Chapter2

Technique of integrations

1
2
Basic integration formulas:

Example:

3
Example:

4
Example:

5
6
Use tabular integration,

Powers of sine and cosine: using reduction formula. This obtains by expressing the integrands in
terms of integrands of lower power.

7
8
Integration of rational functions:

This section shows how to express a rational function (a quotient of polynomials) as a sum of
simpler fractions, called partial fractions, which are easily integrated. For instance, the rational
function

Then

General Description of the Method:

• The degree of ƒ(x) must be less than the degree of g(x). That is, the fraction must be proper.

• We must know the factors of g(x). In theory, any polynomial with real coefficients can be
written as a product of real linear factors and real quadratic factors. In practice, the factors
may be hard to find.

9
Example:

Example:

10
Example:

Example:

Hence

11
Example:

12
Example:

13
Example:

14
Trigonometric integrals:

15
16
17
18
Therefore

Trigonometric substitutions:

19
20
21
22
23
Improper integrals

So far we dealt with integration of continuous functions on bounded

intervals. In this section we will discuss integration of continuous functions
on unbounded intervals, and also integration of certain unbounded functions.

24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31