EEE 447, Power Electronics

KHAIRUL ALAM
Professor, EEE Department
East West University
 Text Book
Text Book: Muhammad H Rashid, “Power
Electronics – Devices, Circuits, and
Applications” 4th Edition
Ref. Book: Robert W Erickson,
“Fundamentals of power Electronics” 2nd
Edition
 Chapter Learning Outcomes

After completing this chapter students should be

able to
1. List the characteristics of an ideal transistor switch.
2. Describe the switching technique for dc–dc conversion.
3. List the types of dc–dc converters.
4. Describe the principle of operation of dc–dc converters.
5. List the performance parameters of dc converters.
6. Analyze the design of dc converters.
7. Describe the effects of load inductance on the load
current and the conditions for continuous current.
 Introduction
Definition
A dc–dc converter converts directly from dc to dc and is simply
known as a dc converter. A dc converter can be considered as dc
equivalent to an ac transformer with a continuously variable
turns ratio. Like a transformer, it can be used to step down or
step up a dc voltage source

Applications
1. DC converters are widely used for traction motor control in
electric automobiles, trolley cars, etc.
2. DC converters can be used in regenerative braking of dc
motors to return energy back into the supply.
3. DC converters are used in dc voltage regulators.
4. The dc–dc converters are integral parts of energy conversion
in the evolving area of renewable energy technology.
Performance Parameters of DC-DC Converters
1. The output voltage and the
input current should ideally be a
pure dc, but the output voltage
and the input current of a
practical dc–dc converter
contain harmonics or ripples as
shown in Figures.
2. The converter draws current
from the dc source only when
the converter connects the load
to the supply source and the
input current is discontinuous.
Performance Parameters of DC-DC Converters
 DC-DC Converter
Categories of DC-DC Converter
Basic types
1. Buck Converter (Step down voltage)
2. Boost Converter (Step up voltage)
3. Buck-Boost Converter (Step up/down voltage)

1. Cuk Converter (Buck-boost type)

2. Flyback Converter (Buck-boost type)
3. Forward Converter (Buck-boost type with transformer)
4. Single Ended Primary Inductance Converter (SEPIC)
 Buck Converter

Switch, control circuit, free

wheeling diode, and L-C
filter are parts of Buck
converter.

VL (on ) = VS − Va
I C (on ) = I L − I a

Let us say that the output voltage is Va. During switch ON (Mode
1), the inductor voltage is vL = L di/dt. Under small ripple
approximation, the voltage rise can be considered as straight line
from I1 to I2 as show in figure.
 Buck Converter

During switch OFF (Mode 2), the free wheeling diode is

connected. Now the left side of L is at 0 voltage and right side is
at Va. Assume that inductor current will decrease from I2 to I3.
However, for steady-state periodic nature, the current at t = 0
must be equal to the current at t = T. That is, I3 = I1.
VL (off ) = −Va
I C (off ) = I L − I a
 Buck Converter
Apply volt-second balance
VL (on )Ton + VL (off )Toff = 0 Apply power balance
In this balance, we assume
 (VS − Va )kT + (− Va )(1 − k )T = 0 lossless switches so that
 VS kT − Va kT − VaT + Va kT = 0 the input power = the
 Va = kVS output load power
Pin = Pout
Apply ampere-second balance  V S I S = Va I a
I C (on )Ton + I C (off )Toff = 0  VS I S = kVS I a
 (I L − I a )kT + (I L − I a )(1 − k )T = 0  I S = kI a
 (I L − I a )(kT + T − kT ) = 0
 I L − I a = 0 [since T  0]
 IL = Ia
 Buck Converter
Ripple in inductor current
During TON, the voltage that
appears across the inductor is VS-Va
VL (on ) = VS − Va
diL
L = VS − Va
dt
I 2 − I1 I
L =L = VS − Va
kT kT
k (VS − Va ) k (VS − kVS ) k (1 − k )VS
 I = = =
fL fL fL
Maximum Ripple
For constant frequency operation, ΔI
depends on k(1-k). The maximum value of
k(1-k) is ¼. Therefore, the maximum value
of current ripple is VS
I max =
4 fL
 Buck Converter
Critical inductor (continuous current)
To find critical inductance, set I1 = 0
I L − I / 2 = 0
k (1 − k )VS
 Ia − =0
2 fLC
k (1 − k )VS (1 − k )Va (1 − k )R
 LC = = =
2 fI a 2 fI a 2f
Inductor Design Issue
Design for maximum ripple
VS
L=
4 fI max
Design for critical value
k (1 − k )VS (1 − k )Va (1 − k )R
L = LC = = =
2 fI a 2 fI a 2f
 Buck Converter
Ripple in capacitor voltage
During TON, the capacitor current is
IL-Ia and capacitor charges from
Vcmin to Vcmax . V = 1 T / 2i (t )dt
C
C  C

I C (on ) = I L − I a
0

1  1 T I L 
 I C (on ) = I a − I a = 0 ?  V =  
C  2 2 2 
C

1  1 k (1 − k )VS 
 VC =   
C 8 f fL  Since IL = Ia (average)
k (1 − k )VS
 VC =
8 f 2 LC iC (t ) = iL (t ) − I a = iL (t ) − I L
Maximum Ripple
For constant frequency operation, the The shaded triangle has
maximum value of k(1-k) is ¼. Therefore, height = ΔI/2 and base =
the maximum value of voltage ripple is
(kT/2) + (1-k)T/2 = T/2
VS
VC max =
32 f 2 LC
 Buck Converter
Continuous capacitor voltage
For continuity in output (capacitor)
voltage, the maximum allowed
change in VC is 2Va.
k (1 − k )VS
VC = 2
= 2Va
8 f LCC
k (1 − k )VS
 2
= 2kVS
8 f LCC
1− k
 CC =
16 f 2 L
 Buck Converter

k (VS − Va ) k (VS − kVS ) k (1 − k )VS

 I = = =
fL fL fL

0.4167  (1 − 0.4167 )  12
L= = 145.84 H 
I L 0.8
25000  0.8
C= =
8 fVC 8  25000  20  10−3
 Boost Converter

When the switch is ON (0 to kT), the circuit is as

shown in above (Mode 1). The inductor current rises VL (on ) = VS
from I1 to I2. The inductor voltage and the capacitor
current in steady state can be written as follows I C (on ) = − I a
 Boost Converter

When the switch is OFF (kT to T), the circuit is as shown

in above (Mode 2). The inductor current falls from I2 to VL (off ) = VS − Va
I1. Assume ideal diode and write KVL to get inductor
I C (off ) = I L − I a
voltage and KCL to get capacitor current. (VL polarity is
as before, i.e., +ve on left)
Va
Apply volt-second balance Apply ampere-second balance Ia =
R
VL (on )Ton + VL (off )Toff = 0 I C (on )Ton + I C (off )Toff = 0
 VS kT + (VS − Va )(1 − k )T = 0  − I a kT + (I L − I a )(1 − k )T = 0
 VS kT + VS T − VS kT − Va + Va kT = 0  − I a kT + I LT − I L kT − I aT + I a kT = 0
V Ia
 Va = S  IL =
1− k 1− k
 Ripple in capacitor voltage
Boost Converter During TON, the capacitor
Apply power balance Ripple in inductor current current is negative of
supply current, and
Pin = Pout During TON, the supply
voltage appears across the capacitor discharge from
 VS I S = Va I a Vcmax to Vcmin through load
VL (on ) = VS
VS
inductor
 VS I S = Ia resistance
1− k I C (on ) = − I a
diL
I
 IS = a L = VS C
dvc V
=− a =−
VS
1− k dt dt R (1 − k )R
IS = IL, that is, the input I Vc min
VS
kT

current is continuous and L = VS   dvc = −

(1 − k )RC  dt
smooth - good kT Vc max 0

kVS
kVS  VC =
Critical inductor current To  I = (1 − k ) fRC
find critical inductance, set fL
I1 = 0 I L − I / 2 = 0 VC − VC / 2 = 0
Critical Capacitor
Ia kVS kVS
 − =0 To find critical C, set V = 0  V − =0
2(1 − k ) fRCC
cmin a
1− k 2 fLC
k (1 − k ) R
2 k
 CC =
 LC = 2 fR
2f
 Boost Converter
(a) Output voltage is
zero during ON and
VS+VL during OFF.
(b) Inductor current
and source current
are same
(c) Diode current is
zero during ON and
equal to IL during
OFF.
(d) Capacitor current
is –Ia during ON and
IL-Ia during OFF.
(e) Now integrate
capacitor current to
get capacitor voltage
(f) Ripple in load
current is ignored.
Boost Converter
Boost Converter
 Buck-Boost Converter

During mode 2, transistor

The output voltage polarity is opposite to that of the input Q1 is turned off and diode
voltage. During mode 1, transistor Q1 is turned on and Dm is forward biased.
diode Dm is reversed biased. The input current, which rises,
VL (off ) = Va
flows through inductor L and transistor Q1. V (on ) = V
L S
I C (on ) = I L − I a
I C (on ) = − I a
 Buck-Boost Converter
Apply volt-second balance Apply ampere-second balance Apply power balance
VL (on )Ton + VL (off )Toff = 0 I C (on )Ton + I C (off )Toff = 0 Pin = Pout
 VS kT + Va (1 − k )T = 0  − I a kT + (I L − I a )(1 − k )T = 0  VS I S = Va I a
 VS kT + VaT − Va kT = 0  − I a kT + I LT − I L kT − I aT + I a kT = 0 kVS
 VS I S = Ia
kVS Ia 1− k
 Va =  IL =
1− k 1− k kI
 IS = a
1− k
Ripple in inductor current The input current is zero for
During TON, the supply Toff, not continuous and
voltage appears across the smooth - bad
inductor VL (on ) = VS
Ripple in capacitor voltage I C (on ) = − I a
diL During TON, the capacitor dvc V kVS
L = VS C =− a =−
dt current is negative. dt R (1 − k )R
I Therefore, the capacitor Vc min
kVS
kT
L = VS   dvc = −  dt
kT discharge from Vcmax to
Vc max
(1 − k )RC 0
kV Vcmin through load
 I = S k 2VS
resistance  VC =
fL (1 − k ) fRC
 Buck-Boost Converter
Critical inductor current To Critical Capacitor
find critical inductance, set To find critical C, set Vcmin = 0
I1 = 0 I − I / 2 = 0
L VC − VC / 2 = 0
I kVS k 2VS
 a − =0  Va − =0
1 − k 2 fLC 2(1 − k ) fRCC

 LC =
(1− k ) R
2
 CC =
k
2f 2 fR
 Buck-Boost Converter
(a) Voltage across
inductor vD is VS
during ON and -Va
during OFF.
(b) Inductor current is
continuous
(c) Diode current i1 is
zero during ON and
equal to IL during
OFF.
(d) Capacitor current
is –Ia during ON and
IL-Ia during OFF.
(e) Now integrate
capacitor current to
get capacitor voltage
(f) Ripple in load
current is ignored.
Buck-Boost Converter
Buck-Boost Converter
 Cuk Converter

During mode 2, transistor

Q1 is turned off and diode
Dm is forward biased.
Assume that the voltage
The Cuk regulator provides an output voltage that is less across diode, Vdm = 0. Now
than or greater than the input voltage, but the output apply KVL in left loop to
voltage polarity is opposite to that of the input voltage. get VL1 and in middle loop
During mode 1, transistor Q1 is turned on and diode Dm is to get VL2.

VL1 (off ) = VS − VC1

reversed biased. The input current, which rises, flows
through inductor L and transistor Q1.
VL1 (on ) = VS VL 2 (off ) = Va
VL 2 (on ) = VC1 + Va I C1 (off ) = − I L1
I C1 (on ) = I L 2 I C 2 (off ) = I L 2 − I a
I C 2 (on ) = I L 2 − I a
 Cuk Converter Apply power balance
Pin = Pout
Apply volt-second balance Apply ampere-second balance
 VS I S = −Va I a
For L1 inductor For capacitor C2
I C 2 (on )Ton + I C 2 (off )Toff = 0
kVS
VL1 (on )Ton + VL1 (off )Toff = 0  VS I S = Ia
1− k
 (I L 2 − I a )kT + (I L 2 − I a )(1 − k )T = 0
 VS kT + (VS − VC1 )(1 − k )T = 0 kI
 (I L 2 − I a )(k + 1 − k ) = 0  IS = a
V 1− k
 VC1 = S  I L2 = Ia
1− k Ripple in L1 current
Apply volt-second balance Apply ampere-second balance During TON, VS appears
For L2 inductor For capacitor C across the inductor
1

VL 2 (on )Ton + VL 2 (off )Toff = 0 I C1 (on )Ton + I C1 (off )Toff = 0 VL1 (on ) = VS
 (VC1 + Va )kT + Va (1 − k )T = 0  I L 2 kT + (− I L1 )(1 − k )T = 0  L1
diL
= VS
 VC1k + Va = 0 k dt
 I L1 = I L2
1− k I
kVS  L1 1 = VS
 Va = − k kT
1− k  I L1 = Ia
1− k kVS
 I 1 =
fL1
 Cuk Converter
Ripple in L2 current Ripple in C1 voltage Ripple in C2 voltage
During TON, VS –VC1 During TON, IL2 = Ia During TON, -IL2 = -Ia
appears across the flows through the flows through the
inductor capacitor capacitor (???????)
VL 2 (on ) = VC1 + Va C1
dvC1
= Ia dvC 2
diL 2 dt C2 = I L2 − Ia
 L2 = VS V − VC1 min dt
dt  C1 C1 max = Ia V − VC 2 min
I kT  C2 C 2 max =0
 L2 2 = VS kI kT
kT  VC1 = a  VC 2 = 0
kV fC1
 I 2 = S
fL2
Ripple in C2 voltage Plot iC2 and then obtain ΔVC
from Q = CV where Q is integration of iC2.
1
VC 2 = Q
Cc
1  1 T I 2 
 VC 2 =    
Cc 2 2 2 
kVS
 VC 2 =
8 f 2 L2C2
Cuk Converter
Cuk Converter
Cuk Converter
 Step Down DC-DC Converters
1. When switch SW, known as the chopper, is closed for a time t1, the input
voltage Vs appears across the load. If the switch remains off for a time t2, the
voltage across the load is zero.
2. The converter switch can be implemented by using a (1) power bipolar
junction transistor (BJT), (2) power metal oxide semiconductor field-effect
transistor (MOSFET), (3) gate-turn-off thyristor (GTO), or (4) insulated-gate
bipolar transistor (IGBT). The practical devices have a finite voltage drop
ranging from 0.5 to 2 V, and for the sake of simplicity we shall neglect the
voltage drops of these power semiconductor devices.
Step Down DC-DC Converters
Step Down DC-DC Converters
 Generation of Duty Cycle
The duty cycle k can be generated by comparing a dc reference signal vr with a
sawtooth carrier signal vcr as shown below, where Vr is the peak value of vr, and
Vcr is the peak value of vcr. The carrier signal vcr is given by
Vcr
vcr = t
T
which must equal to the dc signal vr = Vr at kT. which gives the duty cycle k.
V V
vcr = cr kT k= r
T Vcr

By varying the reference dc

signal vr from 0 to Vcr, the
duty cycle k can be varied
from 0 to 1.
Step Down DC-DC Converters
Step Down DC-DC Converters
Step Down DC-DC Converters
Step Down Converter with R-L Load

When the switch is ON,

output voltage = input
voltage. When OFF, v0 = 0;
Current through L increases
from I1 to I2 during ON
Current through L decreases
from I2 to I3 during OFF.
For discontinuous
conduction, current starts
from zero.