves more CPU’s.
● Parallel Processing is nothing but using
more CPU’s in one system.

Threads
Thread Life Cycle
● New
● Runnable
● Running
● Waiting
● Terminated
Image Source : https://www.studytonight.com/java/images/thread-life-cycle.jpg

Threads
Achieve Multithreading
● We can achieve multithreading in Java

in two ways:
● By Implementing the Runnable Interface
● By extending Thread class

Threads
Creating Thread Class
● Thread class is the main class on which

Java's Multithreading system is based.

Threads
Runnable Interface
● After implementing runnable interface ,

the class needs to implement the run()
method, which is of form,
● public void run()

Threads
Extending Thread
● This is another way to create a thread

by a new class that
extends Thread class and create an
instance of that class.
● The extending class must
override run() method which is the entry
point of new thread.

Threads
isAlive() and join()
● In java, isAlive() and join() are two

different methods that are used to check
whether a thread has finished its
execution or not.
● The isAlive() method returns true if the
thread upon which it is called is still
running otherwise it returns false.
● But, join() method is used more
commonly than isAlive(). This method
waits until the thread on which it is
called terminates © Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.
Threads
Thread Priority
● Priorities are spoken to by a number in

the vicinity of 1 and 10.
● Three priorities of thread.
● public static int MIN_PRIORITY
● public static int NORM_PRIORITY
● public static int MAX_PRIORITY

Threads
Interthread Communication
● Java provide benefits of avoiding thread

pooling using inter-thread
communication.
● The wait(), notify(), and notifyAll()
methods of Object class are used for
this purpose.

Threads
Thread Pooling
● Pooling is usually implemented by loop.

● i.e. to check some condition repeatedly.
● Once condition is true appropriate action
is taken. This waste CPU time.

Threads
Thread Deadlock
● Deadlock is a situation of complete

Lock, when no thread can complete its
execution because lack of resources.
Image Source : https://www.studytonight.com/java/images/thread-life-cycle.jpg

Threads
Thread Synchronization
● Java Multithreading, If a thread is acting

on any object and preventing another
thread to act upon the same object is
called Thread Synchronization, it is used
to remove consistency problem.
● Daemon thread in java is a service
provider thread.
● Synchronization is used to prevent
thread interference.
Threads
Advantages of Multithreading
● Multithreading allows multiple operations

to perform at once.
● It saves time as there can be the
execution of multiple operations
possibly.
● Threads are independent of each other
which makes the functionality better.

Concepts of Networking
Introduction
● The networking classes and interfaces

will be available in the java.net package
and provide the support for the two
protocols, they are as follows.
● TCP stand for Transmission Control
Protocol which is used to provide
communication between two
applications.
● UDP stands for User Datagram
Protocol which is used to transmit
packets of data between an application.
Working with Java Networking
● IP Address
● Protocol
● MAC Address
● Port Number

Socket Overview
● The purpose of socket programming is

that providing communication between
two applications running on various
JRE. It may be a connection oriented
and connection less.
● Connection oriented socket
programming uses Socket and Image Source :
ServerSocket classes. https://dkb46014en6d6.cloudfront.net/tutorials/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/04/java-socket-pr
ogramming-process.jpg
● The connection-less socket
programming uses DatagramSocket and
DatagramPacket classes. © Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.
Socket programming - Server
● Java Networking, Following is an

example to understand the concept of
socket programming.
● Here client is going to send the
message and server will receives that.
● MyServer.java

Socket programming – Client
● Java Networking, Following is an

example to understand the concept of
socket programming.
● Here client is going to send the
message and server will receives that.
● MyClient.java

java.net
● java.net package encapsulate large

number of classes and interface that
provides an easy-to use means to
access network resources.
● Here are some important classes and
interfaces of java.net package.

InetAddress
● Inet Address encapsulates both

numerical IP address and the domain
name for that address.
● Inet address can handle both IPv4 and
Ipv6 addresses.
● Inet Address class has no visible
constructor.

java.net
URL Class
● Java URL Class present in java.net

package, deals with URL (Uniform
Resource Locator) which uniquely
identify or locate resources on internet.

java.net
Important Methods of URL class
● getProtocol() : Returns protocol of URL

● getHost() : Returns hostname(domain
name) of URL
● getPort() : Returns port number of URL
● getFile() : Returns filename of URL

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Module 4 - Web

Disclaimer: The content is curated for educational purposes only.

● Understand how web works.

Disclaimer: The content is curated for educational purposes only.

© Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.

● Learn basic concepts regarding the internet,browsers, andHTML.

© Edunet Foundation. All rights reserved.

● Internet is a world-wide global system of

Image Source: https://am7s.com/what-is-the-internet/

● Every computer in internet is identified

Image Source: https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/internetbasics/what-is-the-internet/1/

● The World Wide Web (WWW) is a

Image Source: https://www.informationq.com/internet-and-www/

● World Wide Web is also called the Web

● HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer

● Communication between client

Image Source: https://www.cdnfinder.com/content-delivery-network-guide/http/

● The URL is a standard for specifying any

Image Source: https://fakebelieve.blog/2018/08/07/the-power-of-a-url/

● The protocol is the client or server

Image Source: https://sitechecker.pro/what-is-url/

● A web browser is a software application

● HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup

Image Source: https://www.javatpoint.com/what-is-html

● Web pages development

Image Source: https://www.educba.com/pre-tag-in-html/

● A protocol is a set of rules and

● Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Image Source: https://www.educba.com/types-of-networking-protocols/

● File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Image Source: https://www.itgrow.xyz/2020/01/types-of-internet-protocol.html

● An HTML form is used to collect user

Image Source: https://www.sitepoint.com/form-validation-with-php/

● HTML Forms are required to collect

Image Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/9288191/

HTML Input Element

● It allows you to specify various types of

Image Source: https://www.html-5-tutorial.com/input-element.php

HTML Input Element(contd)

HTML Form Elements

Image Source: https://codebridgeplus.com/html-form-elements/

HTML Input Types

● Input Type Color

Image Source: https://www.tutorialathome.in/html/html-5-forms-iii

HTML Input Types(contd)

● Input Type Search

Image Source: https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_form_input_types.asp

HTML Input Attributes

● The value Attribute

HTML Input Attributes(contd)

● The pattern Attribute

Image Source: https://codebridgeplus.com/html-input-attributes/

● Data is a collection of a distinct unit of

Image Source: https://www.twinkl.co.in/teaching-wiki/data

● A database is an organized collection of

Image Source: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Tq7KcGNDNm0/hqdefault.jpg

● The main purpose of the database is to

Image Source: https://gamesforepc.com/what-is-database/

● A database management system

● A Relational Database Management

● An RDBMS may also provide a visual

For example, it may display data in a tables

Difference between DBMS

Difference between DBMS