Diffusion
 As a result of diffusion at the venous ends of
pulmonary capillaries, the po2 in the blood is
equal to the po2 in the alveoli, and the pco2 in
the blood is equal to the pco2 in the alveoli
Osmosis
 Blood is regulation of pH and osmosis
Negative feedback
 When any deviation from the set point is
made smaller
 Does not prevent variation but maintains
variation within normal range
 Ex: maintenance of normal body temperature
Positive feedback
 Ex: the uterine contractions push the baby
against the opening of uterus stretching it
further. Eliminated.
Systemic anatomy
 Is the study of the structures that make up a
discrete body system, or a collection of
structures that work together to perform a
specific function
 focuses on the anatomy of different organ
systems,
Mitosis
 the process by which a cell replicates its
chromosomes and then segregates them,
producing two identical nuclei in preparation
for cell division.
 generally followed by equal division of the
cell's content into two daughter cells that
have identical genomes.
  is a fundamental process for life.
Meiosis
 is a type of cell division in sexually
reproducing organisms that reduces the
number of chromosomes in gamete
 the type of cell division that creates egg and
sperm cells
Alveoli
 Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles
 are where the lungs and the blood exchange
oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process
of breathing in and breathing out.
Elastic cartilage
 is a type of cartilage that provides both
strength and elasticity to certain parts of the
body, such as the ears.
 More flexible cartilage
Fibro cartilage
 is the strongest transitional connective tissue
made up of collagen fibers and chondrocytes.
 cross between hyaline cartilage and dense
connective tissue
  found in the pubic symphysis
Skeletal muscle
 enable humans to move and perform daily
activities. They play an essential role in
respiratory mechanics and help maintain
posture and balance. They also protect the
vital organs in the body.
Swans cells
 are a type of glial cell that surrounds neurons,
keeping them alive and sometimes covering
them with a myelin sheath, and are the major
glial cell type in the peripheral nervous
system. They play essential roles in the
development, maintenance, function, and
regeneration of peripheral nerves.
Osteocytes
 regulate local mineral deposition and
chemistry at the bone matrix level, and they
also function as endocrine cells producing
factors that target distant organs such as the
kidney to regulate phosphate transport.
Osteocytes appear to be the major local
orchestrator of many of bone's functions.
Oligodendrocytes
 They are the end product of a cell lineage
which has to undergo a complex and precisely
timed program of proliferation, migration,
differentiation, and myelination to finally
produce the insulating sheath of axons.
Astrocytes
 transfer mitochondria to neurons, and supply
the building blocks of neurotransmitters,
which fuel neuronal metabolism
X and Y axis
 the x-axis would go from front to back, the y-
axis would go from left to right, and the z-axis
would go from up to down. T
Prophase
 the complex of DNA and proteins
contained in the nucleus, known as
chromatin, condenses.
Metaphase
 the nucleus dissolves and the cell's
chromosomes condense and move together,
aligning in the center of the dividing cell.
 Process of cell division
Anaphase
 each pair of chromosomes is separated into
two identical, independent chromosomes
 Stage of mitosis after the process of
metaphase
Telophase
 a nuclear membrane forms around each set of
chromosomes to separate the nuclear DNA
from the cytoplasm. 
Smooth muscle contraction
  depends on calcium influx
 acetylcholine stimulate contraction in some
smooth muscle: release of nitric oxide.
Apoptosis
 process of programmed cell death
 It is used during early development to
eliminate unwanted cells; for example, those
between the fingers of a developing hand. In
adults, apoptosis is used to rid the body of
cells that have been damaged beyond repair.
Apoptosis also plays a role in preventing
cancer.
Necrosis
 the death of body tissue
 It occurs when too little blood flows to the
tissue. This can be from injury, radiation, or
chemicals. Necrosis cannot be reversed. When
large areas of tissue die due to a lack of blood
supply, the condition is called gangrene.
Dendrites
 the finger-like cells present on the end of a
neuron. They are short, branching fibres
extending from the cell body of the nerve cell.
This fibre increases the surface area available
for receiving incoming information. Dendrites
are the receiving or input portions of a
neuron.
Axon
 carry electrical impulses that are the means of
communication within the brain and between
the brain and the rest of the body.
 where electrical impulses from the neuron
travel away to be received by other neurons.
Hypotonic
 lower osmotic pressure  Depolarization
Isotonic
 any external solution that has the same solute
concentration and water concentration
compared to body fluids. In an isotonic
solution, no net movement of water will take
place.
Hypertonic
 high osmotic pressure.
Plasma membrane
 provides protection for a cell. It also provides
a fixed environment inside the cell. And that
membrane has several different functions.
One is to transport nutrients into the cell and
also to transport toxic substances out of the
cell.
Nucleus
 the repository of genetic information and as
the cell's control center. DNA replication,
transcription, and RNA processing all take
place within the nucleus, with only the final
stage of gene expression (translation) localized
to the cytoplasm.
Ribosomes
 is an intercellular structure made of both RNA
and protein, and it is the site of protein
synthesis in the cell. The ribosome reads the
messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and
translates that genetic code into a specified
string of amino acids, which grow into long
chains that fold to form proteins.
Lysosomes
 the digestive system of the cell, serving both
to degrade material taken up from outside the
cell and to digest obsolete components of the
cell itself.
Epethilial cell
 are widespread throughout the body. They
form the covering of all body surfaces, line
body cavities and hollow organs, and are the
major tissue in glands. They perform a variety
of functions that include protection, secretion,
absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and
sensory reception.
Amino acids
 are the building blocks of proteins
Synapse
 The places where neurons connect and
communicate with each other 
Protein
 is a nutrient your body needs to grow and
repair cells, and to work properly. Protein is
found in a wide range of food and it's
important that you get enough protein in your
diet every day.
 is when a change occurs inside a cell that
causes the distribution of electric charges to
alter, leaving the cell with a less negative
charge than the outside.
Cytoplasmic extension
 processes, that project from the cell body.
They are sometimes referred to as fibers
Decussation
 is an intersection of pathways in the form of
an X.
Grey and white matter
 Grey matter largely functions to receive
information and regulate outgoing
information, as it contains the cell bodies of
neurons.
 White matter, which is largely composed of
axons, serves to transmit signals to other
regions of the brain, spinal cord, and body.
2 type of nerve in dorsal foot
Deep peroneal nerve
Superficial peroneal nerve

Autonomic nervous system

 The part of the nervous system that controls
muscles of internal organs (such as the heart,
blood vessels, lungs, stomach, and intestines)
and glands (such as salivary glands and sweat
glands).