SCIENCE REVIEWER

VOLCANOES

ACTIVE VOLCANOES

● Any opening in the ground

where magma or molten rock
comes out
○ Some volcanoes do not
even form a cone
○ Some have slopes that
are so gentle they look
nearly flat
○ Some are just simple
cracks on the ground

TYPES OF VOLCANOES

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Volcanology and Seismology

● Active Volcanoes in the

Philippines
○ There are more than 200
volcanoes in the
Philippines, 23 of them are
active volcanoes
○ The most active are
Mayon in Albay, Taal in
Batangas, and Kanlaon in
Negros Oriental
● Active Volcanoes in other parts
of the world
○ New Zealand - Ruapehu
Volcano
○ Indonesia - Merapi
Volcano
○ Alaska - Shishaldin
● A Volcano is considered ACTIVE
Volcano
by PHIVOLCS if:
○ Mexico - Popocatépetl
○ The volcano has erupted
Volcano
within historic times
○ Japan
○ Accounts of the eruptions
○ Kuril Islands
were documented
○ Oregon
○ The volcano has erupted
○ Washington State
at least once within the
○ Colombia
last 10,000 years
○ Ecuador
○ Peru
○ Chile
PHIVOLCS - Philippine Institute of
● Pacific Ring of Fire

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○ Incredibly long string of

volcanoes, that stretches ● A weak to violent shaking of the
around much of the ground produced by the sudden
Pacific Ocean movement of rock materials
○ It is where most active below the earth’s surface.
volcanoes can be found ● Earthquakes usually takes place
mostly on active faults and
trenches

FAULTS

● A break in the ground along

which movement has taken
place

● Oceanic Ridges ○ Types of Faults

○ Chain of volcanoes in the ■ Normal Faults - a

seafloor type of dip-slip

fault where the
hanging wall
moves downwards
from the footwall
■ Reverse Faults - a
dip-slip fault in
which the hanging
wall moves
upwards, relative to
the footwall
■ Strike-Slip Faults -
are vertical
EARTHQUAKES fractures where the

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blocks have mostly

moved horizontally
● Can also be considered active
and inactive
● A fault can be active if it has
4. A government institution
that study about volcanoes and
earthquakes.
5. It is a break in the ground,
where movements has taken place.

moved one or more

MATCHING TYPE: Match the following
times in the last 10,000 years
word in column A to column B.
A. Volcanoes
B. Countries
1. Mayon Volcano
TRENCHES
a. Mexico
2. Merapi Volcano
● Deep canals on the b. New Zealand
seafloor 3. Shishaldin Volcano
● When viewed from the c. Philippines
side they have a V-shape 4. Popocatépetl Volcano
d. Alaska
cross section
5. Ruapehu Volcano
● Deepest Trench in the
e. Indonesia
world : Marinas Trench -
10 kilometers greater than
the height of Mt. Everest.

TEST:
DEFINITION: Define the following
description, on the space provided.
1. A place where two plates
moves towards each other.
2. The deep canals on the
seafloor.
GLOBAL PATTERN OF VOLCANOES
3. The outer most layer of the
AND EARTHQUAKES
earth

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dense,
PARTS OF EARTH
thicker, and
mainly
composed
of granite
○ MANTLE
■ Located below
crust and is up to
2900 km thick
■ It consists of hot,
dense, iron and
magnesium rich
solid rock
● INSIDE THE EARTH
■ The crust and
○ CRUST
upper part of the
■ Thin outer layer of
mantle make up
Earth
the lithosphere,
■ Made of solid rock,
which is broken
mostly basalt and
into plates both
granite
large and small
■ The two types of
■ Asthenosphere is
crust are
also located here
just below the
● Oceanic
lithosphere
crust –
denser and
thinner and
○ CORE
mainly
■ Innermost layer or
composed
center of the earth
of basalt
■ Made up of two
● Continental
parts the liquid
crust – less

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outer core which is That produces volcanoes

made of nickel, iron and generate
and molten rock. earthquakes
And solid inner
core that reach up
to 50,000 Celsius in
PLATE BOUNDARIES
temperature

● Types of Plate Boundaries

TECTONIC PLATE ○ Divergent Boundaries
■ A place where two
plates move away
from each other
■ As plates move
away from each
other, the rocks
eventually break
and sudden move
● PLATES producing
○ Plates have different sizes earthquakes
○ Plates are in motions ■ Molten rocks from
○ And when they move, the inside the earth
they interact with the comes up through
other plate boundaries.

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the cracks forming ■ They simply slide

volcanoes past to each other
○ Convergent Boundaries
■ A place where two
VOLCANISM AWAY FROM
plates move THE PLATE BOUNDARIES
toward each other.
■ Two plates that are
● Some volcanoes are located far
moving towards
from any boundary
each other may
● An example of this is the chain
both be oceanic
volcanoes that form the
plates. It also
Hawaiian Islands
possible that one
plate is continental
plate
■ Oceanic plates
carry the oceanic
crust, while the
continental plates
carry the
continental crust
○ Subduction
■ as the plate collide, ● In the mantle, there is a source
one plate sinks of molten rock called hotspot
under the other ● The molten rock then rises
pierces through the plate, and
○ Transform Boundaries forms a volcano on top
■ The plates are not ● These hotspot is stationary, but
moving away or the plates are moving that will
moving toward carry the volcano above away,
eachother and then become inactive

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if the statement is true and if false

change the underlined word to make
the statement is correct

1. If we compare an egg and the

earth, the earth’s mantle is the
egg’s yolk.
2. The chain of volcanoes of the
TEST Hawaiian Islands is made by a
IDENTIFICATION: Identify what is being hotspot below it.
asked on the following questions. 3. Valleys are formed because of
convergent plate boundaries.
1. These are the two 4. A puzzle-like structure that
metals that forms the crust is called the
compose the plate.
core of the earth. 5. Divergent boundaries happen
2. A layer of the when two plates move away
earth where the from each other.
asthenosphere is
located.
3. The result of
transform plate
boundaries.
WHAT MAKES THE PLATES MOVE?
4. What do you call
● Alfred Wegener
the molten rocks
○ Full Name: Alfred Lothar
inside a volcano
Wegener
5. Outermost and
○ born November 1, 1880
the thinnest layer
○ died November 1930
of the earth.
○ German meteorologist
and geophysicist
MODIFIED TRUE or FALSE: Write “TRUE”

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○ Formulated the first drifted apart to form the

complete statement of present continents
the continental drift
○ His Evidence consisted of
■ Fit of the continents
■ Fossils

PLATE TECTONIC

● A scientific theory that describes

how the lithosphere is divided
into continuously moving plates
● The movement of the plates is
said to contribute to continental
drifting

TWO THEORIES ON HOW PLATES

MOVE

● CONVECTION CURRENTS
● CONTINENTAL DRIFT
○ Suggest that earth has
one large continent that
eventually separated into
parts that gradually
○ There is heat inside the
earth, but the heat is not
evenly distributed. Some
parts within the mantle
are hotter compared to
other parts
○ The difference in
temperature lead to
differences in density. The
hotter mantle are less

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dense so they will rise,

while the cooler mantle is
denser so they will sink

● SLAB PULL
○ As the subducted part
sinks, it drags the rest of
the plate with it, pulling it
and making it move
○ When a plate has a long
subducting margin it
should move faster

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