Units 11 - 1 To 11 - 5 NB With Answers

11 Changing climate, changing environments
Junior Secondary Exploring Geography (Third Edition) 11 Changing climate, changing environments
Revision worksheets
1 What is happening to global climate?

1.1 What is climate?  Textbook pp. 3–4
1 Weather is the condition of the air over a short period of time. Climate is the
average weather conditions over many years .
2 a Complete the figure below to show the instruments used to measure the key elements of
weather and climate.
A thermometer
measures air temperature (°C/°F)
(Credit: TheTurducken/Flickr)
A wet and dry bulb hygrometer measures

relative humidity ( % )
An anemometer measures
wind speed (m/s)
(Credit: morebyless/Flickr)
A wind vane measures wind

direction (N, E, S, W)
(Credit: OliBac/Flickr)
A rain gauge measures

rainfall (mm)
(Credit: Nochoman-au/Wikimedia Commons)
b Name TWO other key elements of weather and climate that are not mentioned above.
 Air pressure
 Sunshine duration
© Oxford University Press (China) Ltd 2022 1

Revision worksheets
1.2 What is the climatic pattern of the world?  Textbook pp. 5–7
A The global temperature pattern
1 The map below shows the annual mean surface temperature of the world.
a Name the following regions according to its range of annual mean surface temperature.
 Tropical regions: Around 25–30°C
 Temperate regions: Between –10 and 25°C
 Polar regions: Between –30 and –10°C
b Describe the general pattern of the surface temperature of the world.
The surface temperature of the world decreases with increasing latitude.

Tropical regions have high temperatures, whereas polar regions are very
cold .

Revision worksheets
B The global precipitation pattern
2 Refer to the map below. Describe the global precipitation pattern of the world.
Precipitation is ( evenly / unevenly ) distributed across the world.
 Polar regions are ( wet / dry ).
 Inland areas are usually ( wetter / drier ) than coastal areas.
 Areas around the Equator have ( small / large ) amounts of precipitation.
1.3 What is the climate of South China?  Textbook p. 8

Climatic graph of Hong Kong
Refer to the climatic graph of Hong Kong on the
left. Fill in the blanks below to show the
characteristics of the climate of South China.
 There are four distinct seasons.
It has a monsoon climate with the

following characteristics:
 hot and wet summers
 cool and dry winters
 rainfall concentrated in summer

Revision worksheets
1.4 Is the global climate changing?  Textbook pp. 9–12
A Increase in global average temperature
1 Refer to the figure below. Describe the change in global average temperature since 1880.
 Global average temperature has ( increased / decreased ) since 1880.
 The rate of increase has become ( faster / slower ) since the 1980s.
B Changes in the global precipitation pattern
2 In general, wet areas become wetter , while dry areas become drier .
 Precipitation has increased over the mid-latitude land areas of the Northern
Hemisphere, south-eastern South America and northern Australia.
 Some places (e.g. the Sahel region) have become drier.
3 Below are some observed changes in the global precipitation pattern:
 more intense rainstorms;
 shorter duration of rainfall;
 ( increase / decrease ) in the number of days with precipitation; and
 precipitation often falls as rain rather than snow in some places.

Revision worksheets
2 What is causing our climate to change?

2.1–2.2 What is a greenhouse? What is the greenhouse effect?
 Textbook pp. 14–15
1 A greenhouse is used for growing plants in cold areas. Its glass traps heat inside
the greenhouse. Therefore, the temperature inside the greenhouse is higher than
that outside.
2 In the greenhouse effect, greenhouse gases such as water vapour and carbon
dioxide can trap heat by absorbing and re-radiating energy to keep the
earth warm.
3 The greenhouse effect is a ( natural / man-made ) process. It is essential for life on earth.
4 Complete the figure below to show how the greenhouse effect works.
Greenhouse gases absorb

some of this energy

 Energy is re-radiated
back to the earth’s surface
  Energy is emitted into

The sun’s energy
the atmosphere
reaches the
earth’s surface
 The earth’s surface  The earth is
absorbs some kept warm
of this energy and is heated
Atmosphere
5 Complete the flow chart below to explain why the earth is getting warmer.
The amount of greenhouse gases in the ( More / Less ) greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere is ( increasing / decreasing ) atmosphere absorb ( more / less ) energy
( More / Less ) energy is This intensifies the

Global
re-radiated back to the greenhouse effect, causing
warming
earth’s surface the earth to become warmer

Revision worksheets
2.3 What has led to the increase in the amount of greenhouse gases?
1 The four major types of greenhouse gases that are responsible for causing global warming are
carbon dioxide , methane , chlorofluorocarbons and
nitrous oxide.
2 The concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased over the past decades.
This is mainly due to rapid population growth and the resulting increase in
human activity.
3 Fill in the blanks in the figure on pp. 6–8 to show the human sources of greenhouse gases.
Tick ‘✓’ the correct boxes to show the greenhouse gas(es) emitted by the human activity.
Power generation
(Credit: twenty20photos/Envato Elements) (Credit: twenty20photos/Envato Elements)
Burning fossil fuels in Use of cars and ships that run on

power plants to generate electricity fossil fuels
 CO2  N2O  CO2  N 2O
 CH4  CFCs  CH4  CFCs
Burning fossil fuels to power

industrial processes that
require a lot of energy (e.g. making
metals and cement)
 CO2  CH4  N2O  CFCs

(Credit: byrdyak/Envato Elements)

Revision worksheets
Waste treatment
(Credit: twenty20photos/Envato Elements)

(Credit: Ed Hawco/Flickr)
Decomposition of
Burning of waste in organic waste
incinerators materials in landfills
 CO2  N2O  CO2  N2O
 CH4  CFCs  CH4  CFCs
Industrial processes
(Credit: lightzone/Envato
Elements)
(Credit: Windell Oskay/Flickr) Production

Production of foams and of nylon
refrigerants  CO2  N2O
 CO2  CH4  N2O  CFCs  CH4  CFCs

Revision worksheets
Deforestation
Burning of trees
 CO2  N2O
 CH4  CFCs
(Credit: MirkoVitali/Envato Elements)
Farming activities
Paddy farming
 CO2
 CH4
 N2O
 CFCs
(Credit: sommai/Envato Elements)
(Credit: RossHelen/Envato Elements)

(Credit: cynoclub/Envato Elements)
Using nitrogen
Cattle rearing fertilizers in farming
 CO2  N 2O  CO2  N 2O
 CH4  CFCs  CH4  CFCs

Revision worksheets
3 What are the effects of climate change?
3.1 What are the harmful effects of climate change?  Textbook pp. 20–9
A Rising sea levels
1 Complete the flow chart below to show how a rise in global temperature leads to flooding in
coastal areas.
Ice cover on land (e.g. glaciers on

high mountains) melts
Global Sea level rises
temperature rises Sea water heats up and
expands
Many low-lying coastal
areas and island countries
will be flooded
B More meteorological hazards
2 Complete the flow chart below to show how a rise in global temperature leads to more and
stronger meteorological hazards in wet areas.
Global temperature rises
( More / Less ) evaporation
( More / Less ) water vapour condenses ,

releasing more heat to the air
Stronger typhoons Stronger blizzards Intense rainstorms

(/) (/) (/)
Greater storm surges , More flooding in low-

together with rising sea levels lying areas and coastal areas

Revision worksheets
3 Complete the flow chart below to show how a rise in global temperature leads to other
meteorological hazards.
Global temperature rises
( More / Less ) evaporation More heat waves
In dry areas
Relative humidity (  /  ) Wildfires (  /  )
Rainfall (  /  ) Droughts (  /  )
Worsens
Soil erosion (  /  ) desertification
C Spread of diseases
4 As a warmer climate will extend towards the poles, tropical diseases such as malaria and
dengue fever will spread to the temperate areas.
D Reduction in crop yields and the food supply
5 Complete the flow chart below to show how the food supply may be affected by climate
change.
Higher sea levels More frequent and stronger Pests become more
meteorological active and plant diseases
hazards (e.g. drought) become more widespread
Flood Make the land too Risk of crop failure

the fields salty for farming (/)
Food supply (  /  )

Revision worksheets
E Extinction of species
6 a As temperature and precipitation patterns change, the habitats of existing

plants and animals will change too.
b Species that cannot adapt to the changing climate may die off. Below are two examples.
Higher temperature of the sand upsets the sex ratio

of sea turtles and causes less reproduction
(Credit: yurakrasil/
Envato Elements)
Shrinking sea ice reduces the

(Credit: photocreo/
ability of polar bears to find enough food Envato Elements)
7 Massive extinction of species threatens ecological balance and security. Damaged

ecosystems may not be able to provide the resources needed for human survival.
How does climate change adversely affect Tuvalu?  Textbook p. 30
Explore further
Fill in the blanks below to show the adverse effects of climate change in Tuvalu.
Rising sea levels and stronger typhoons lead

to coastal erosion , reducing the
size of some islands
Greater storm surges lead to serious

flooding , destroying farms
and reducing crop yields
Lower rainfall leads to drought ,

reducing the freshwater supply
Warmer seawater leads to coral

bleaching , disrupting marine
ecosystems and reducing fish stocks

Revision worksheets
3.2 What are the possible benefits of climate change?  Textbook pp. 32–4
A Economic gains from the polar regions
1 Complete the table below to explain the possible economic benefits that people may gain from
the polar regions as the climate gets warmer.
Benefit Explanation
a Shorter  The area of Arctic sea ice is becoming ( larger / smaller ).
shipping As a result, the Arctic shipping routes will become ( wider /
routes narrower )
 Compare with traditional routes, Arctic shipping routes are
often shorter and therefore cost ( more / less ) in terms of
fuel. Using these routes may help boost trade and
economic development
b Easier access to  As polar ice melts, extraction of natural
natural resources (e.g. oil, natural gas and ores of metals) in the
resources polar regions will be easier
 Countries that can obtain these resources
can use them to fuel economic
development
 Oceans in the polar regions will become ice-free for

c Boost in
longer during summer. This allows more cruise
tourism
ships to carry visitors to previously inaccessible
locations in the polar regions
 This brings job opportunities and income
to people organizing these tours
B Benefits to the temperate regions
2 As the temperate regions become warmer due to climate change, these regions may enjoy the
following benefits:
 shorter and warmer winters reduce the energy consumption for heating ;
 less severe winters result in fewer deaths due to cold weather; and
 farmers may be able to grow more crops because of a longer growing season .

Revision worksheets
3.3 How does climate change affect China?  Textbook pp. 35–6
1 The temperature and precipitation patterns in China have changed in the following ways:
 the annual mean surface air temperature in China has risen by about 1 °C in the
last hundred years;
 the annual precipitation has slightly ( increased / decreased ), with regional variations;
 the annual number of days with rainfall has significantly ( increased / decreased ); and
 extreme rainfall events have ( increased / decreased ).
2 Complete the figure on pp. 13–14 to show the effects of climate change in China in different
aspects.
1 Sea level
As glaciers melt, the sea level has risen. This
worsens coastal erosion
2 Flooding
 ( More / Fewer ) floods in the northern region
 ( More / Fewer ) and greater floods in the
southern and western regions
3 Drought
More frequent and intense drought conditions in
the northern , north-eastern and
south-western regions
4 Extreme hot events

More frequent heat waves , especially in the
northern and south-eastern regions. This leads to more cases
of heat stroke
5 Extreme cold events

( More / Less ) frequent but ( more / less ) intense extreme
cold events

Revision worksheets
6 Spread of diseases
Regions at risk from dengue fever will
expand towards the north
7 Farming
 Rising sea levels flood the fields. Fields become too
salty for farming, causing crop yields to decrease
 Farmers can grow rice, wheat and maize further north in
north-eastern and north-western regions
 More farms in the northern region are affected by
pests and diseases
8 Biodiversity
 Serious coral bleaching in the Nan Hai
 Severe damage in coastal wetlands
due to rising sea levels
How does climate change affect blizzards in China?  Textbook p. 37
Explore further
Fill in the blanks below to show the effects of climate change on blizzards in China.
A warming atmosphere
provides more
energy for
Blizzards will become ( more /
Blizzards are strong blizzards to develop
less ) frequent and powerful,
snowstorms with high
especially in the
wind speeds. They bring very
north-eastern and
low temperatures and low
north-western
visibility
regions of China

Revision worksheets
4 What is happening in Hong Kong?

4.1 How has the climate of Hong Kong changed in recent decades?
Tick ‘✓’ the correct column in the table below to summarise the changes in the climate of Hong
Kong in recent decades.
Change
Weather and climatic element
Increase Decrease
Annual mean temperature ✓

Air temperature
Number of hot nights ✓
Number of very hot days

✓
Number of cold days ✓
Annual rainfall ✓
Number of days with rainfall

Rainfall
Days with heavy rainfall ✓
Extreme rainfall events ✓
Cloud cover
✓
Other
Number of days with thunderstorms

✓
Wind speed in urban areas ✓

Revision worksheets
4.2 What are the causes of the changing climate in Hong Kong?
A Global climate change
1 Global climate change leads to the changes in the temperature and

rainfall patterns of Hong Kong.
B Urban development in Hong Kong
2 Fill in the blanks below to show how urban development affects the climate of Hong Kong.
Cutting down ( More / Less ) vegetation

trees to make to lower air temperature by
way for urban development transpiration
Concrete buildings absorb and retain heat effectively
Tall and dense buildings

in urban areas block wind More heat is trapped
flow
Urban
Produces
activities (e.g. air
heat
conditioning and transport) Burning more
require a large fossil fuels
Produces
amount
greenhouse
of energy
gases
( More / Less )
Heat island ( Higher / Lower )
frequent heavy rain
effect temperature in urban
and thunderstorms
areas
Moisture from wet surface

(e.g. sea and reservoir)

Revision worksheets
4.3 What are the possible effects of climate change in Hong Kong?
Complete the flow chart below to show the possible effects of climate change in Hong Kong.
Damage buildings Disrupt traffic and

and structures people’s daily life
Higher risk of flooding

in coastal areas Interrupt the power
supply and
More landslides Greater storm surges telecommunications
Other extreme
Extreme rainfall Stronger typhoons Rising sea levels
weather events
 Natural hazards
Possible effects of climate change
 Society and health  Environment
Impacts of climate Higher temperatures Rising sea levels Warmer seawater

change in other parts
of the world
More cases of heat Flood Mai Po Cause coral
stroke and Nature Reserve bleaching
Prices of imported dengue
food and goods in fever
Hong Kong (  /  ) Destroy wildlife Affect the marine
habitats habitat

Revision worksheets
5 What can we do about it?

5.1 What are different countries doing to combat climate change?
1 Governments of different countries aim to achieve carbon neutrality by reducing

the amount of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide in particular) in the atmosphere.
2 Complete columns 1 and 2 of the table on pp. 18–19 to show the main approaches and
measures to combat climate change.
Approach Measure Example

Slowing 1 Reducing energy consumption , ,
down the  Helps reduce the amount of fossil fuels , , 
emission of that we use
greenhouse  Mainly achieved by improving energy
gases efficiency
2 Using more renewable energy resources 
 E.g. solar power and wind power
 Clean and do not emit greenhouse gases during
electricity generation
(Credit: elxeneize/Envato Elements)
3 Carrying out waste separation and recycling 

 Reduces the amount of waste treated in
landfills and incinerators
 Less energy is used when we make new products
from recycled materials
4 Reducing the use of chemical fertilizers in 
farming

Revision worksheets
3 Approach Measure Example

Removing 1 Planting more trees 
greenhouse More trees can help absorb more
gases from the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
atmosphere
(Credit: leungchopan/Envato Elements)
2 Increasing other carbon sinks 

Grasslands and wetlands help remove
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
Below are some of the examples of measures adopted in different countries. Classify
them by writing the numbers in the last column of the table on pp. 18–19.
 Restoring degraded  Building cycle superhighways to

wetlands in China encourage cycling in the Netherlands
Setting up an emission trading

  Using wall insulation in homes to
scheme in New Zealand
reduce the need for heating in Canada
Implementing the Action Plan for the


Zero Increase of Fertilizer Use in China

Revision worksheets
5.2 Why is international cooperation in combating climate change

difficult?  Textbook pp. 59–61
1 It is not easy to get all countries to work together to combat climate change. This is due to the
following reasons.
 Countries have different viewpoints over the share of responsibility .

For example, some think that countries that were the major emitters in the past should be
responsible, while some think that the largest emitters today should be responsible
instead.
 Some countries are unwilling to reduce greenhouse gas emissions because it is

costly and may slow down economic growth .
 Some countries do not have enough money and the technology

to combat climate change.
2 Refer to the major efforts of international cooperation to deal with climate change. Complete
the table below to match the conference/agreement with their details (using numbering) and
write the respective years to show the progress of international cooperation.
 Cancun Agreements
Conference/
Detail Year
Agreement
a It requires more developed countries (MDCs) to cut  1997
greenhouse gas emissions
b The Green Climate Fund was set up to help poor countries  2010
cope with climate change
c MDCs and some major developing economies agreed to  2011
draft a legally binding treaty that addresses climate change
d All countries agreed to set their own emissions reduction  2015
targets to keep the global temperature rise below 2°C above
pre-industrial levels

Revision worksheets
5.3 What should we do as individuals to combat climate change?

Suggest TWO things that you can do to help combat climate change in the following aspects:
1 When staying at home
Use less air conditioning/Save energy by turning off

lights and computers that are not in use/Eat more
vegetables and less meat/Grow some green plants/
Carry out the 4Rs—replace, reduce, reuse and recycle
(any 2)
2 When going out

Walk or ride a bike if the travelling distance is
short/Use public transport such as buses and trains
3 When shopping
Bring your own shopping bag/Buy less/Buy local and

seasonal food/Avoid products with excess packaging
(any 2)

Revision worksheets

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11 Changing climate, changing environments

1 What is happening to global climate?

A wet and dry bulb hygrometer measures

A wind vane measures wind

A rain gauge measures

(Credit: Nochoman-au/Wikimedia Commons)

© Oxford University Press (China) Ltd 2022 1

A The global temperature pattern

 Tropical regions: Around 25–30°C

 Temperate regions: Between –10 and 25°C

 Polar regions: Between –30 and –10°C

b Describe the general pattern of the surface temperature of the world.

The surface temperature of the world decreases with increasing latitude.

© Oxford University Press (China) Ltd 2022 2

B The global precipitation pattern

Precipitation is ( evenly / unevenly ) distributed across the world.

 Polar regions are ( wet / dry ).

 Inland areas are usually ( wetter / drier ) than coastal areas.

 Areas around the Equator have ( small / large ) amounts of precipitation.

1.3 What is the climate of South China?  Textbook p. 8

 There are four distinct seasons.

It has a monsoon climate with the

 hot and wet summers

 cool and dry winters

 rainfall concentrated in summer

© Oxford University Press (China) Ltd 2022 3

1.4 Is the global climate changing?  Textbook pp. 9–12

A Increase in global average temperature

 Global average temperature has ( increased / decreased ) since 1880.

B Changes in the global precipitation pattern

 Some places (e.g. the Sahel region) have become drier.

3 Below are some observed changes in the global precipitation pattern:

 more intense rainstorms;

 shorter duration of rainfall;

 ( increase / decrease ) in the number of days with precipitation; and

 precipitation often falls as rain rather than snow in some places.

© Oxford University Press (China) Ltd 2022 4

2 What is causing our climate to change?

Greenhouse gases absorb

  Energy is emitted into

( More / Less ) energy is This intensifies the

© Oxford University Press (China) Ltd 2022 5

(Credit: twenty20photos/Envato Elements) (Credit: twenty20photos/Envato Elements)

Burning fossil fuels in Use of cars and ships that run on

Burning fossil fuels to power

 CO2  CH4  N2O  CFCs

© Oxford University Press (China) Ltd 2022 6

(Credit: twenty20photos/Envato Elements)

(Credit: Windell Oskay/Flickr) Production

© Oxford University Press (China) Ltd 2022 7

(Credit: MirkoVitali/Envato Elements)

(Credit: sommai/Envato Elements)

(Credit: RossHelen/Envato Elements)

© Oxford University Press (China) Ltd 2022 8

3 What are the effects of climate change?

A Rising sea levels

Ice cover on land (e.g. glaciers on

B More meteorological hazards

Global temperature rises

( More / Less ) evaporation

( More / Less ) water vapour condenses ,

Stronger typhoons Stronger blizzards Intense rainstorms