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Complex Numbers
 Conjugate of a Complex Number

Modulus of a Complex Number

RECAP
Properties of Conjugate & Modulus
 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑦
Argument of 𝑦
a Complex tan 𝜃 =
𝑥
𝜃
Number 𝑂 𝑥
Class Description: 11th Complex Number

BHLP Session: 03

Timings: 0:00:31-0:11:36

Duration: 11:05

Video Number: 18
Key Takeaways

Argument (Amplitude) Of A Complex Number:

• Let 𝑃 ≡𝑎, 𝑏 be a point representing a non-zero complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 in the

argand plane.

• If 𝑂𝑃 makes an angle 𝜃 with the positive real axis, then 𝜃 is called the argument or
amplitude of 𝑧 and written as arg 𝑧 = 𝜃.

Imaginary Axis
𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏

𝑏
tan 𝜃 = 𝑏
𝑎

𝜃
𝑂 𝑎 Real Axis
Key Takeaways

Principal Argument:

• The unique value of 𝜃 such that −𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 is called principal argument.

• Unless otherwise stated, arg 𝑧 refers to the principal value of 𝑧.

General Argument:

• General values of argument of 𝑧 are given by 2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ.

• Any two consecutive arguments of the same complex number

differ by 2𝜋.

• If 𝑧 = 0 + 0𝑖 , then arg 𝑧 is not defined.

Working Rule
for Argument
Class Description: 11th Complex Number

BHLP Session: 03

Timings: 0:12:29-0:17:22

Duration: 04:53

Video Number: 19
Key Takeaways

Working Rule For Finding Principal Argument:

Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑏 (𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0)

𝑏
First compute 𝛼 such that tan 𝛼 = .
𝑎

Let 𝜃 represent the principal argument of 𝑧.

CASE I : 𝑎 > 0 , 𝑏 > 0 𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏

𝑧 lies in first quadrant. 𝑏

𝜃

𝑎 𝑀
arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = 𝛼
Key Takeaways

Working Rule For Finding Principal Argument:

Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑏 (𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0)

𝑏
First compute 𝛼 such that tan 𝛼 = .
𝑎

Let 𝜃 represent the principal argument of 𝑧.

𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏
CASE II : 𝑎 < 0 , 𝑏 > 0

𝑧 lies in second quadrant. 𝑏 𝜃

𝛼
𝑀 𝑎
arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = 𝜋 − 𝛼
Working Rule For Finding Principal Argument:

Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑏 (𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0)

𝑏
First compute 𝛼 such that tan 𝛼 = .
𝑎

Let 𝜃 represent the principal argument of 𝑧.

CASE III : 𝑎 < 0 , 𝑏 < 0

𝑀 𝑎
𝑧 lies in third quadrant. 𝛼
𝑏
𝜃
𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏
arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = 𝛼 − 𝜋
Working Rule For Finding Principal Argument:

Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑏 (𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0)

𝑏
First compute 𝛼 such that tan 𝛼 = .
𝑎

Let 𝜃 represent the principal argument of 𝑧.

CASE IV : 𝑎 > 0 , 𝑏 < 0 𝑎 𝑀

𝑧 lies in fourth quadrant. 𝜃
𝛼 𝑏

arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = −𝛼 𝑎, 𝑏
Working Rule For Finding Principal Argument:

Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑏 (𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0)

𝑏
First compute 𝛼 such that tan 𝛼 = .
𝑎

Let 𝜃 represent the principal argument of 𝑧.

𝜃 =𝜋−𝛼 𝜃=𝛼

𝑂
𝜃 =𝛼−𝜋 𝜃 = −𝛼
For 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑏 (𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ ):

•
𝜋
𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 > 0 ⇒ 𝑧 lies on +𝑣𝑒 imaginary axis ⇒ arg 𝑧 =
2
Purely Imaginary
• 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 < 0 ⇒ 𝑧 lies on −𝑣𝑒 imaginary axis ⇒ arg 𝑧
𝜋
=−
2

• 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 lies on +𝑣𝑒 real axis ⇒ arg 𝑧 = 0

Purely Real

• 𝑎 < 0, 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 lies on −𝑣𝑒 real axis ⇒ arg 𝑧 = 𝜋

Enhance your
Knowledge
Class Description: 11th Complex Number

BHLP Session: 03

Timings: 0:40:04-0:42:58

Duration: 02:54​

Video Number: 21
Key Takeaways

Different Forms Of A Complex Number:

𝑖) Cartesian Form/Algebraic Form/ Geometrical Form

𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 ≡ 𝑎, 𝑏 where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and 𝑖 = −1 𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏

𝑅𝑒(𝑧) = 𝑎 and 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 = 𝑏
𝑏
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
𝜃
𝑏
tan 𝜃 = 𝑎
𝑎
Key Takeaways

𝑖𝑖) Polar Form/Trignometric Form

Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, 𝑧 = 𝑟 and arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏

𝑧 = 𝑟 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)
𝑏

𝜃
𝑂 𝑎 𝑀
• 𝑧 = 𝑟 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)

• 𝑧 = 𝑟 (cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃)

• cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1

• cos 𝜃 − 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1

𝑖𝑖𝑖) Euler Form:

• For complex number, 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 𝑟 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃),

• Euler’s form is 𝑧 = 𝑧 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏

• 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 where 𝜃 = arg 𝑧

𝑏

𝜃
𝑂 𝑎 𝑀
If 𝑧 is a complex number of unit modulus and argument
1+𝑧
𝜃, then arg equals:
1+𝑧ҧ
JEE MAIN 2013

A −𝜃 B 𝜋
−𝜃
2

C 𝜃 D 𝜋−𝜃
If 𝑧 is a complex number of unit modulus and argument
1+𝑧
𝜃, then arg equals:
1+𝑧ҧ
JEE MAIN 2013
If 𝑧 is a complex number of unit modulus and argument
1+𝑧
𝜃, then arg equals:
1+𝑧ҧ
JEE MAIN 2013

A −𝜃 B 𝜋
−𝜃
2

C D 𝜋−𝜃
𝜃
 𝑘𝜋 𝑘𝜋
For any integer 𝑘, if 𝑎𝑘 = cos + 𝑖 sin , then value of the
7 7
12

෍ 𝑎𝑘+1 − 𝑎𝑘
expression 𝑘=1 is _____ .
3

෍ 𝑎4𝑘−1 − 𝑎4𝑘−2
𝑘=1
JEE Adv 2015
 𝑘𝜋 𝑘𝜋
For any integer 𝑘, if 𝑎𝑘 = cos + 𝑖 sin , then value of the
7 7
12

෍ 𝑎𝑘+1 − 𝑎𝑘
expression 𝑘=1 is _____ .
3

෍ 𝑎4𝑘−1 − 𝑎4𝑘−2
𝑘=1
JEE Adv 2015
 Properties
of Argument
Class Description: 11th Complex Number
BHLP Session: 05
Timings: 0:18:00 -0:25:18
Duration: 07:18
Video Number: 23
Key Takeaways
Properties of Argument:

Let 𝑧1 = 𝑧1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑧2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 , 𝑧3 = 𝑧3 𝑒 𝑖𝜃3 , ⋯ , 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑧𝑛 𝑒 𝑖𝜃𝑛

𝑌
i arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2 + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧2

𝑧1
Proof:
𝜃1 𝜃2
⇒ 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1
⋅ 𝑧2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 𝑋
𝑂
⇒ 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃1 +𝜃2

⇒ 𝑧1 𝑧2 = |𝑧|𝑒 𝑖𝜃 where 𝑧 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 , 𝜃 = 𝜃1 + 𝜃2
⇒ arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
⇒ arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2 + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
Key Takeaways

Note:

• arg(𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 ⋯ 𝑧𝑛 ) = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2 + arg 𝑧3 + ⋯ + arg 𝑧𝑛 + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

• If 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 = 𝑧3 = ⋯ 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑧, then arg 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑛 arg 𝑧 + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

If arg 𝑧1 = 160° and arg 𝑧2 = 80°, then arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = _________.
If 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖, then arg 𝑧 50 = ________.
 Let’s
Continue..!
Class Description: 11th Complex Number
BHLP Session: 05
Timings: 0:25:22 -0:29:35
Duration: 04:13​
Video Number: 24
Key Takeaways
Properties of Argument:
𝑌
𝑧1 𝑧2
ii arg = arg 𝑧1 − arg 𝑧2 + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
𝑧2
𝑧1
Proof:
𝜃1 𝜃2
𝑋
𝑧1 |𝑧1 |𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 𝑧1 𝑖 𝜃1 −𝜃2 𝑂 𝜃1 − 𝜃2
= = 𝑒
𝑧2 |𝑧2 |𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 𝑧2
𝑧1
𝑧1 𝑧1
⇒ = 𝑧 𝑖𝑒 , where 𝑧 =
𝜃
, 𝜃 = 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 𝑧2
𝑧2 𝑧2

𝑧1
⇒ arg = 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
𝑧2

𝑧1
⇒ arg = arg 𝑧1 − arg 𝑧2 + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
𝑧2
Angle between two lines

Note:

•
𝑧3 −𝑧1
Angle between two lines= 𝛼 − 𝛽 = Arg 𝑧3 − 𝑧1 − Arg 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = Arg
𝑧2 −𝑧1

𝑧3

𝑧2

𝑧1 𝛼−𝛽

𝛼−𝛽

𝛽 𝛼

𝑂
Angle between two lines

Note:

•
𝑧3 −𝑧4
Angle between two lines joining 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧3 , 𝑧4 = Arg
𝑧1 −𝑧2

𝑧3
𝑧1
𝜃

𝛼 = arg(𝑧3 − 𝑧4 )
𝛼−𝛽
𝛽 = arg(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )
𝛽 𝛼
𝑧2 𝑧4

𝑂
 3𝜋
If 𝑧 and 𝜔 are two complex numbers such that 𝑧𝜔 = 1 and arg 𝑧 − arg 𝜔 = ,
2
ҧ
1−2𝑧𝜔
then arg ҧ
is:
1+3𝑧𝜔
(here arg 𝑧 denotes the principal argument of complex number 𝑧 )

JEE Main July 2021

A 3𝜋
B −
3𝜋
4 4

𝜋
C 𝜋 D −
4 4
 3𝜋
If 𝑧 and 𝜔 are two complex numbers such that 𝑧𝜔 = 1 and arg 𝑧 − arg 𝜔 = ,
2
ҧ
1−2𝑧𝜔
then arg ҧ
is:
1+3𝑧𝜔
(here arg 𝑧 denotes the principal argument of complex number 𝑧 )

JEE Main July 2021

 3𝜋
If 𝑧 and 𝜔 are two complex numbers such that 𝑧𝜔 = 1 and arg 𝑧 − arg 𝜔 = ,
2
ҧ
1−2𝑧𝜔
then arg ҧ
is:
1+3𝑧𝜔
(here arg 𝑧 denotes the principal argument of complex number 𝑧 )

JEE Main July 2021

A 3𝜋
B −
3𝜋
4 4

𝜋
C 𝜋 D −
4 4
If 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 are complex numbers such that 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 = 𝑧1 − 1 ,
𝜋
𝑅𝑒(𝑧2 ) = |𝑧2 − 1| and arg(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ) = , then 𝐼𝑚 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 is equal to:
6
JEE MAIN JAN 2020

A 2 3 B 2
3

C 1 D 3
3 2
If 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 are complex numbers such that 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 = 𝑧1 − 1 ,
𝜋
𝑅𝑒(𝑧2 ) = |𝑧2 − 1| and arg(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ) = , then 𝐼𝑚 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 is equal to:
6
JEE MAIN JAN 2020
If 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 are complex numbers such that 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 = 𝑧1 − 1 ,
𝜋
𝑅𝑒(𝑧2 ) = |𝑧2 − 1| and arg(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ) = , then 𝐼𝑚 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 is equal to:
6
JEE MAIN JAN 2020
If 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 are complex numbers such that 𝑅𝑒 𝑧1 = 𝑧1 − 1 ,
𝜋
𝑅𝑒(𝑧2 ) = |𝑧2 − 1| and arg(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ) = , then 𝐼𝑚 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 is equal to:
6
JEE MAIN JAN 2020

A 2 3 B 2
3

C 1 D 3
3 2
Consider two points of non-zero conjugate complex numbers 𝑧1 , 𝑧2
𝑧1 𝑧2
and 𝑧3 , 𝑧4 . Then the principal value of arg + arg is ______ .
𝑧3 𝑧4
 Argument of a complex number
If 𝑂𝑃 makes an angle 𝜃 with the positive real axis, then 𝜃 is called
• the argument or amplitude of 𝑧 and written as arg 𝑧 = 𝜃.
𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏

• PRINCIPAL ARGUMENT - The unique value of 𝜃 such that 𝑏

− 𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 is called principal argument. 𝜃
𝑂
• GENERAL ARGUMENT - General values of argument of 𝑧 𝑎
are given by 2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

Working Rule for finding Principal Argument

•
𝑏
Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑏 (𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 ≠ 0) First compute 𝛼 such that tan 𝛼 = .
𝑎
arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = 𝛼
𝑃 𝑎, 𝑏
arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = 𝛼 − 𝜋
𝑏
𝜃
arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = −𝛼
𝑎 𝑀
arg 𝑧 = 𝜃 = 𝜋 − 𝛼
 For 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑏 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ
Purely Imaginary
•
𝜋
𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 > 0 ⇒ 𝑧 lies on +𝑣𝑒 imaginary axis ⇒ arg 𝑧 =
2
𝜋
• 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 < 0 ⇒ 𝑧 lies on −𝑣𝑒 imaginary axis ⇒ arg 𝑧 = −
2
Purely Real
• 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 lies on +𝑣𝑒 real axis ⇒ arg 𝑧 = 0

• 𝑎 < 0, 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧 lies on −𝑣𝑒 real axis ⇒ arg 𝑧 = 𝜋

Different form of Complex Number

• CARTESIAN FORM/ALGEBRAIC FORM/ GEOMETRICAL FORM:-
𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 ≡ 𝑎, 𝑏 where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and 𝑖 = −1

• POLAR FORM/TRIGNOMETRIC FORM:- 𝑧 = 𝑟 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)

• EULER FORM:- 𝑧 = 𝑧 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
 Properties of Argument

• Let 𝑧1 = 𝑧1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑧2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 , 𝑧3 = 𝑧3 𝑒 𝑖𝜃3 , ⋯ , 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑧𝑛 𝑒 𝑖𝜃𝑛

• arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2 + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

• arg(𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 ⋯ 𝑧𝑛 ) = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2 + arg 𝑧3 + ⋯ + arg 𝑧𝑛 + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

• If 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 = 𝑧3 = ⋯ 𝑧𝑛 = 𝑧, then arg 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑛 arg 𝑧 + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

𝑧1
• arg
𝑧2
= arg 𝑧1 − arg 𝑧2 + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
 Angle between two lines

•
𝑧3 −𝑧1
Angle between two lines= 𝛼 − 𝛽 = Arg 𝑧3 − 𝑧1 − Arg 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = Arg
𝑧2 −𝑧1

𝑧3

𝑧2

𝑧1 𝛼−𝛽

𝛼−𝛽

𝛽 𝛼

𝑂
 Angle between two lines

•
𝑧3 −𝑧4
Angle between two lines joining 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧3 , 𝑧4 = Arg
𝑧1 −𝑧2
𝑧3
𝑧1
𝜃

𝛼 = arg(𝑧3 − 𝑧4 )
𝛼−𝛽
𝛽 = arg(𝑧1 − 𝑧2 )
𝛽 𝛼
𝑧2 𝑧4

𝑂
THANK
YOU