Ministry of Education and Training

HCMC University of Technology and Education

POWER ELECTRONICS
www.hcmute.edu.vn
 I. INTRODUCTION

I.1. Definition:
A power electronic DC/DC converter: steps DC to DC
up/down to upper/lower level with minimal ripple.

Input Output
- DC DC – DC - DC
- Uin CONVERTER
- U0
= constant = Variable

Controller
2
 I. INTRODUCTION
I.1. Definition:

3
 I. INTRODUCTION

I. 2. Classification:

- U0 < UIN: Buck converter/chopper

Step-down converter

- U0 > UIN: Boost converter/chopper

Step-up converter

- U0 >< UIN: Buck - Boost converter

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 I. INTRODUCTION
I. 2. Classification:

5
 I. INTRODUCTION

I.3. Control

- PWM
 I. INTRODUCTION

I.4. Applications

▪ Communication equipment,
▪ Cell phones and digital cameras,
▪ Computer hardware circuits,
▪ Dental apparatus,
▪ Other industrial applications such as
DC motor.
 I. INTRODUCTION

I.4. Applications

▪ LM2596:
Module nguồn không sử dụng cách ly
Nguồn đầu vào từ 4V - 35V.
Nguồn đầu ra: 1V - 30V.
Dòng ra Max: 3A

http://www.eleccircuit.com/
 I. INTRODUCTION

I.4. Applications
▪ LM2673 -5V 3A step-down Switching Voltage Regulator
 II. BUCK CONVERTER

PWM

TON V
TOFF0

R V0
T: Switching cycle

10
II. BUCK CONVERTER

PWM

TON TOFF

R V0
T
V0
V0AV
PWM

TON TOFF
11
12
 II. BUCK CONVERTER

v(t) = V0AV +  Harmonics

Ripple
To filter these signals out so that only the DC
II. BUCK CONVERTER
component remains.

This requires
a low-pass filter
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 II. BUCK CONVERTER

▪ C is large enough that the output voltage ripple is small

relative to its average value;
▪ L is large enough to ensure that the inductor current stays
positive for the switching period (this is referred to as
continuous conduction mode or CCM) – this ensures that
when the switch is OFF, the diode must be ON;
▪ All components are initially assumed ideal;
▪ The circuit is in the steady state – implying that all
waveforms are in fact periodic, ensuring that they have the
same value at the beginning and end of a switching period.

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II. BUCK CONVERTER

LC Filter

15
 II. BUCK CONVERTER

Inductor is
absorbing power
(Charging)
Inductor is supplying
16
power (Discharging)
II. BUCK CONVERTER
When Inductor is absorbing power
(Charging): ➔ iL is increasing, vL > 0
iL> 0
+
vL > 0
-

When Inductor is supplying power

(Discharging) ➔ iL is descreasing, vL < 0
iL> 0
-
vL > 0
+
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 II. BUCK CONVERTER

diL
uL = L
dt
1 UL
iL =  u L dt = t
L L
S1 = ON
Charging TON
+ -

TON = DT
19
 II. BUCK CONVERTER

di L
uL = L
dt
1 UL
i L =  u L dt = t
L L
S1 = OFF Discharging T
- + TOFF =
(1- D)T

TON = DT TOFF
 II. BUCK CONVERTER

S1 = ON S1 = OFF

+ - - +

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 II. BUCK CONVERTER
CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE OR CCM

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 II. BUCK CONVERTER
TON
V0AV = VIN = D.VIN  VIN
T
S1 = ON
TON 1
di L _ ON D= ;T =
uL = L = VIN − V0AV T f
dt ON TON = D.T
TOFF = (1 − D).T
I L max − I L min
L = VIN − V0AV
TON
(VIN − V0AV )TON
L=
I L max − IL min
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 II. BUCK CONVERTER
TON
V0AV = VIN = D.VIN  VIN
T
S1 = OFF
TON 1
di L _ OFF D= ;T =
uL = L = 0 − V0AV T f
dt OFF TON = D.T
IL min − IL max TOFF = (1 − D).T
L = 0 − V0AV
TOFF

I L max − IL min V0AV .TOFF

L = V0AV L=
TOFF I L max − I L min
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 II. BUCK CONVERTER
IL = ILmax − ILmin

I L
I L max = I LAV +
2

I L
I L min = ILAV −
2

I CAV = 0

I L max + I L min V0AV

I LAV = I R AV = =
2 R
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 II. BUCK CONVERTER

Capacitor Voltage Ripple

IL max − I L min D(1 − D)VIN 2

vC = T= T
8C 8LC

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 II. BUCK CONVERTER

Continuous Current Condition

Continuous

Continuous

Critical

Discontinuous

27
 II. BUCK CONVERTER

Continuous Current Condition

I L
ILmin just hits Zero I L min = I LAV − =0
2

V0AV IL max − IL min

− =0
R 2
(1 − D)T.R big
V0AV V0AV .TOFF Lcritical =
= 2
R L
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 II. BUCK CONVERTER

Peak Inverse Voltage of Diode: VD0 = Vin

Diode current: ID0 = I0(1-D)

Inductor current can also calculated by:

 1 1 −D 
ILmax = DVin  + T
 R 2L 
 1 1−D 
ILmin = DVin  − T
 R 2L 
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 II. BUCK CONVERTER

Inductor current can also calculated by:

Or (1 − D)Vin (1 − 0.6) * 24
I L = T= −3 3
= 0,024[ A];
L 10 *10 * 40 *10
V0
I Lav = ;
R
I L
I L max = I Lav + = 0,732[ A];
2
I L
I L min = I Lav − = 0,708[ A].
2
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 II. BUCK CONVERTER

Inductor current can also calculated by:

Or
(1 − D)Vin
I L max − I L min = I L = T = 0,024[ A];
L
V0
I L max + I L min = 2 = 1,44[ A];
R
I L min = 0,708[ A].
I L max = 0,732[ A];

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 II. BUCK CONVERTER

Continuous Current Condition

I L
ILmin just hits Zero I L min = I LAV − =0
2

V0AV IL max − IL min

− =0
R 2
(1 − D)T.R big
V0AV V0AV .TOFF Lcritical =
= 2
R L
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II. BUCK CONVERTER

33
III. BOOST CONVERTER

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 III. BOOST CONVERTER

Vin V0

S = ON S = OFF
Charge Discharge
+ - - +
Vin V0 Vin V0

discharge Charge 35
 III. BOOST CONVERTER

S = ON
Charge
+ - I1

Vin V0
IL

I2 = - IC

discharge

36
 III. BOOST CONVERTER

S = OFF
Discharge
- +
I1
Vin V0
IL

I2 = - IC
Charge

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 III. BOOST CONVERTER

I1

IL

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III. BOOST CONVERTER

39
S1 = ON
I L max − IL min
L = VIN
TON
VIN
S1 = OFF V0AV =  VIN
1− D
I L min − I L max
L = VIN − V0AV
TOFF

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Maximum and minimum inductor currents

Where: Vs = Vin

41
The minimum combination of inductance
(Critical inductance)

Output Voltage Ripple:

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 IV. BUCK - BOOST CONVERTER

VIN VO

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 IV. BUCK - BOOST CONVERTER
When the switch is closed, the voltage
across the inductor is:
I1 = IL
VIN VO
VIN

VIN
S = ON t = TON = DT TON DT

(inductor
Charging current ID = 0
change =
+
VL constant) TON DT
VIN VO
-

VIN
Discharging TON DT 44
 IV. BUCK - BOOST CONVERTER
When the switch is closed, the voltage
across the inductor is:
VIN VO
VIN
VIN
VIN
S = ON t = TON = DT
(TON = DT)
(inductor
Charging current VIN
change =
+
VL constant)
VIN VO
- VIN
Imax - Imin (*)

Discharging
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 IV. BUCK - BOOST CONVERTER
When the switch is open, the voltage
across the inductor is:
VIN VO
-VO

-VO -
S = OFF t = TOFF = (1-D)T

Discharging (inductor
current -
change =
- constant)

VL VO -
+
Imin - Imax
(**)

Charging 46
 IV. BUCK - BOOST CONVERTER
I1

VIN VO TON TOFF

DT

S = OFF t = TOFF = (1-D)T

DT
Discharging IL

TON TOFF
-
VL DT
VL VO
VIN TOFF
+
TON DT
Charging 47
 IV. BUCK - BOOST CONVERTER

S = ON = CLOSED S = OFF = OPEN

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 IV. BUCK - BOOST CONVERTER

For steady-state operation, the net change in inductor current

must be zero over one period.

-
VIN

49
 IV. BUCK - BOOST CONVERTER
I1
For CCM Operation:
TON TOFF
IL = ILmax − ILmin DT

I L
I L max = I LAV +
2 DT
IL
-
I L IL
I L min = ILAV − TON
2 TOFF
VL DT
I CAV = 0
VIN TOFF

TON DT
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IV. BUCK - BOOST CONVERTER

VIN
VIN VIN

VIN VIN

VIN VIN

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 IV. BUCK - BOOST CONVERTER

Critical inductance

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 IV. PWM

Ton

53
 IV. PWM
Op-amp Comparator

vi
+Vcc vref
t

vi -Vcc vo
vo Vcc

Vref t
-Vcc

NonZero-Level Detection 54
 6. Op-amp Comparator

+12V

+12V

3K3
Vin 3 8 1K5
1
Vo
2
4 D
+12V
-12V
3K3

20K
 IV. PWM

Ton Ton
T T

56
 IV. PWM
v+
V-

 (rad)
TON1 TON1

 (rad)
TON2 TON2

2 2

 (rad)

The  changes linearly when V- changes.

 IV. PWM

Pulse
Counter Integrator Comparator
Generator

Ton
T 58
 IV. PWM
VCC

C Comp1
Q 1 G
A E
Q1 VCC
C1

R
3 O
IC555 Q VCC VR
Pulse Counter
Generator Q

D Comp2
Q 2 H
F
Q2
B C2

59
 IV. PWM
A

50% B

D = 0,5 D

Ton
60
 IV. PWM
A

B
25%
D
D = 0,25 F

Ton

T 61
 A

75% D

D = 0,75 F

Ton

T
62
 IV. PWM
VCC

D1 R6 VCC
LED 1K5
R10 VCC
VCC 3K3
Q2 14 TP11
VCC 13 11
A1015
VCC 14 R5 U4B 12
R4 TP5 8
1K 5 TP7 R9
2K2 7 4011 U12D
9 D

VDD
R1 2K
13 TP3 6 1K5
11 TP6 4 VCC
CLK Q TL082 D5
U1B Q1
4 8 TP4 C4 4148
P1 12 C1815 TP13 W
10K 10 Q 101 5 4

RST
103 +12V

VCC
R C3 VCC_CIRCLE
R2 VCC 6
7 S 4011
DSCHG TP1 8
OUT R26
3 4013 VCC Q5
D6 C
VCC 14 LED D468
R3 R11 VCC 100
6 5 R15
1K5

VDD
U12C R27
GND

THR D C6 VCC_CIRCLE 3K3

CV

TRG 3 1 TP2 C9
104 14 TP12 1K
2 CLK Q 8 10
100u/16V Q3 P
1 5 U1A U4A 9 G
NE555 2N1132A TP9 2
4 R Q 2 R12 4 R14 TP10 7 4011 R28
C1 C2 R13 TP8

GND
472 104 S 1K 1 1K
6 2K2 3 8 1K5 S
TL082 D7
7
4148
4013 Q4
C1815 C7 VCC
101
C8 103
VCC VCC

VCC_CIRCLE R21
VCC R29
R22 C8
1M 1K
TP15 2 4 F VREF
R25 Ut P3
R24 P2 R18 R30
6 C14 VCC 10K
10K
R20 TP16 3 7 1K TP17 R31
2K2 473
3K3 AD741 1K
R17 R7
R8
560 560
VCC 1K
4N35 D2 DIODE
R23
U0-
TP14 TP19
D3
R16 TP18
U0+ C5 DIODE
OPTO
ISOLATOR 103
 IV. PWM

MicroController
PIC
Arduino
……… Ton
T

64
IV. PWM

65
IV. PWM
67