Chapter 8

Techniques of Integration
 8.4
Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions
 Method of Partial Fractions

 This section shows how to express a rational function

(a quotient of polynomials) as a sum of simpler fractions,
called partial fractions, which are easily integrated.
 For instance, the rational function

 can be written as:

 Therefore:
 Method of Partial Fractions

To find A & B, we must clear the equation of fractions by

multiplying the whole equation with LCM of the denominators
Method of Partial Fractions
 Improper Fractions

 The next example clarifies how we should handle cases

where the numerator f(x) is of a higher degree than the
denominator g(x).
Improper Fractions
Non-Linear Terms
Non-Linear Terms
The cover-up
method can be
used to make a
partial
fractions
decomposition
of a rational
function
p(x)/q(x)
whenever the
denominator
can be factored
into distinct
linear factors.
Example
Example
Example
Example
Other Methods