DECLARATION

I NDA/12462 OFFICER CADET UCHECHUKWU JOACHIM ANAELE hereby

declare that this thesis titled Production of Spray on Rigid Polyurethane for
Immobilization Of Fractured Limb is the product of my research work and is
original, other authors whose work were used in this thesis have been duly
acknowledged and referenced.

__________________ _______________
NDA/12462 Date
OFFICER CDT UCHECHUKWU JOACHIM ANAELE

i
 CERTIFICATION
I hereby certify that the research thesis Titled Production Of Spray On Rigid
Polyurethane For Immobilization Of Fractured Limbby cadet
UCHECHUKWU JOACHIM ANAELE was supervised by me and is original.

__________________
Mr. GO Itiveh ___________________
Project Supervisor Date

ii
 APPROVAL
This project has fulfilled the partial requirement for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Department of Chemistry of the Nigerian Defence
Academy and his hereby approved.

____________________ ___________________
Mr. GO Itiveh DATE
Project Supervisor

____________________ __________________
PE OMALE DATE
ASSOC PROF
Head of Department

_________________________ ___________________
EXTERNAL EXAMINER DATE

iii
 DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to the ALMIGHTY GOD for He has given me the Grace,
strength and enablement to go through the stormy days and gloomy nights of this
work and to my parent Mr. and Mrs. Anaele for their advice, support and
encouragement in the completion of this work.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
First and foremost, I want to thank God Almighty who in his infinite guidance,
mercies and blessings has given me the opportunity to carry out this work.
I want to appreciate my dad for his constant reminder ‘know the home you are
coming from’. And it has really been a key factor in my life despite the obstacle
I want to say thank you to my mom Mrs. Anaele Efe for her parental support,
guidance, advice, encouragement and constant reminder ‘don’t follow friends
‘which has really been a key factor in my life despite the obstacle. My sincere
gratitude also goes to my siblings, Amanda Anaele and Andrew Anaele, for their
inspiration and support which has been a source of encouragement and joy to me.
My sincere appreciation goes to my supervisor Mr. GO Itiveh for the pain taking
guidance, concern useful suggestions and constructive criticism and also for his
highly valued time spent in making this work a complete success, Sir I am indeed
very grateful.
I want to say a very big thank you to my personal persons Josephine Baushe
David, Uche Travis, Emmyflex, Emeka, John Danboyi, Chisom, Nathaniel,
Winnifred, Margret, Noah, Bobby fundz, Sunday, Endurance, Chilex, Yissa jerry,
Thank and God bless you.
My deepest appreciation goes to my mentors and roommates Sub Lt OW
Omoregbee, Sub Lt Amenagawon, Flying Offr VC Amadi, Lt AK Charles, Lt EA
Sani, Flight Cdt U Attahiru, Cdt AU Sariki, Cdt OP Omarayen, Cdt UG Suleman,
Cdt SA Rabiu, Cdt AA Bello, Cdt AK Mohammed, Cdt MA Maccido, Cdt Y
Bello.
At This Junction I Will Like To Express My Regards To My Very Own Arty men
Co Deps Cdt JO Ughasoro, Cdt MM Abubakar,Cdt EN Duru,Cdt DA Tunji-
Taiwo,Cdt TP Tomemewo,Cdt GU Ikegwu,Cdt TT Ezeh,Cdt JF Micheal,Cdt SB
Felix,Cdt IU Willie,Cdt DY Ibrahim,Cdt FN Okoro-Onu,Cdt AZ Saleh,Cdt M
Abubakar,Cdt MN Usman,Cdt ST Rowland, Cdt GO Ayilola,Cdt AH
Mammuda,Cdt A Musa(Ushafa),Cdt GE Osumare,Cdt O Amos,Cdt NM
Umar ,Cdt AO Ojo,Cdt OA Salawu,Cdt KI Ikoife,Cdt RS Gwomna,Cdt SJ
Galadima,Cdt CS Okoye (Jimkpo),Cdt RO Abajo-Musa,Cdt S Yunana,Cdt MT
Ayila,Cdt Wakawa,Cdt L Dickson,Cdt MK Nwinkaa,Cdt PO Dicy-Clarke,Cdt A
Kwande,Cdt EW Gujo,Cdt IO Davies,Cdt AA Haruna ,Cdt UG Amadi, Cdt AA
Yusuf ,Cdt TS Olajide,Cdt IO Edoh,Cdt S Moses, Cdt BT Umar, Cdt CP

v
Daniel ,Cdt KI Owati and Cdt MR Abdullahi ,For Those Whose Names Were Not
Mentioned I Also Wish You The best in all your endeavors.
Lastly, I will be partial for me not to mention someone who helped me with my
chapter 1 and 2 also affected my life positively and encourage me to strive hard in
other to achieve my goals. She also a crush, although she could be annoying
sometime butstill, I guess she’s worth it. not a girlfriend but more than a mere
friend, thank you very much Tina. I really appreciate your effort hope we keep up
the good relationship in the future.
Finally, I acknowledge the effort of my Dalet 71RC course mates and members of
71RC as a whole who believed in me and assisted me in one way or the other I say
a very big thank you and God bless, to also the effort of everybody who have
affected my life in one way or the other . Thank you and God bless you.

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page -------------------------------------------------------------------------- i

Declaration------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii

Certification ----------------------------------------------------------------------- iii

Approval page---------------------------------------------------------------------- iv

Dedication ------------------------------------------------------------------------- v

Acknowledgement----------------------------------------------------------------- vi-vii

Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- viii

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.1 Background of Study-----------------------------------------------------------1

1.2 History of Polyurethane-------------------------------------------------------- 2

1.3 Chemistry of Polyurethane----------------------------------------------------- 3

1.4 Raw Material of Polyurethane------------------------------------------------- 4

1.4.1 Isocyanates-------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

1.4.2 Polyols------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

1.5 Catalyst of Polyurethane-------------------------------------------------------- 7

vii
1.6 Production of Polyurethane--------------------------------------------------- --8

1.7 Rigid Polyurethane Foam--------------------------------------------------------9

1.8 Statement of Problem---------------------------------------------------------- --9

1.9 Aim of Study-----------------------------------------------------------------------9

1.10 Objective of The Study------------------------------------------------------- 10

1.11 Significance of Study--------------------------------------------------------- 10

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review

2.1 Polyurethane for Immobilization of Fractured Limb-------------------------11-12

2.2 Polyurethane and It Properties---------------------------------------------------13

2.3 Method of Immobilizing Fractured Limbs--------------------------------------14

2.4 Advantages of Using Polyurethane for Immobilization-----------------------15

2.5 Methods of Production-------------------------------------------------------------16

2.5.1 Flexible Foam---------------------------------------------------------------------16

2.5.2 Rigid Foam------------------------------------------------------------------------17

2.6 Elastomer-----------------------------------------------------------------------------8

2.7 Properties of Polyurethane---------------------------------------------------------18

viii
2.7.1 Biodegradability of Polyurethane------------------------------------------------ 19

2.8 Application of Polyurethane for Immobilization----------------------------------22

2.8.1 Polyurethane Foam for Use as Auxiliary Material in Orthopedics---------- 22

2.9 Future Direction---------------------------------------------------------------------- 23

CHAPTER THREE

Material and Methods

3.1 Material-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24

3.1.1 Equipment -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24

3.1.2 Reagent ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24

3.2 Method -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25

3.2.1 Preparation of Polyurethane Components-------------------------------------- 25

3.2.2 Determining the Setting Time-----------------------------------------------------26

3.2.3 Determining the density------------------------------------------------------------27

3.2.4 Solubility test ------------------------------------------------------------------- 27-28

ix
CHAPTER FOUR

Result and Discussion

4.1 Result-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------30

CHAPTER FIVE

Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------31

5.2 Recommendation------------------------------------------------------------------ 31-32

5.3 Reference------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33

mmobilization device is one of the

important tools for fast healing and
recovery of orthopedic
x
fractures. Plaster of Paris (POP) has
been widely accepted and most
economical material
used as immobilization device.
However in spite of its almost
universal use, plaster of paris
bandage has a number of
shortcomings. Of late, synthetic plaster
casts based on polyurethane
have been developed and a variety of
orthopedic devices are available now.
In this paper an
attempt has been made to review the
state-of the -art for the immobilization
devices besides
presenting the gap areas and leads for
the future developments, while
discussing about the
xi
quality criteria of the immobilization
device. Finally, a comprehensive list
of tests is provided for
evaluation of synthetic plaster casts. A
list of test is provided for evaluation of
existing synthetic
plaster casts not only for bench
marking of the products but also for
the development of new

ABSTRACT

mmobilization device is one of the

important tools for fast healing and
recovery of orthopedic

xii
fractures. Plaster of Paris (POP) has
been widely accepted and most
economical material
used as immobilization device.
However in spite of its almost
universal use, plaster of paris
bandage has a number of
shortcomings. Of late, synthetic plaster
casts based on polyurethane
have been developed and a variety of
orthopedic devices are available now.
In this paper an
attempt has been made to review the
state-of the -art for the immobilization
devices besides
presenting the gap areas and leads for
the future developments, while
discussing about the
xiii
quality criteria of the immobilization
device. Finally, a comprehensive list
of tests is provided for
evaluation of synthetic plaster casts. A
list of test is provided for evaluation of
existing synthetic
plaster casts not only for bench
marking of the products but also for
the development of new
Immobilization device is one of the important tools for fast healing and recovery of

orthopedicfractures. Plaster of Paris (POP) has been widely accepted and most

economical materialused as immobilization device. However, in spite of its almost

universal use, plaster of Paris bandage has a number of shortcomings. Of late,

synthetic plaster casts based on polyurethanehave been developed and a variety of

orthopedic devices are available now. In this paper anattempt has been made to

review the state-of the -art for the immobilization devices besidespresenting the

gap areas and leads for the future developments, while discussing about thequality

criteria of the immobilization device. Finally, a comprehensive list of tests is

provided forevaluation of synthetic plaster casts.

xiv
xv