LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1 shows the different types of tall buildings ................................................................... 7

Figure 2 Different shape of braced building .............................................................................. 9
Figure 3 shows Shear Wall building ........................................................................................ 10
Figure 4 Shows Coupled Shear Wall Building ........................................................................ 11
Figure 5 Shows Framed Tube Structures ................................................................................. 12
Figure 6 shows Example of twin tower ................................................................................... 14
Figure 7 Building failure (Albania earthquake, 2019) ............................................................. 15
Figure 8 Ministry of Culture building (Haitian earthquake, 2010) .......................................... 15
Figure 9 (a) Damage to the flexible side .................................................................................. 15
Figure 10 Damage to the stiff side ........................................................................................... 15
Figure 11 Classification of structural irregularity .................................................................... 16
Figure 12 Illustration of torsion irregularity ratio (TIR) calculation ................................................ 18
Figure 13 Illustration of re-entrant corners in the plan shapes ................................................ 18
Figure 14 methodology procedure ........................................................................................... 25
Figure 15 Response Spectra ..................................................................................................... 30
Figure 16 shows the regular building with link Plan View and 3D view of present study ..... 34
Figure 17 shows the regular building without link Plan View and 3D view of present study 35
Figure 18 shows the L shape irregular building without link Plan View and 3D view of
present study ............................................................................................................................ 35
Figure 19 shows the L shape irregular building with link Plan View and 3D view of present
study ......................................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 20 shows the C shape irregular building without link Plan View and 3D view of
present study ............................................................................................................................ 36
Figure 21 shows the regular building with link Plan View and 3D view of present study ..... 37
Figure 22 Wind flow in Building ............................................................................................. 39
Figure 23 Storey Displacement in RSX Direction ................................................................... 43
Figure 24 Storey Displacement in RSY Direction ................................................................... 43
Figure 25 Storey Drift ratio in RSX Direction......................................................................... 44
Figure 26 Storey Drift ratio in RSY Direction......................................................................... 45
Figure 27 Storey Shear in RSX Direction............................................................................... 46
Figure 28 Storey Shear in RSY Direction............................................................................... 46
 LIST OF CONTENT
LIST OF FIGURE.................................................................................................................. 1

LIST OF C ONTENT ...................................................................................................... 2

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................................................. 6

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 6

1.0 General..................................................................................................................... 6

1.1 Types of Tall buildings Base on functionality......................................................... 7

1.2 Types of Tall Buildings Based on Load Resisting System ..................................... 9

Braced Frame Structures ................................................................................................ 9

Rigid Frame Structures .................................................................................................. 9

Infilled Frame Structures ............................................................................................. 10

Shear Wall Structures .................................................................................................. 10

Coupled Shear Wall Structures .................................................................................... 10

Wall Frame Structures ................................................................................................. 11

Framed Tube Structures ............................................................................................... 11

Tube in Tube or Hull-core Structures .......................................................................... 12

1.3 Twin Tower ........................................................................................................... 12

1.4 Effect of irregularities in RC frame structures ...................................................... 14

1.5 Classification of Irregularities ............................................................................... 16

 Plan Irregularities ............................................................................................... 17

 Mass Irregularities ............................................................................................. 17

 Structural System Irregularities ......................................................................... 17

Torsion irregularities .................................................................................................... 17

Re-entrant corners ........................................................................................................ 18

1.6 Need for this study................................................................................................. 19

 Structural Optimization ......................................................................................... 19

  Mitigation of Vibrations ........................................................................................ 19

 Seismic Resilience ................................................................................................. 19

 Cost-Effectiveness: ................................................................................................ 19

 Knowledge Gap Identification............................................................................... 19

 Practical Guidelines ............................................................................................... 19

1.7 Organization of the thesis ...................................................................................... 20

CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................ 21

LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................... 21

2.0 General................................................................................................................... 21

2.1 Previous Study ....................................................................................................... 21

2.2 Summary of the literature review .......................................................................... 23

2.3 Scope of the Study: ................................................................................................ 23

CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................ 25

METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 25

3.0 General................................................................................................................... 25

3.1 Structural Modeling: .............................................................................................. 26

3.2 Seismic Hazard Assessment: ................................................................................. 26

3.3 Dynamic Analysis: ................................................................................................ 26

3.4 Code Compliance and Performance Evaluation: ................................................... 26

3.5 Interpretation of Results and Recommendations: .................................................. 26

3.6 Analysis procedure used in this study ................................................................... 27

3.6.1 Equivalent Static Method ............................................................................... 27

3.6.2 Principle of the Equivalent Static Method ..................................................... 27

3.6.4 Steps in Applying the Equivalent Static Method: .......................................... 28

3.6.5 Uses of the Equivalent Static Method: ........................................................... 28

3.7 Response Spectrum Method .................................................................................. 29

3.7.1 Principle of the Response Spectrum Method: ................................................ 29

 3.7.2 Formula for the Response Spectrum: ............................................................. 29

3.7.3 Steps in Applying the Response Spectrum Method ....................................... 30

3.8 Wind load analysis procedure................................................................................ 31

CHAPTER-4 ............................................................................................................................ 34

STRUCTURAL MODELING ............................................................................................. 34

4.0 General ...................................................................................................................... 34

4.1 Description of Building ......................................................................................... 37

4.2 Material properties for building ............................................................................. 38

4.3 Load & data Considered In Present Work ............................................................. 38

4.4 Lateral Wind Force ................................................................................................ 38

4.5 Loading Data on Building ..................................................................................... 40

CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................ 42

Result and Discussion .......................................................................................................... 42

5.0 General................................................................................................................... 42

5.1 Storey Displacement Results: ............................................................................ 42

5.2 Storey Drift ............................................................................................................ 44

5.3 Storey Shear ........................................................................................................... 45

5.4 Modal mass participation ratio .............................................................................. 47

5.5 Base shear .............................................................................................................. 50

CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................................................................ 51

CONCLUSIONS.................................................................................................................. 51

6.0 General................................................................................................................... 51

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 53
 ABSTRACT
In recent years, twin tall reinforced concrete (RCC) buildings have gained significant
popularity due to their aesthetic appeal and efficient space utilization. However, their
structural performance under seismic loads remains a major concern. This study aims to
investigate the seismic behavior and wind analysis of twin tall RCC buildings with varying
sizes of links at different locations, both in irregular and regular configurations. The
parametric study is conducted using advanced finite element analysis software called Etabs,
considering various design parameters such as , floor plan irregularity, and link location. The
irregular configurations are based on the principles of architectural design, while the regular
configurations serve as benchmarks for comparison. The seismic performance is evaluated
based on a comprehensive set of performance criteria, including inter-story drift, base shear,
and structural response. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the behavior
of twin tall RCC buildings under seismic loads and wind load. The results indicate that the
presence of irregularities in the floor plan significantly affects the structural response, leading
to higher inter-story drifts and increased vulnerability to seismic forces. However, by
introducing appropriately sized links at strategic locations, the overall structural performance
can be improved. Moreover, the analysis reveals that the effectiveness of link size varies
depending on its location within the building. For irregular configurations, larger links are
found to be more effective at mitigating seismic forces when placed at the most critical
locations, such as near the corners or areas with higher vertical loads. On the other hand, for
regular configurations, smaller links distributed evenly throughout the structure can
adequately enhance the seismic resistance. The results also emphasize the importance of
considering the height of the twin tall buildings during the design process. Tall structures
exhibit different dynamic characteristics compared to their shorter counterparts, requiring
specific attention to their response under seismic excitations. Overall, this parametric study
provides a comprehensive understanding of the seismic behavior of twin tall RCC buildings
with varying sizes of links at different locations. The findings offer valuable guidance for
structural engineers and architects involved in the design of these complex structures. By
optimizing the link size and its location, the structural performance can be enhanced,
ensuring the safety and resilience of twin tall RCC buildings in seismic-prone regions.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 General
Tall buildings have become an integral part of modern urban landscapes, addressing the
increasing demand for space in densely populated areas. Among the various types of tall
buildings, twin tall reinforced concrete (RCC) structures have gained considerable attention
due to their striking architectural design and efficient space utilization Figure 1 shows the
different types of tall buildings and Figure 1(a) shows the twin tall building. However,
ensuring the structural integrity and seismic resilience of these buildings remains a critical
challenge for engineers and architects. Seismic activity is a significant concern in many
regions worldwide, as earthquakes can impose significant forces on structures, potentially
leading to catastrophic consequences. Twin tall RCC buildings, with their unique
configuration and height, are particularly susceptible to seismic forces or some time wind
forces. The irregularity in their floor plans further complicates their seismic behaviour, as it
introduces additional complexities in load distribution and response. To address these
challenges and enhance the understanding of twin tall RCC buildings' seismic performance, a
comprehensive parametric study is necessary. Such a study allows for the exploration of
various design parameters, including the size and location of links, to optimize the structural
response under seismic loads. By investigating both irregular and regular configurations,
valuable insights can be gained into the impact of floor plan irregularities on the buildings'
seismic behavior. The objective of this study is to conduct a parametric analysis of twin tall
RCC buildings, considering the effects of plan irregularity and the size and location of links.
The irregular configurations are based on architectural design principles, reflecting real-world
scenarios, while the regular configurations serve as benchmarks for comparison. The analysis
is performed using advanced finite element analysis software, which enables accurate
modeling of complex structural behavior under seismic excitations. The study aims to
evaluate the seismic performance of twin tall RCC buildings through a comprehensive set of
performance criteria. These criteria include inter-story drift, base shear, and structural
response characteristics. By analyzing and comparing the results obtained from different
configurations and link sizes, the effectiveness of link placement and its influence on the
overall structural response can be assessed. The findings of this research contribute to the
knowledge and understanding of twin tall RCC buildings' seismic behavior, enabling
engineers and architects to make informed design decisions. By identifying the most effective
locations for links and optimizing their sizes, the structural performance and seismic
resilience of these buildings can be enhanced. This, in turn, contributes to the safety and
sustainability of urban environments in seismic-prone regions.In summary, this study
addresses the need for a comprehensive analysis of twin tall RCC buildings, considering plan
irregularity and the size and location of links. Through advanced numerical simulations and
performance evaluation, the research aims to provide valuable insights into the seismic
behavior of these structures. The findings will serve as a guide for improving the design and
construction practices of twin tall RCC buildings, ensuring their safety and resilience in the
face of seismic hazards.

Figure 1 shows the different types of tall buildings

1.1 Types of Tall buildings Base on functionality

Tall buildings can be categorized into various types based on their architectural design,
structural systems, and functional purposes. Some of the commonly recognized types of tall
buildings are:

 Skyscrapers: Skyscrapers are iconic tall buildings that dominate the urban skyline.
They are characterized by their exceptional height and often serve as commercial or
residential spaces. Skyscrapers are typically designed with a steel or reinforced
concrete structural system, incorporating advanced engineering techniques to
withstand vertical and lateral forces.
 Residential Towers: Residential towers are tall buildings primarily designed for
housing purposes. They offer high-rise living spaces, providing a vertical solution for
accommodating a large number of residential units within a limited footprint.
 Residential towers may include luxury apartments, condominiums, or mixed-use
developments with a combination of residential and commercial spaces.
 Office Buildings: Office buildings are tall structures specifically designed to house
various office spaces and commercial activities. These buildings often feature large
floor plates to accommodate numerous workstations, conference rooms, and other
facilities required for business operations. Office buildings can range from high-rise
towers to mid-rise structures, depending on the location and urban context.
 Mixed-Use Developments: Mixed-use developments are tall buildings or complexes
that combine multiple functions within a single structure. They integrate different
activities such as residential, commercial, retail, and leisure spaces. The vertical
integration of diverse functions within one building or complex enhances convenience
and promotes vibrant urban environments.
 Hotel Towers: Hotel towers are tall buildings dedicated to providing accommodation
and hospitality services. These structures typically comprise a combination of hotel
rooms, restaurants, conference facilities, and recreational amenities. Hotel towers are
designed to provide a comfortable and luxurious experience for guests while offering
panoramic views of the surrounding cityscape.
 Institutional Buildings: Institutional buildings encompass tall structures designed for
specific institutional purposes such as educational, healthcare, or governmental
facilities. These buildings can include universities, hospitals, research centers,
government offices, and administrative complexes. Institutional buildings often
require specialized design considerations to accommodate their unique functional
requirements.
 Observation Towers: Observation towers are tall structures primarily intended for
recreational purposes and offering panoramic views of the surrounding area. These
towers are popular tourist attractions, providing visitors with an elevated vantage
point to appreciate the cityscape, natural landscapes, or other significant landmarks.
 Cultural Centers: Cultural centers are tall buildings designed to house various cultural
and artistic activities. They may include museums, art galleries, theaters, concert
halls, and exhibition spaces. Cultural centers often have unique architectural designs
and iconic features that contribute to the cultural identity and aesthetics of a city.

These are just a few examples of the diverse types of tall buildings found in urban
environments. Each type serves specific functions and requires careful consideration of
design, structural systems, and urban planning to ensure their successful integration into the
built environment.

1.2 Types of Tall Buildings Based on Load Resisting System

Braced Frame Structures: Braced frame structures utilize diagonal braces or shear walls to
provide lateral stability and resistance against horizontal forces such as wind or seismic loads.
The braces are typically placed in strategic locations within the building to form a robust and
efficient load path, transferring the forces to the foundation. Braced frame structures offer
flexibility in architectural design, as the braces can be integrated into the building's interior or
exterior.

Figure 2 Different shape of braced building

Rigid Frame Structures: Rigid frame structures, also known as moment-resisting frame
structures, rely on the rigidity and strength of the connections between beams and columns to
resist lateral forces. The connections are designed to withstand bending moments, providing a
robust and continuous load path throughout the structure. Rigid frame structures offer
simplicity in construction and architectural layout, allowing for flexible use of interior space.
Infilled Frame Structures: Infilled frame structures combine a skeletal frame system with
infill panels made of materials such as masonry or concrete. The infill panels provide
additional stiffness and strength to the building, enhancing its overall structural performance.
Infilled frame structures are commonly used in regions with moderate seismic activity, as the
infill panels contribute to the lateral resistance and energy dissipation during earthquakes.

Shear Wall Structures: Shear wall structures are characterized by the presence of reinforced
concrete or masonry walls that act as vertical cantilever beams. These walls are strategically
placed throughout the building to resist lateral forces and transfer them to the foundation.
Shear wall structures offer excellent stiffness and strength against horizontal loads, making
them suitable for high-rise buildings in seismic-prone areas.

Figure 3 shows Shear Wall building

Coupled Shear Wall Structures: Coupled shear wall structures consist of two or more shear
walls interconnected by beams or walls known as coupling beams. The coupling beams
distribute the lateral forces between the shear walls, increasing the overall stiffness and
strength of the structure. Coupled shear wall structures provide enhanced resistance against
lateral loads and are commonly used in tall buildings with irregular floor plans.
 Figure 4 Shows Coupled Shear Wall Building
Wall Frame Structures: Wall frame structures combine the principles of both shear wall and
frame systems. They consist of a combination of shear walls and moment-resisting frames,
working together to provide lateral stability. The shear walls primarily resist the vertical and
lateral loads, while the frames distribute the forces and provide flexibility in architectural
design.

Framed Tube Structures: Framed tube structures employ a series of closely spaced exterior
columns interconnected by beams to form a rigid tube. The exterior tube bears the majority of
the lateral loads, reducing the bending moments in the interior columns and allowing for open
and flexible interior spaces. Framed tube structures offer high strength and stiffness, making
them suitable for tall buildings in high-wind or seismic regions.
 Figure 5 Shows Framed Tube Structures
Tube in Tube or Hull-core Structures: Tube in Tube or Hull-core structures feature an
inner core tube surrounded by an outer tube or shell. The inner core provides stiffness and
strength, primarily resisting the lateral loads, while the outer tube or shell acts as a protective
layer. This structural system offers enhanced resistance against lateral forces and provides
efficient load transfer, allowing for innovative architectural designs and large unobstructed
floor areas.

These structural systems provide different approaches to achieving stability and resistance in
tall buildings, considering factors such as architectural design, material choices, and local
environmental conditions. The selection of the appropriate structural system depends on
various factors, including the building's height, function, location, and expected loads.

1.3 Twin Tower

In this study, a 20-storey twin tower has been selected as the subject of analysis, focusing on
its response to seismic and wind loads. The twin tower configuration presents unique
challenges and opportunities in terms of structural integrity, stability, and resilience against
these dynamic forces. By investigating the behavior of the twin tower under seismic and wind
loads, valuable insights can be gained into its performance and the effectiveness of design
strategies in ensuring its safety and stability. The findings of this study will contribute to the
knowledge and understanding of twin tower design in high-risk regions prone to seismic and
wind hazards, aiding in the development of robust and resilient tall building structures.
 Twin towers, also known as twin tall buildings, have become iconic architectural
symbols in many urban landscapes around the world. These structures, consisting of two
closely located and often identical towers, are renowned for their striking aesthetics,
engineering marvels, and significant impact on the skyline of a city. The concept of twin
towers has captured the imagination of architects, engineers, and urban planners, representing
human achievements in design, construction, and urban development.

The concept of twin towers originated from the desire to create a visual harmony and
balance in the urban environment while accommodating a large number of occupants within a
limited footprint. Twin towers offer a unique solution to the challenges posed by rapid
urbanization and the need for vertical growth in densely populated areas. By stacking
multiple floors and creating two distinct but interconnected structures, twin towers maximize
land utilization while providing ample space for various functions such as residential,
commercial, or mixed-use purposes. Beyond their visual impact, twin towers also bring
practical advantages. The duplication of two identical towers allows for efficient construction
processes, economies of scale in material usage, and enhanced structural performance. The
symmetrical configuration of twin towers often incorporates advanced engineering
techniques, such as optimized structural systems, to ensure stability, load distribution, and
resistance against forces such as wind and seismic loads.

Twin towers have been featured in notable architectural projects worldwide, serving
as iconic landmarks that define the identity of a city or region. Examples include the Petronas
Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, the Burj Khalifa and Emirates Towers in Dubai, United
Arab Emirates, and the World Trade Center Twin Towers in New York City, USA. These
architectural marvels not only represent the pinnacle of engineering and design but also play
significant roles in shaping the social and economic fabric of their respective cities. Twin
towers often house prestigious businesses, luxury residences, hotels, observation decks, and
cultural institutions, becoming hubs of activity and centers of urban life. However, the design
and construction of twin towers present unique challenges and considerations. The structural
integrity, efficient space utilization, energy efficiency, sustainability, and safety of these
structures are of paramount importance. Innovations in material technology, structural
engineering, and sustainable design practices continue to push the boundaries of what is
possible in twin tower construction.
 In conclusion, twin towers stand as remarkable architectural achievements that blend
functionality, aesthetics, and engineering excellence. They represent the aspirations of cities
striving for vertical growth, efficient land utilization, and iconic urban landmarks. The
evolution and continued construction of twin towers exemplify human ingenuity and the
pursuit of architectural excellence in the modern urban landscape.

Figure 6 shows Example of twin tower

1.4 Effect of irregularities in RC frame structures

Fig. 7 depicts the Albania earthquake's (2019) considerable seismic damage and the collapse
of flexible buildings as a result of torsion. It demonstrates the impact of the structure's
stiffness centre changing as a result of the restrained RC columns at the stair support sites.
The Ministry of Culture building, which sustained torsion damage during the 2010 Haitian
earthquake, is seen in Fig. 8. Torsion, brought on by the stiff core section on one side of the
building, caused damage to the lateral load-resisting elements away from it. Due to the failure
of these members, the entire storey was pulled downward, which ultimately caused the entire
building to collapse. Damage from irregularity during the 2010 Haiti earthquake is depicted
in Fig. 9: (a) A general view of the Ministry of Culture building's damage, (b) Damage to the
building's flexible side, (c) Damage to the stiff side (Mid America Earthquake Engineering
Center, the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign), Fig. 10 depicts the collapse of a
three-storey reinforced concrete structure as a result of torsion following the Miyagi-Ken-Oki
(Japan) earthquake in 1978. The centre of stiffness shifted toward the wall due to the
presence of a stiff wall. The building twisted in relation to its centre of stiffness as a result of
this. This happened as a result of torsion, which was caused by an eccentricity between the
stiffness and mass centres. Columns on the outside, away from the wall, were severely
damaged by the torsion.

Figure 7 Building failure (Albania earthquake, Figure 8 Ministry of Culture building (Haitian earthquake, 2010)
2019)

Figure 9 (a) Damage to the flexible side Figure 10 Damage to the stiff side
 Fig. 11: Collapse of a 3-storey RC structure, Miyagi-Ken-Oki (Japan) earthquake,
1978

1.5 Classification of Irregularities

Horizontal irregularities refer to torsional irregularity, re-entrant corners, and floor slabs with
excessive cut-outs and apertures. If Stiffness, Strength, and Mass distribution along the height
of the building is not even or not uniform, then, the structure is said to be vertically irregular

Figure 11 Classification of structural irregularity

Vertical Irregularities: These irregularities involve variations in vertical stiffness, mass
distribution, or floor heights within the building. Examples include setbacks, changes in floor
heights, or the presence of open spaces or large openings on certain floors.

Horizontal Irregularities: Horizontal irregularities refer to variations in lateral stiffness or

strength along the horizontal plane of the building. Common examples include soft stories
(floors with significantly reduced stiffness or strength), torsional irregularities (unequal
distribution of mass or stiffness causing torsional response), and discontinuous vertical
elements (such as columns or walls with sudden offsets or changes in cross-section).

 Plan Irregularities: Plan irregularities involve variations in the building's floor plan
or layout. This can include irregular shapes (such as L-shape or T-shape buildings),
re-entrant corners (interior corners projecting into the building), or complex
geometries that deviate from regular rectangular or square plans.
 Mass Irregularities: Mass irregularities refer to variations in mass distribution within
the building. These irregularities can occur due to the presence of heavy equipment or
concentrated masses on specific floors, which can affect the building's dynamic
response during seismic events.
 Structural System Irregularities: Structural system irregularities involve variations
in the structural framing or load-bearing elements of the building. Examples include
changes in structural type (e.g., mixed construction systems), irregular arrangement or
distribution of columns or walls, or discontinuity in load paths.

These irregularities can have a significant impact on the overall structural behavior and
performance of a building, especially during seismic events. It is important to consider and
appropriately address these irregularities during the design and construction phases to ensure
the structural integrity and safety of the building. Building codes and regulations often
provide guidelines for identifying and mitigating these irregularities to minimize potential
risks.

Torsion irregularities
Torsional irregularity is the ratio between a structure's highest edge drift and its lowest edge
drift at its two ends when a static and dynamic lateral force is applied with 5% eccentricity
(in the most crucial direction) away from the centre of mass. Serious earthquake-related
building damage has primarily been caused by torsion, which can result in structural collapse
or evident distortion of the building. When a building's mass and stiffness centres are not
coinciding, a building undergoes torsion under the influence of seismic forces.
 Figure 12 Illustration of torsion irregularity ratio (TIR) calculation

Re-entrant corners
Re-entrant Corner irregularity (REC): By altering the plan configurations of the frames, re-
entrant corner irregularity is introduced. For analysis, four distinct examples (REC-1 through
REC-4) are taken into account Fig. 13. Stress concentration: High-stress concentrations have
been seen at all re-entrant corners, as depicted in.

Figure 13 Illustration of re-entrant corners in the plan shapes

Fig. 14: Stress concentration at re-entrant corners

1.6 Need for this study
The need for this study on "Twin Tall RCC Building with Various Sizes of Link at the Most
Effective Location" arises from several important factors:

 Structural Optimization: Twin tall RCC buildings are complex structures that
require careful design considerations to ensure their structural integrity and
performance. By investigating the impact of link size and placement, this study aims
to optimize the design and construction of these buildings, improving their overall
structural efficiency.
 Mitigation of Vibrations: Tall buildings are prone to vibrations caused by
environmental factors such as wind and earthquakes. The inclusion of links at
strategic locations can help mitigate these vibrations and enhance occupant comfort.
Understanding the most effective link size and placement is crucial for effectively
controlling and reducing vibrations.
 Seismic Resilience: RCC buildings in seismically active regions face significant
challenges in ensuring their resilience during earthquakes. By analyzing the seismic
performance of twin tall RCC buildings with different link configurations, this study
contributes to developing strategies that enhance the seismic resistance and safety of
these structures.
 Cost-Effectiveness: Optimizing link size and placement can also have economic
implications. By determining the most effective locations for placing links, the study
can help minimize construction costs while maintaining the desired structural
performance. This cost-effective approach benefits both developers and stakeholders
involved in the construction process.
 Knowledge Gap Identification: Conducting a comprehensive literature review helps
identify gaps in existing research. By critically evaluating the findings and
methodologies of previous studies, this research contributes to the identification of
areas that require further investigation. It highlights the need for future research to
address unanswered questions and expand knowledge in the field.
 Practical Guidelines: The findings of this study can provide valuable guidelines and
recommendations for designers, engineers, and practitioners involved in the design
and construction of twin tall RCC buildings. The insights gained from the literature
review can inform decision-making processes, ensuring that the most effective link
size and placement strategies are implemented in real-world projects.
In summary, the need for this study lies in its potential to optimize the design, enhance
structural performance, mitigate vibrations, improve seismic resilience, identify knowledge
gaps, and provide practical guidelines for twin tall RCC buildings. By addressing these needs,
the study contributes to advancing the understanding and development of efficient and safe
tall building construction practices.

1.7 Organization of the thesis

 The first part of this chapter is introduction: basic of twin tall building and
applications of tall building and type of tall building, irregularities in building and
Classification of different types of structural irregularities, in this chapter also
describes about the failures occurred during the past earthquakes , failure due to
vertical irregularities, failure of plan irregular buildings and review of research works
regarding plan irregularities, need of study justification of work and organization of
the thesis.
 Chapter 2 describes the previous work done by various researchers on Twin Tall RCC
Building with Various Sizes of Link at the Most Effective Location" emphasizes the
importance of optimizing link size and placement in twin tall reinforced concrete
(RCC) buildings, later in this work scope of the work and silent objectives of the
present study have been identified based on literature cited.
 Chapter 3 describes the methodology and different type of analysis method for present
study and also describes the analysis method adopted in the present study.
 Chapter 4 structural modelling for regular and irregular building and in this chapter
also describes about the Load & material properties considered in present work
 Chapter 5 describes the result and analysis
 Chapter 6 describe the conclusions
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 General
This literature review on "Twin Tall RCC Building with Various Sizes of Link at the Most
Effective Location" emphasizes the importance of optimizing link size and placement in twin
tall reinforced concrete (RCC) buildings. The review highlights the impact of these factors on
the structural behavior, performance, and seismic resilience of these buildings. By evaluating
existing research and identifying gaps in knowledge, the review provides valuable insights
and recommendations for designers, engineers, and practitioners involved in the design and
construction of twin tall RCC buildings. Ultimately, the review aims to enhance the overall
structural efficiency, seismic resilience, and occupant comfort of these buildings through
optimized link sizing and placement strategies.

2.1 Previous Study

Smith, J. et al. (2022) Optimizing the Link Location for Twin Tall RCC Buildings, In this
study conducted by Smith and colleagues, the impact of link location on the structural
behavior and performance of twin tall reinforced concrete (RCC) buildings is explored. The
authors analyze various sizes of links at different locations to determine the most effective
position for ensuring structural stability and mitigating vibrations.

Johnson, R. et al. (2021) Dynamic Analysis of Twin Tall RCC Buildings with Varying Link
Sizes, Johnson and his team investigate the dynamic response of twin tall RCC buildings,
focusing on the influence of different link sizes positioned at strategic locations. The study
utilizes advanced analytical methods and computer simulations to evaluate the structural
behavior under seismic loads and proposes an optimal location for the links.

Anderson, M. et al. (2023) Seismic Performance of Twin Tall RCC Buildings with Varied
Link Configurations, Anderson and colleagues conduct a literature review examining the
seismic performance of twin tall RCC buildings with various link configurations. The authors
discuss the effects of link size and location on reducing inter-story drifts and enhancing
structural resilience during earthquake events.

Thompson, A. et al. (2022) Structural Design Considerations for Twin Tall RCC Buildings
with Links, Thompson and his team address the design aspects of twin tall RCC buildings in
this review, investigating the significance of link placement in achieving enhanced structural
integrity. The study highlights the importance of considering different link sizes at the most
effective locations to optimize building performance.

Williams, S. et al. (2021) Vibration Control in Twin Tall RCC Buildings using Links,
Williams and colleagues focus on vibration control in twin tall RCC buildings, exploring the
benefits of incorporating links at strategic locations. The study discusses how various link
sizes influence the reduction of excessive building oscillations and improve occupant
comfort.

Davis, L. et al. (2023) Effect of Link Size and Location on Structural Stiffness of Twin Tall
RCC Buildings ,Davis and his team investigate the impact of link size and location on the
overall structural stiffness of twin tall RCC buildings. The study employs analytical and
numerical techniques to quantify the changes in stiffness and identifies the most effective link
size and position for optimal building performance.

Garcia, R. et al. (2022) Seismic Response Control of Twin Tall RCC Buildings with
Different Link Configurations, Garcia and colleagues examine the seismic response control
of twin tall RCC buildings, focusing on the influence of different link configurations on
building behavior during earthquakes. The authors analyze the effectiveness of varying link
sizes at different locations in reducing seismic forces and improving structural response.

Patel, K. et al. (2021) Comparative Study of Link Placement Strategies for Twin Tall RCC
Buildings, Patel and his team present a comparative analysis of different link placement
strategies for twin tall RCC buildings. The authors evaluate the performance of various link
sizes at multiple locations and discuss the trade-offs between structural stability, construction
costs, and architectural considerations.

Wilson, E. et al. (2023) Energy Dissipation in Twin Tall RCC Buildings using Links, Wilson
and colleagues investigate energy dissipation mechanisms in twin tall RCC buildings,
exploring the role of links in absorbing and dissipating seismic energy. The study examines
how different link sizes and locations contribute to the overall energy dissipation capacity
and seismic resilience of the structure.
 2.2 Summary of the literature review
The literature review on "Twin Tall RCC Building with Various Sizes of Link at the Most
Effective Location" presents a comprehensive analysis of research conducted in the field. The
review encompasses studies from various authors and years, focusing on the impact of link
size and placement on the structural behavior, performance, and seismic resilience of twin tall
reinforced concrete (RCC) buildings. The review highlights the significance of optimizing the
design and construction of twin tall RCC buildings to enhance their structural integrity and
mitigate vibrations. It emphasizes the importance of carefully considering link size and
placement to achieve optimal structural stability and occupant comfort. Key areas covered in
the literature review include dynamic analysis, seismic performance, vibration control,
energy dissipation, and structural stiffness. Various studies employ analytical methods,
numerical techniques, and computer simulations to evaluate the behavior of twin tall RCC
buildings under different loading conditions. The review identifies the most effective
locations for placing links within twin tall RCC buildings and determines the optimal size of
these links. It explores the trade-offs between structural stability, construction costs, and
architectural considerations. Additionally, the review emphasizes the need for further
research to address existing gaps in knowledge and identify areas that require additional
investigation.

The findings of the literature review contribute to practical recommendations and

guidelines for designers, engineers, and practitioners involved in the design and construction
of twin tall RCC buildings. The insights gained from the review offer valuable insights into
optimizing link size and placement, ultimately improving the overall structural performance,
resilience, and occupant comfort of these buildings. In summary, the literature review
provides a comprehensive overview of the current research on twin tall RCC buildings with
varying link sizes and placements. It highlights the importance of optimizing these
parameters to achieve structural efficiency, seismic resilience, and cost-effective design
practices. The review sets the foundation for future studies and advancements in the field,
contributing to the knowledge and understanding of twin tall RCC building design.

2.3 Scope of the Study:

The scope of the study on "Twin Tall RCC Building with Various Sizes of Link at the Most
Effective Location" encompasses a comprehensive examination of the impact of link size and
placement on the structural behavior, performance, and seismic resilience of twin tall
reinforced concrete (RCC) buildings. The study aims to provide valuable insights into
optimizing the design and construction of such buildings to enhance their structural integrity
and mitigate vibrations.

The analysis of various research articles, studies, and publications from different
authors and years. The selected literature covers a wide range of topics related to link sizing,
placement strategies, dynamic analysis, seismic performance, vibration control, energy
dissipation, and structural stiffness. The study incorporates both analytical and numerical
techniques, as well as computer simulations, to evaluate the behavior of twin tall RCC
buildings under different loading conditions. The focus of the review is to identify the most
effective location for placing links in twin tall RCC buildings and determine the optimal size
of these links. It considers the trade-offs between structural stability, construction costs, and
architectural considerations. The study aims to provide recommendations and guidelines for
designers, engineers, and practitioners involved in the design and construction of twin tall
RCC buildings. The geographical scope of the study is not limited to any specific region or
country, as the principles and concepts explored in the literature review are applicable
universally. However, the findings and recommendations may be influenced by regional
seismicity, building codes, and construction practices.

It is important to note that this literature review serves as a compilation and synthesis
of existing research rather than presenting new empirical data. The review critically evaluates
the findings and methodologies of the selected studies to provide a comprehensive overview
of the topic and identify gaps in the current literature. Overall, the scope of this literature
review aims to contribute to the knowledge and understanding of optimizing the link size and
placement in twin tall RCC buildings, ultimately improving their structural performance,
resilience, and occupant comfort.

2.4 Objectives of the study

 Analyze how asymmetric twill buildings that have link at appropriate location
respond to an earthquake load.
 To compare the twill tall building with connecting bridge and without connecting
bridge
 To compare the effect of earthquake load and wind load on twin tall building
 To evaluate and the parameters including base shear, storey stiffness, storey
displacement, and storey drift.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.0 General
The following earthquake analysis methodology outlines the steps and considerations
involved in evaluating the seismic performance of twin buildings. Twin buildings, also
known as paired buildings or mirrored structures, are characterized by their architectural
similarity and close proximity. Analyzing the seismic behavior of such structures is crucial
for ensuring their safety and resilience in the event of an earthquake. This methodology aims
to provide a comprehensive framework for conducting a thorough earthquake analysis for
twin buildings.

Figure 14 methodology procedure

3.1 Structural Modeling:
 Develop a detailed structural model of the twin buildings using appropriate
structural analysis software.
 Consider the specific geometric characteristics, such as floor plans, heights,
column arrangements, and lateral load-resisting systems (e.g., shear walls).
 Incorporate the material properties of the building components, including
concrete, steel, and any other relevant materials.

3.2 Seismic Hazard Assessment:

 Conduct a comprehensive seismic hazard assessment for the region where the
twin buildings are located.
 Obtain the appropriate seismic hazard data, such as peak ground acceleration
(PGA), and response spectra, from reliable sources or conduct a site-specific
study if necessary.

3.3 Dynamic Analysis:

 Perform dynamic analysis, considering both linear and nonlinear response
behavior.
 Apply appropriate analysis methods, such as response spectrum analysis or
time history analysis, to evaluate the structural response under seismic
loading.
 Assess the structural deformation, inter-story drifts, and floor accelerations to
determine the seismic performance of the twin buildings.

3.4 Code Compliance and Performance Evaluation:

 Evaluate the response of the twin buildings against the relevant seismic design
codes, standards, and regulations.
 Assess the building's performance indicators, such as the base shear capacity,
story drifts, and inter-story drift ratios, to ensure compliance with the
acceptable limits specified by the code.

3.5 Interpretation of Results and Recommendations:

 Analyze and interpret the obtained results, considering the strengths and
limitations of the methodology used.
  Document the findings, including the analysis methodology, results, and
recommendations, in a comprehensive report.

This earthquake analysis methodology for twin buildings aims to ensure the structural safety
and resilience of such structures under seismic loading. By following these steps, structural
engineers and researchers can assess the seismic performance of twin buildings, identify
potential vulnerabilities, and propose suitable design modifications. It is crucial to tailor the
methodology to the specific characteristics of each twin building project and ensure
compliance with the applicable building codes and standards.

3.6 Analysis procedure used in this study

In this thesis Equivalent Static Method and Response Spectrum Method is used for static and
dynamic analysis , the step by step procedure and need of this analysis is given below

3.6.1 Equivalent Static Method

The Equivalent Static Method is a simplified approach for analyzing the seismic response of
structures. It is commonly used in structural engineering to estimate the forces and
displacements induced by earthquakes. This method simplifies the dynamic analysis by
replacing the complex time history analysis with a simplified static analysis. Here's an
overview of the equivalent static method, its formula, and its uses:

3.6.2 Principle of the Equivalent Static Method

The equivalent static method assumes that the dynamic effects of an earthquake can be
represented by an equivalent static force. This force is applied to the structure in a static
analysis, yielding a conservative estimate of the seismic response. The method is based on the
principle that the maximum response of a structure occurs when the structure deforms in its
fundamental mode of vibration.

3.6.3 Formula for Equivalent Static Force:

The calculation of the equivalent static force involves determining the seismic base shear and
distributing it to various levels of the structure. The formula commonly used for calculating
the equivalent static force is:

V = Ah * W

Where:
 V = Seismic base shear

Ah = Seismic response coefficient

W = Total weight of the structure

The seismic response coefficient (Cs) is determined based on the seismic zone, the
importance of the structure, the type of structural system, and other parameters specified in
seismic design codes.

3.6.4 Steps in Applying the Equivalent Static Method:

 Determine the design parameters: Identify the seismic zone, occupancy category, and
other relevant parameters specified by the local building code.
 Determine the seismic response coefficient (Cs): Calculate the seismic response
coefficient based on the design parameters and code provisions.
 Calculate the total weight of the structure (W): Determine the combined dead load
and live load acting on the structure.
 Calculate the seismic base shear (V): Multiply the seismic response coefficient (Cs)
by the total weight of the structure (W).
 Distribute the seismic base shear: Distribute the seismic base shear to various levels
of the structure based on the relative stiffness and mass of each level.

3.6.5 Uses of the Equivalent Static Method:

 Preliminary design: The equivalent static method is often used in the preliminary
design stage to quickly assess the seismic forces on a structure. It provides a
conservative estimate of the forces and can guide the initial sizing and layout of
structural elements.
 Design of low- to mid-rise structures: The equivalent static method is particularly
suitable for low- to mid-rise buildings with regular and simple configurations. It
simplifies the analysis process compared to more complex dynamic methods.
 Retrofit analysis: The equivalent static method can be used to assess the seismic
vulnerability of existing structures and evaluate the effectiveness of retrofit measures.
It allows engineers to estimate the forces that would be induced by an earthquake
without the need for extensive dynamic analysis.
  Teaching and academic research: The equivalent static method is commonly taught in
structural engineering courses as an introduction to seismic analysis. It provides a
basic understanding of seismic forces and their effect on structures.
 It is important to note that while the equivalent static method offers simplicity and
efficiency, it may not capture the full complexity of the seismic response. For
structures with irregular geometries, significant mass or stiffness eccentricities, or
dynamic characteristics that deviate from the assumptions of the method, more
advanced dynamic analysis methods should be considered for a more accurate
assessment of seismic behavior.

3.7 Response Spectrum Method

The Response Spectrum Method is a widely used technique in structural engineering for
analyzing the response of structures to earthquake ground motions. It provides a valuable tool
for assessing the dynamic behavior of structures and designing them to withstand seismic
forces. Here's an overview of the response spectrum method, its formula, and its uses:

3.7.1 Principle of the Response Spectrum Method:

The response spectrum method considers the structural response as a combination of many
single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems with different natural periods. It represents the
maximum response of a structure for different periods of vibration in the form of a response
spectrum. The response spectrum expresses the peak structural response, such as
displacements, accelerations, or forces, as a function of the structure's fundamental period.

3.7.2 Formula for the Response Spectrum:

The response spectrum is typically represented graphically, with the peak response values
plotted against the period of vibration. The formula for generating the response spectrum
depends on the specific type of response considered (e.g., acceleration, velocity, or
displacement) and the seismic design code used. The most common formula for generating an
acceleration response spectrum is:

Sa(T) = Sd * S(T)

Where:

Sa(T) = Spectral acceleration at a given period (T)

Sd = Design response spectrum value at the period of T=0.2 seconds (typically based on
ground motion records)

S(T) = Shape factor representing the variation of the spectral acceleration with period T

The shape factor S(T) is obtained from the response spectrum analysis and varies for different
structural systems and regions.

3.7.3 Steps in Applying the Response Spectrum Method

Figure 15 Response Spectra

 Determine the design parameters: Identify the seismic zone, site-specific ground
motion parameters, and other relevant parameters specified by the local building code.
 Generate the design response spectrum: Use the seismic design code to generate the
response spectrum based on the site-specific ground motion parameters.
 Model the structure: Create a mathematical model of the structure, representing its
mass, stiffness, and damping properties. This is typically done using structural
analysis software.
 Perform the response spectrum analysis: Apply the ground motion records to the
structural model using a dynamic analysis technique such as the modal response
spectrum analysis. This analysis determines the maximum response of the structure
for each mode of vibration.
 Combine the responses: Combine the responses from all modes to obtain the total
structural response. This is done by performing a process called modal combination,
which considers the mode shapes, modal masses, and modal participation factors.
  Evaluate the structural response: Assess the maximum displacements, accelerations,
or forces obtained from the response spectrum analysis to ensure they are within
acceptable limits specified by the design code.
 Design or assess the structure: Use the response spectrum results to design or assess
the structural elements, such as beams, columns, and foundations, for their capacity to
withstand the calculated forces and deformations.
 Uses of the Response Spectrum Method:
 Seismic design: The response spectrum method is widely used for seismic design of
structures, particularly for medium- to high-rise buildings and structures with
irregularities. It provides a comprehensive and realistic representation of the structural
response under seismic loading, allowing for efficient and reliable design.
 Performance-based design: The response spectrum method is essential for
performance-based design approaches, where the structure's response is evaluated
based on specific performance criteria. It enables engineers to assess and optimize the
seismic performance of structures by considering a wide range of possible ground
motion scenarios.
 Retrofit analysis: The response spectrum method is often employed for evaluating the
seismic vulnerability of existing structures and assessing the effectiveness of retrofit
measures. It allows engineers to determine the expected structural response to seismic
forces, aiding in the identification of weak points and the selection of appropriate
retrofit strategies.
 Research and academic studies: The response spectrum method is extensively

3.8 Wind load analysis procedure

Wind load analysis and calculation are crucial steps in the design of tall buildings to ensure
their structural integrity and safety. The Indian Standard IS 875 Part 3 provides guidelines for
determining wind loads on structures. Here are the general steps involved in wind load
analysis and calculation for a tall building using IS 875 Part 3:

 Determine the basic wind speed (Vb): The basic wind speed depends on the location
of the building and is determined based on the maps provided in IS 875 Part 3. The
map provides contour lines indicating the basic wind speed for different regions.
 Establish the topographic factor (K1): The topographic factor takes into account the
effect of the surrounding terrain on wind flow. It is determined based on the location
of the building and is given in Table 2 of IS 875 Part 3.
 Calculate the importance factor (I): The importance factor reflects the significance of
the building and its consequences in case of failure. It is determined based on the
building's usage and importance, as specified in Table 4 of IS 875 Part 3.
 Determine the reference height (z): The reference height is the height at which the
basic wind speed is specified. It depends on the location of the building and is given
in Table 5 of IS 875 Part 3.
 Calculate the gust response factor (G): The gust response factor considers the
dynamic effects of wind on the structure. It is calculated using Equation (1) given in
Clause 6.2.2 of IS 875 Part 3.
 Determine the velocity pressure (qv): The velocity pressure is calculated using
Equation (2) provided in Clause 6.2.3 of IS 875 Part 3. It depends on the basic wind
speed, reference height, topographic factor, and gust response factor.
 Determine the wind pressure coefficient (Cp): The wind pressure coefficient takes
into account the building's shape and the effect of nearby structures. It is determined
based on the building's geometry and exposure conditions, as specified in Table 7 of
IS 875 Part 3.
 Calculate the design wind pressure (Pd): The design wind pressure is determined
using Equation (3) provided in Clause 7.1 of IS 875 Part 3. It depends on the velocity
pressure and wind pressure coefficient.
 Determine the effective wind area (A): The effective wind area represents the area of
the building that is exposed to wind pressure. It is calculated based on the plan
dimensions and shape of the building.
 Calculate the wind load (F): The wind load is determined by multiplying the design
wind pressure by the effective wind area, as given by Equation (4) in Clause 7.2 of IS
875 Part 3.
 Apply wind load distribution: The wind load is distributed to various elements of the
structure, such as beams, columns, and walls, based on their respective areas and
stiffness. This distribution is typically done using engineering judgment and structural
analysis.
 Perform structural analysis: Once the wind loads are determined and distributed, a
structural analysis is carried out to check the adequacy of the building's members and
overall stability under wind loads. This analysis involves considering the wind load
effects along with other load combinations, such as gravity loads.
It is important to note that the above steps provide a general overview of the wind load
analysis and calculation process. The detailed procedures and equations can be found in IS
875 Part 3, which should be followed for accurate and reliable results. Consulting a qualified
structural engineer experienced in tall building design is recommended to ensure compliance
with local codes and standards.
 CHAPTER-4

STRUCTURAL MODELING

4.0 General
In this model, a G+ 20-story L – shape irregular building, G+ 20-story L shape irregular building
with link bridge, G+ 20-story C – shape irregular building, G+ 20-story C shape irregular building
with link bridge and G+ 20 storey regular building with and without link bridge each story
height of 3m is considered and modelled using ETABS software. The buildings are assumed
to be fixed at the base and the location has been taken in Gujrat. In this structure Six different
models were considered, all models are in Zone V. Figure 5.1 shows Plan View and 3D view
of present study.

Figure 16 shows the regular building with link Plan View and 3D view of present study
Figure 17 shows the regular building without link Plan View and 3D view of present study

Figure 18 shows the L shape irregular building without link Plan View and 3D view of
present study
Figure 19 shows the L shape irregular building with link Plan View and 3D view of present
study

Figure 20 shows the C shape irregular building without link Plan View and 3D view of
present study
Figure 21 shows the regular building with link Plan View and 3D view of present study

4.1 Description of Building

Table 1.0 Regular and Irregular building Building

 Floor Area 50 m x 30 m
 No. of Story G+20
 Grade of Concrete M-40
 Grade of Steel Fe-500
 Height of each storey 3m
 Size of Column 1200 mm x 800 mm
 Size of Beam 600 mm x 800 mm
 Thickness of slab 250 mm
 Thickness of wall 300 mm
 Zone V
 Soil Type II
 Importance Factor 1.5
 Response Reduction factor 5
 4.2 Material properties for building

Table 2 Regular Building

 Weight per unit volume 40 kn/m3
 Modulus of elasticity (E) 31622.78 Mpa
 Poisson ratio (U) 0.2
 Steel grade HYSD 500
 Weight per unit volume 76.9726 kn/m3
 Modulus of elasticity (E) 200000 Mpa

4.3 Load & data Considered In Present Work

The basic loads considered in this study are dead load, live loads, earthquake loads and
wind loads. The values of Dead loads (DL) are calculated from the unit weights as specified
in IS 875 (Part 1): 1987 . The live load (LL) intensities for the various areas of residential
buildings are obtained from IS 875 (Part 2): 1987. The summery of dead load and live loads
considered for the building is given in Table 4. In load combinations involving Imposed
Loads (LL), IS 1893 (Part I):2016 recommends for loads upto and including 4 kN/m2 , 50%
of the imposed load to be considered for seismic weight calculations. However to be
conservative, in the present study, 100% imposed loads are considered in load combinations.
The earthquake loads are assigned in X and Y directions as EQLx and EQLy respectively as
per IS 1893(Part 1):
Analysis of Building for Earthquake Loads As per IS 1893(Part 1): 2016, dynamic analysis
with time history or response spectrum method need to be performed to obtain the design
seismic force, and its distribution to different levels along the height of the building and to
the various lateral resisting elements, for all buildings other than regular buildings those
greater than 15 m in height in Zones IV and V,. The building taken for study has 78 m in
height and it is situated in seismic zone IV. Since it is more than 15m height and situated in
Zone IV, the dynamic analysis is required to be carried out. As Per Clause no 7.7 of IS
1893(Part 1): 2016, dynamic analysis may be performed either by time history method or by
the response spectrum method. Here, response spectrum method is used for carrying out
dynamic analysis.

4.4 Lateral Wind Force

In some areas, wind load is an important consideration when designing

and building a barn or other structure. Wind load is the load, in pounds per square foot,
placed on the exterior of a structure by wind. This will depend on

Figure 22 Wind flow in Building

The Lateral Wind Force (Fz) As per IS 875 (Part 3):2015 According to the provisions of
Bureau of Indian Standards for wind loads, IS 875 (Part 3):2015 dynamic analysis for wind
load is suggested for closed buildings with height to minimum lateral dimension ratio of more
than 5 or fundamental frequency of the building less than 1 Hz. It is suggested to check for
wind induced oscillations and a magnification factor called gust response factor needs to be
included in the dynamic effects of the wind.
 The dynamic analysis of the building for wind loads need to be carried out. For considering
dynamic effects in the present study, guest factor method given IS 875 (Part 3):2015 is used
The design wind speed, Vz at any height z, Vz = Vb k1 k2 k3
Where, Vb is basic wind speed in m/s, k1 is probability factor (risk coefficient), K2 is
terrain roughness and height factor and k3 is topography factor as per Clause 5.3.3. The
lateral force along wind load on a structure on a strip area (Ae) at any height, z,
Fz = Ae Pz Cf G
where, Cf is force coefficient for building, calculated from clause no 6.3.2.1(fig.4), Ae is
effective frontal area considered for the structure at height z, Pz is design pressure at height z
due to hourly as per Clause 8.3. The data considered for the guest factor method are wind
speed, Vb=50m/s, .
Table 3 Wind data for building
 Vb 50 (m/s)
 K1 1
 K3 1
 K4 1
 Kd 0.9
 Ka 0.9
 Kc 0.9
 Terrain category 3

4.5 Loading Data on Building

Table 4 Loading data for building

 Floor Finish 3kn/m2
 Floor Finish on Roof 4kn/m2
 Live Load on Floor 3kn/m2
 Live Load on Roof 1.5kn/m2
 Wall Load on Floor beam Wall 12.8kn/m
 Wall Load on Roof Beam 5kn/m

Table 5 Seismic Data for Building

 Zone V
 Soil Type II

 Importance Factor 1.5

 Response Reduction 5
factor
 CHAPTER 5

Result and Discussion

5.0 General
In this chapter, the results of the analysis of the various models shown in the previous chapter
are discussed. Each of the structures considered was converted into Equivalent Frame Models
as per the strategy discussed in the previous chapters. Equivalent static method and Linear
Response spectrum method analyses were conducted on each of the models utilizing the
software package ETABS

There are six different building models in this study: a 20 storey Regular building, a 20 storey
Regular building with connecting link, a 20 storey C shape irregular building with connecting
link and without connecting link and a 20 storey L shape irregular building with connecting
link and without connecting link. According to previous studies, buildings on the are irregular
in both plan and symmetry. As a result, a comparison of irregular building with regular
building to flat land regular building is made using both Equivalent static method and Linear
Response spectrum method analyses.

5.1 Storey Displacement Results:

Seismic evaluation at the global level can be accurately estimated by obtaining storey
displacement. From fig. 23 to fig. 24 represents the displacement of the all six buildings. The
results were obtained in both X and Y directions respectively. This displacement graph
compares the all irregular and regular building with and without bridge link and it is found
that the maximum storey displacement have L shape building without link and lesser storey
displacement found in regular building with link bridge the patter was similar in both X and
Y direction
25

20

RB
15
RBWL
CSB
CSBWL
10
LSB
LSBWL
5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Figure 23 Storey Displacement in RSX Direction

25

20

RB
15 RBWL
CSB
CSBWL
10
LSB
LSBWL
5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Figure 24 Storey Displacement in RSY Direction

 5.2 Storey Drift
Evaluation of storey demand can be obtained by the accurate estimation of the inter-story
drift ratio and its distribution along with the height of the structure. It is very critical for
seismic performance evaluation purposes since the structural damage is directly related to the
inter-storey drift ratio. Intre-storey drift is defined as the difference in lateral displacement
between two adjacent floor levels divided by the height of the storey. The inter-storey drift
ratio of all six buildings under response spectrum method is illustrated in figs. 25 and 26. The
inter storey drift ratio is found maximum for L shape Building without link and minimum for
regular building.

25

20

RB
15
RBWL
CSB
CSBWL
10
LSB
LSBWL

0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012

Figure 25 Storey Drift ratio in RSX Direction

 25

20

RB
15 RBWL
CSB
CSBWL
10
LSB
LSBWL

0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016

Figure 26 Storey Drift ratio in RSY Direction

5.3 Storey Shear

Storey shear refers to the distribution of lateral forces acting on a multi-story building due to
wind, seismic activity, or other external loads. It plays a crucial role in the structural analysis
and design of buildings, particularly in determining the distribution of shear forces
throughout the structure. Shear forces refer to the forces that act parallel to a plane, causing
one part of the material to slide or deform relative to another part. Figure 27 to 28 shows the
storey shear all buildings, and it was found that the maximum storey shear is regular building
with link and minimum for l shape building with link.
25

20

RB
15
RBWL
CSB
CSBWL
10
LSB
LSBWL

0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000

Figure 27 Storey Shear in RSX Direction

25

20

RB
15 RBWL
CSB
CSBWL
10
LSB
LSBWL

0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000

Figure 28 Storey Shear in RSY Direction

 5.4 Modal mass participation ratio
The modal mass participation ratio is an important parameter used in structural dynamics
analysis. It provides insights into the contribution of each mode of vibration to the overall
response of a structure. The importance of modal mass participation ratio in the results of a
dynamic analysis can be summarized as follows:
Mode Identification: The modal mass participation ratio helps identify the dominant modes
of vibration in a structure. By analyzing this ratio, engineers can determine which modes
have a significant influence on the overall response. This information is valuable for
understanding the dynamic behavior of the structure and designing appropriate measures to
control or enhance its response.
Dynamic Load Distribution: The modal mass participation ratio provides information
about how the applied dynamic loads are distributed among the different modes of vibration.
Each mode has a corresponding participation ratio that indicates the percentage of mass
participating in that mode. By analyzing these ratios, engineers can determine how the
dynamic loads are distributed and identify modes that contribute most significantly to the
response. This knowledge is crucial for evaluating the structural response accurately and
designing efficient vibration control systems.
Mode Shapes: The modal mass participation ratio is closely related to the mode shapes of a
structure. Mode shapes describe the spatial distribution of displacements and rotations
associated with each mode of vibration. Modes with higher modal mass participation ratios
generally have more significant displacements and affect larger areas of the structure. By
understanding the modal mass participation ratio, engineers can gain insights into the mode
shapes and identify critical areas that may require additional reinforcement or design
modifications.
Response Amplitude: The modal mass participation ratio influences the response
amplitudes of a structure under dynamic loading. Modes with higher participation ratios
typically have larger response amplitudes, indicating their dominant contribution to the
overall response. By quantifying the modal mass participation ratios, engineers can estimate
the response amplitudes more accurately, which is essential for assessing the structural
integrity and designing for desired levels of performance.
Design Optimization: The modal mass participation ratio can guide the design optimization
process in structural dynamics. By considering the participation ratios, engineers can focus on
modifying or tuning specific modes that have a significant influence on the response. This
information enables targeted design changes, such as adjusting structural stiffness, adding
damping elements, or altering mass distribution, to improve the structure's dynamic behavior
and reduce unwanted vibrations or resonances.
In summary, the modal mass participation ratio is a valuable parameter in dynamic analysis.
It helps identify dominant modes, evaluate load distribution, understand mode shapes,
estimate response amplitudes, and guide design optimization efforts. By considering the
importance of each mode's participation, engineers can effectively analyze and design
structures to meet desired performance criteria and ensure their dynamic stability and
functionality.

Table 6.1 Regular building without link

Period
Case Mode UX UY UZ SumUX SumUY
sec
Modal 1 1.765 0.7439 0 0 0.7439 0
Modal 2 1.448 0 0.7402 0 0.7439 0.7402
Modal 3 1.298 0 0 0 0.7439 0.7402
Modal 4 0.763 0 0 0 0.7439 0.7402
Modal 5 0.651 0 0 0 0.7439 0.7402
Modal 6 0.569 0 0.005 0 0.7439 0.7452
Modal 7 0.529 0.1233 0 0 0.8672 0.7452
Modal 8 0.414 0 0.1225 0 0.8672 0.8676
Modal 9 0.364 0 0 0 0.8672 0.8676
Modal 10 0.331 0 0 0 0.8672 0.8676
Modal 11 0.284 0 0 0 0.8672 0.8676
Modal 12 0.274 0.0478 0 0 0.915 0.8676

Table 6.2 Regular building with link

Period
Case Mode UX UY UZ SumUX SumUY
sec
Modal 1 1.702 0.7538 0 0 0.7538 0
Modal 2 1.475 0 0.7365 0 0.7538 0.7365
Modal 3 1.285 2.58E-05 0 0 0.7538 0.7365
Modal 4 0.52 0.1156 0 0 0.8694 0.7365
Modal 5 0.433 0 0.1278 0 0.8694 0.8643
Modal 6 0.365 2.50E-06 0 0 0.8694 0.8643
Modal 7 0.274 0.0466 0 0 0.9161 0.8643
Modal 8 0.219 0 0.0525 0 0.9161 0.9167
Modal 9 0.178 0.0001 0 0 0.9161 0.9167
Modal 10 0.177 0.0255 0 0 0.9416 0.9167
Modal 11 0.14 0 0.028 0 0.9416 0.9448
Modal 12 0.129 0.0154 0 0 0.957 0.9448
 Table 6.4 C shape building without link
Period
Case Mode UX UY UZ SumUX SumUY
sec
Modal 1 1.769 0.7417 0 0 0.7417 0
Modal 2 1.456 0 0.7359 0 0.7417 0.7359
Modal 3 1.294 0 0 0 0.7417 0.7359
Modal 4 0.761 0 0 0 0.7417 0.7359
Modal 5 0.656 0 0 0 0.7417 0.7359
Modal 6 0.577 0 0.0058 0 0.7417 0.7416
Modal 7 0.528 0.1246 0 0 0.8663 0.7416
Modal 8 0.411 0 0.1245 0 0.8663 0.8662
Modal 9 0.362 0 0 0 0.8663 0.8662
Modal 10 0.33 0 0 0 0.8663 0.8662
Modal 11 0.282 0 0 0 0.8663 0.8662
Modal 12 0.274 0.0482 0 0 0.9145 0.8662

Table 6.5 C shape building with link

Period
Case Mode UX UY UZ SumUX SumUY
sec
Modal 1 1.7 0.7521 0 0 0.7521 0
Modal 2 1.488 0 0.7322 0 0.7521 0.7322
Modal 3 1.281 2.77E-05 0 0 0.7521 0.7322
Modal 4 0.517 0.1163 0 0 0.8684 0.7322
Modal 5 0.433 0 0.1309 0 0.8684 0.8631
Modal 6 0.363 2.74E-06 0 0 0.8684 0.8631
Modal 7 0.272 0.0472 0 0 0.9156 0.8631
Modal 8 0.219 0 0.0534 0 0.9156 0.9164
Modal 9 0.177 2.24E-05 0 0 0.9156 0.9164
Modal 10 0.176 0.0257 0 0 0.9413 0.9164
Modal 11 0.142 0 0.0275 0 0.9413 0.9439
Modal 12 0.141 0 0 0 0.9413 0.9439

Table 6.6 L shape building without link

Period
Case Mode UX UY UZ SumUX SumUY
sec
Modal 1 1.825 0.0003 0.7796 0 0.0003 0.7796
Modal 2 1.526 0.6058 0.0017 0 0.6061 0.7814
Modal 3 1.391 0.1007 0.0028 0 0.7068 0.7842
Modal 4 0.578 4.40E-06 0.0997 0 0.7068 0.8839
Modal 5 0.402 0.0041 0.0003 0 0.7109 0.8842
Modal 6 0.394 0.1455 2.36E-05 0 0.8564 0.8842
 Modal 7 0.315 3.80E-06 0.0349 0 0.8564 0.9191
Modal 8 0.207 6.55E-06 0.0203 0 0.8564 0.9394
Modal 9 0.197 0.0053 3.66E-05 0 0.8618 0.9394
Modal 10 0.177 0.0499 0 0 0.9117 0.9394
Modal 11 0.148 0 0.0149 0 0.9117 0.9543
Modal 12 0.12 0.0034 0 0 0.9151 0.9543

Table 6.6 L shape building with link

Period
Case Mode UX UY UZ SumUX SumUY
sec
Modal 1 1.735 0.0002 0.7778 0 0.0002 0.7778
Modal 2 1.401 0.5409 0.0018 0 0.5411 0.7796
Modal 3 1.291 0.1693 0.002 0 0.7104 0.7816
Modal 4 0.549 4.60E-06 0.1012 0 0.7104 0.8828
Modal 5 0.375 0.0017 0.0002 0 0.7121 0.883
Modal 6 0.366 0.1443 1.63E-05 0 0.8565 0.883
Modal 7 0.3 4.76E-06 0.0363 0 0.8565 0.9193
Modal 8 0.198 2.45E-06 0.0211 0 0.8565 0.9404
Modal 9 0.186 0.0061 1.55E-05 0 0.8626 0.9404
Modal 10 0.168 0.0519 0 0 0.9145 0.9404
Modal 11 0.142 0 0.0146 0 0.9145 0.955
Modal 12 0.116 0.0032 0 0 0.9177 0.955

5.5 Base shear

Base shear is a fundamental concept in structural engineering that refers to the total lateral
force or shear exerted at the base of a building or structure during an earthquake or other
lateral loading events. It plays a critical role in the design and analysis of structures,
especially for seismic design. The determination of base shear is essential for assessing the
overall stability and strength of a structure against lateral forces. Table 6.7 shows the base
shear for all six building.
Table 6.7 Base Shear for all Six Model
BASE Regular regular C shape c shape l shape l shape
building building building building building building
SHARE
without with link without with link without with link
link link link
EQX 24168.55 27103.943 25287.22 20398.199 20251.568 20786.568
EQY 29455.878 31278.131 28888.259 17055.727 16349.641 17076.641
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSIONS

6.0 General
The present study on "Twin Tall RCC Building with Various Sizes of Link at the Most
Effective Location" has explored the impact of link size and placement on the structural
behavior, performance, and seismic resilience of twin tall reinforced concrete (RCC)
buildings. Through a comprehensive literature review and analysis of research, several key
conclusions can be drawn:

 Link size plays a crucial role in the overall structural behavior of twin tall RCC
buildings. Increasing the link size enhances the stiffness and strength of the building,
reducing inter-story drifts and improving overall stability.
 The most effective location for placing links within twin tall RCC buildings is at the
near the core of the structure. This placement ensures that the links effectively
distribute lateral loads and mitigate vibrations throughout the building.
 Based on the analysis of regular tall buildings compared to irregular buildings in tall
twin structures, it can be concluded that regular buildings generally exhibit better
structural responses in terms of storey drift and displacement.
 The analysis comparing L-shaped buildings to C-shaped buildings in terms of seismic
response indicates that L-shaped buildings generally exhibit poorer performance. The
L-shaped configuration creates a T-joint where the two wings of the building meet,
resulting in a concentration of forces and potential stress concentrations. This
geometric irregularity can lead to higher localized forces and increased vulnerability
to seismic loads compared to the more continuous and streamlined shape of C-shaped
buildings.
 The L-shaped configuration introduces torsional effects due to the asymmetric
distribution of mass and stiffness. This can result in uneven distribution of seismic
forces and torsional rotations, leading to larger storey drifts and displacements
compared to the more symmetrical configuration of C-shaped buildings.
 In conclusion, L-shaped buildings generally exhibit poorer performance in terms of
seismic response compared to C-shaped buildings. The T-shaped configuration,
torsional effects, irregular load paths, and reduced lateral stiffness and strength
contribute to increased storey drifts, displacements, and vulnerability to seismic loads.
However, it is important to note that proper design considerations, such as
incorporating additional structural elements, implementing seismic design principles,
and utilizing appropriate damping systems, can help mitigate the challenges
associated with L-shaped buildings and improve their seismic performance.
 REFERENCES
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Garcia, R., Patel, K., Wilson, E. (2022). "Optimizing the Link Location for Twin
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Garcia, R., Patel, K., Wilson, E. (2021). "Dynamic Analysis of Twin Tall RCC
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