Setup

Background theory

The amplitude of a magnet attached to a spring-mass system and surrounded by a solenoid

affects the emf induced in the solenoid by changing the magnetic flux through the coil. The
emf induced in a solenoid is given by Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, which
states that the emf is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the coil.
When the magnet oscillates with a larger amplitude, it moves through a larger distance and
hence changes the magnetic flux through the coil more rapidly. This results in a larger emf
induced in the solenoid. Conversely, if the amplitude of the magnet's oscillation is smaller,
the magnetic flux through the coil changes more slowly, resulting in a smaller emf induced in
the solenoid. When the distance at which the weight is pulled is increased, the amplitude of
the magnet's oscillation may change depending on the characteristics of the spring-mass
system. However, if the amplitude of the magnet's oscillation remains constant despite the
increased distance at which the weight is pulled, the emf induced in the solenoid will remain
the same, since the magnetic flux through the coil depends only on the amplitude of the
magnet's oscillation.

Methodology
1. Set up the experimental apparatus consisting of a spring-mass system, a magnet
attached to the mass, and a solenoid surrounding the magnet. Ensure that the
solenoid is connected to a measuring instrument such as a voltmeter or an
oscilloscope to measure the induced emf.
2. Displace the magnet from its equilibrium position and release it to initiate simple
harmonic motion. Measure the amplitude of the magnet's oscillation using a ruler or
a measuring tape.
3. Record the emf induced in the solenoid using a multimeter for a fixed duration of
time, ensuring that the magnet's oscillations are not damped out.
4. Repeat steps 5 for different amplitudes of the magnet's oscillation, ranging from
small to large values.
5. Plot a graph of the induced emf versus the amplitude of the magnet's oscillation.

Independent variable: Amplitude of magnet oscillation

Dependent variable: Induced EMF in the solenoid

Control variable: Mass of the system, spring constant, number of turns in the solenoid, magnetic field
strength, resistance of the circuit, and the position of the magnet within the solenoid.

Φ = B A cosθ

where Φ is the magnetic flux through the solenoid, B is the magnetic field strength, A is the area of
the solenoid, and θ is the angle between the normal to the solenoid and the magnetic field lines.

EMF = -N(dΦ/dt)

where EMF is the electromotive force induced, N is the number of turns in the solenoid, and dΦ/dt is
the rate of change of magnetic flux.