05/5/2023

CLEAVAGE AND TRANSPORT DOWN THE OVIDUCT

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CLEAVAGE

1st WEEK
*Cleavage is the first phase of embryonic development
*Cleavage is a rapid series of mitotic divisions that occur just
after fertilization.
- Generation of a large number of cells
- Increase in the nucleus / cytoplasmic ratio

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A, Ovulated secondary oocyte prior to introduction of sperm and fertilization. The

oocyte containing its germinal vesicle is surrounded by the zona pellucida
(arrowheads).
B, The male and female pronuclei (arrow) have formed after fertilization
C, Two-cell stage. D, Four-cell stage. E, Eight-cell stage.
F, G, Morula stage
H, I, F, Blastocyst stage

Cleavage differs from normal mitoses:

1. Blastomeres (nguyên bào phôi) do not
grow in size between successive cell
divisions
2. Cleavage occurs very rapidly

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MORULA

- How many cells are in morula stage ?

- How size of morula?

BLASTOCYST
• By 4 days, the morula, consisting now of about
30 cells, begins to absorb fluid
• As the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid increases,
a large cavity called the blastocyst cavity
(blastocoel)

Morula develops a fluid-filled cavity and

is transformed into a Blastocyst

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Two Distinct Cell Types

Inner cell mass

Trophoblasts

END OF FIRST WEEK:

INITIATING IMPLANTATION

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1. Attaching of the blastocyst → surface of

endometrium

2. Invasion of the trophoblast cells in the

endometrium

3. Uteroplacental circulation

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Events during the first week of human development

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• Definition of implantation:
– It is the process by which the Blastocyst
adheres to the wall of the uterus
• Site:
– The posterior wall of uterus near the fundus.
• Time:
– It begins about the 6th day after fertilization.
– It is completed by the 11th or 12th day.

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INITIATING IMPLANTATION

• Blastocyst hatches from zona pellucida

before Implanting
• HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) is
produced

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Begin: ~ days 6-7

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2ND WEEK : BECOMING

BILAMINAR AND FULLY IMPLANTING

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Fully Implanted

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Embryoblast( inner cell mass) differentiates into

bilaminar embryonic disc:
– Epiblast
– Hypoblast
Trophoblast differentiates into:
– Cytotrophoblast
– Syncytiotrophoblast → erodes blood vessels of
endometrium and establish haematotrophic circulation
Cavities formation:
– Amniotic cavity
– Yolk sac

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Becoming
Fully Implanted

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Section of a 7.5-day human blastocyst (×100)

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• ~ Day 9:
– Isolated spaces (cavities) called lacunae are
formed in the syncytiotrophoblast
– They become filled with nutrition secretions from
eroded endometrial glands and with maternal
blood from ruptured maternal capillaries
• ~ Day 11 and 13
– Adjacent lacunae fuse to form lacunar network in
which maternal vessels open and through which
maternal blood flows

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9-day human blastocyst. The

syncytiotrophoblast shows a
large number of lacunae.

Human blastocyst of ~ 12 days.

The trophoblastic lacunae at the
embryonic pole are in open
connection with maternal
sinusoids in the endometrial
stroma.

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FORMATION OF CHODRIONIC VILLI

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Fully implanted 12-day

human blastocyst (×100).

13-day embryo

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ABNORMAL IMPLANTATION
SITES OF BLASTOCYST

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !!!

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2nd Week: Bilaminar

embryonic disc

• Inner cell mass

– Epiblast
– Hypoblast
• 2 fluid filled sacs
– Amniotic sac
from epiblast
– Yolk sac from
hypoblast

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Development of
amniotic cavity -
yolk sac -
chorionic cavity

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