THE ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY SYSTEM AND THE BRAZILIAN ENVIRONMENTAL MILITARY POLICE

José Augusto Ferreira da Silva, Ph.D.*; Eduardo Frederico Cabral de Oliveira, M.Sc.**; José Francisco de Oliveira Júnior, M. Sc.

*Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Fluminense; ** Environmental Peacebuilding Association Eduardo Oliveira’s
vCard

INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND RESULTS RESULTS

Environmental Protection Systems Human Resource, Regional Distribution and Organization Analysis of Geographical Regions
• Conflicts arising from the dispute for natural resources
NORTH
have increased (United Nations Environmental • Criminal Justice System (SJC) South; 1.179;
Midwest ; 845;
12%
MIDWEST
P [2017]
NORTHEAST
P [2017] P [2017]

• Crime Prevention System (SPC)

5 5

Programme, 2009)
5
16% 4 4 4
3 3 Ve PMAm - 3
Ve PMAm - [2018] A [2016] Ve PMAm - [2018] A [2016] A [2016]

• National Environmental System (SISNAMA)

[2018] 2
2 2
1 1
Northeast ; 1
0 0 0
1.047; 14%
• In Brazil, internal tensions have intensified due to the • Environmental Safety System (SSA)
dispute over the use, consumption and/or insufficiency 7.252 V PMAm [2018]

HR PMAm [2018]
Rod [2017] V PMAm [2018]

HR PMAm [2018]
Rod [2017] V PMAm [2018]

HR PMAm [2018]
Rod [2017]

of natural resources, thus promoting crimes and North ; 810;

11%
generating social crises with direct repercussions on Southeast ;
3.371; 47%
SOUTHEAST
P [2017]
SOUTH
P [2017]

public order (Folly, 2018)

5 5
4 4

Source: PMAm, 2018. Ve PMAm - [2018]

3
2
A [2016] Ve PMAm - [2018]
3
A [2016]
2
Graph 2 – PMAms Human Resource Distribution by Region (2018) 1 1
0 0

• Pastoral Land Commission (2016): the most significant V PMAm [2018] Rod [2017] V PMAm [2018] Rod [2017]

number of conflicts in the field has been recorded Logistics-Operational Structure

since 2008, equivalent to 4.2 occurrences per day
HR PMAm [2018] HR PMAm [2018]

(Canuto, Luz, & Andrade, 2016) South 421 142 South 3

Legend: PMAms’ Human resources in 2018 (HR PMAm [2018]); PMAMS’ vehicles in 2018 (V PMAm
[2018]); PMAms’ vessels in 2018 (Ve PMAm – [2018]); estimated population in 2017 (P [2017]),
1.016 386 3 1
territorial area in km2 (A [2016]); extension of roads in km (Rod [2017]).
Southeast Southeast
Legend: Criminal justice system (SJC) with its systems of justice (SJ), penitentiary (SP) and public security Source: Authors, 2018.
Graph 7 – Brazilian Geographic Regions Analysis
(SSP); environmental military police (PMAm); crime prevention system (SPC). North 145 55 North 1 6
Source: Authors, 2018.
Figure 1 – Structure of systemic interrelationship Northeast 98 30 Northeast 2 7

OBJECTIVES 154 62 Midwest 2 2

CONCLUSIONS
• Changes in one system or another promote impacts on a
Midwest

• The SPC and SISNAMA are dynamically interconnected

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
0 200 400 600 800 1.000 1.200 1.400 1.600

local, regional, national, transnational or global scale TOTAL OF VEHICLES TOTAL OF VESSELS
Yes No

This research aimed:
• To demonstrate the interconnection among SISNAMA
and other social systems and, to contextualize the current
moment of the environmental safety system and its
consequences in the public order
Source: PMAm, 2018. Source: PMAm, 2018. • The military environmental police are the most significant
Graph 4 – PMAms Air Policing by Region (2018)
Graph 3– Vehicles and Vessels by Region (2018)
forces of nature protection in the country
• Operating results are impressive
Environmental Military Police The Use of Geotechnologies in Operational Planning • Brazilian biodiversity has been dilapidated
• The Midwest, Northeast and North are the most
• Dual function: The public security and the environmental
13; 48% vulnerable from surveillance by PMAms
safety 14; 52%

• To diagnose the current state in which Brazilian

• The lack of knowledge about the dynamic FUTURE WORK
interconnections within the SSA can promote an
environmental military police (PMAms) are Using GIS Not using GIS

undervaluation of the services developed by the Source: PMAm, 2018.

Graph 5 – Number of PMAms that Use GIS (2018)
• Brazilian geographic regions need further analysis
environmental units by their mother corporations, by • Environmental safety system needs to be better
governments and by society investigated and established
Integration with Other Entities
• Seeking the spatial autocorrelations between
METHODOLOGY • The Internalization of Environmental Costs in Public
environmental criminal phenomena and socio-
Security 12; 46% geographical variables
• Inter-American Development Bank - estimated the costs 14; 54%

• The research was based on exploratory and descriptive of crime and violence in 17 countries in Latin America and
methods of empirical reasoning based on qualitative and the Caribbean (2010 to 2014) = crime costs averaged REFERENCES
quantitative data obtained through questionnaires between 2.41% and 3.55% of the region's GDP (Jaitman et Share intelligence datas and/or intelligence information
Not share intelligence datas and/or intelligence information Canuto, A., Luz, C. R. da S., & Andrade, T. V. P. (Eds.). (2016). Conflitos no Campo - Brasil 2016. Goiânia: CPT
applied to PMAm, ICMBio and IBAMA, in order to al., 2017) Source: PMAm, 2018 . Nacional - Brasil. Retrieved from https://www.cptnacional.org.br/component/jdownloads/send/41-
conflitos-no-campo-brasil-publicacao/14061-conflitos-no-campo-brasil-2016?Itemid=0
evaluate the main organs of environmental oversight Graph 6 – Shared Intelligence Data and/or Intelligence Information among Agencies (2018)
Ferreira, M. C. (2014). Iniciação à análise geoespacial: teoria, técnicas e exemplos para geoprocessamento
• Between the years 2000 and 2017, 8.8 million people have (1st ed.). São Paulo: Editora Unesp.
Folly, M. (2018). Migrantes invisíveis: a crise de deslocamento forçado no Brasil (p. 41). Rio de Janeiro:
• The data were tabulated and grouped according to the been forcibly displaced in Brazil (Folly, 2018) Operating Results Instituto Igarapé. Retrieved from https://igarape.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Migrantes-
invis%C3%ADveis.pdf
Brazilian regional political-administrative division • The reverse is also true: public safety problems impact on REGION Seize or rescue of
APPREHENSIONS RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES
Fishing material Wood seized
Jaitman, L., Caprirolo, D., Granguillhome Ochoa, R., Keefer, P., Leggett, T., Lewis, J. A., … Torres, I. (2017). The
Costs of Crime and Violence: New Evidence and Insights in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington,
% Fishing seized (kg) % % %
environmental security Midwest
animals
6.613 7,8% 34.648,0 13,7%
seized
25.672 37,0%
(m3)
16.508,0 9,2%
DC: Inter-American Development Bank. https://doi.org/10.18235/0000615
Rigaud, K. K., de Sherbinin, A., Jones, B., Bergmann, J., Clement, V., Ober, K., … Midgley, A. (2018).
• The Sturges technique was used for the exploratory • Ivory Coast - diamonds, cocoa and cotton Northeast
North
24.996
7.182
29,5%
8,5%
1.760,2
29.262,6
0,7%
11,6%
6.328
11.830
9,1%
17,0%
669,0
43.245,7
0,4%
24,1%
Groundswell : Preparing for Internal Climate Migration (p. 222). Washington, DC: World Bank. Retrieved
analysis of socio-geographic data about logistic- • Democratic Republic of the Congo - copper, gold and Southeast
South
34.814
11.202
41,1%
13,2%
181.010,2
6.167,0
71,6%
2,4%
22.176
3.392
32,0%
4,9%
95.847,2
22.855,0
53,5%
12,8%
from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29461
United Nations Environment Programme (Ed.). (2009). From conflict to peacebuilding: the role of natural
operational data (Ferreira, 2014) diamonds Brazil
84.807 100,0% 252.847,9 100,0% 69.398 100,0% 179.124,8 100,0%
resources and the environment. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme.

• Colombia - land grabbing by armed groups that Source: PMAm, 2018.

promoted deforestation for the cultivation of illicit
Table 1 – Apprehensions Related to Environmental Crimes (2017) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• The bibliometric method was used, with the data mining
technique in the Scopus database narcotics
• Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) - the gangs started to use illicit We thank all Brazilian environmental military police
sand and gravel, as well as to promote illegal corporations and the Environmental Engineering
deforestation, for real estate exploitation in the area Undergradute Program of Instituto Federal de Educação,
5 min 6 min, 10 h, 700 kg / day 70 Olympic Ciência e Tecnologia Fluminense for supporting this research
240 d, 7.000 m Pools / year