CHAPTER 3

DC TO DC CONVERTER (CHOPPER)
ANALYSIS OF STEP DOWN CHOPPER (BUCK
CONVERTER)
Analysis of the buck converter of begins by making these assumptions:

 1. The circuit is operating in the steady state.

 2. The inductor current is continuous (always positive).
 3. The capacitor is very large, and the output voltage is held constant at voltage
Vo. This restriction will be relaxed later to show the effects of finite capacitance.
 4. The switching period is T (one cycle); the switch is closed (ON) for time
DT and open (OFF) for time (1-D)T.
 5. The components are ideal.
ANALYSIS OF STEP DOWN CHOPPER (BUCK
CONVERTER)
 Peak-to-peak ripple current (ΔIL)
 ΔILON and ΔILOFF
 Duty Cycle (D)
 Output voltage (Vo)
 Output current (IL)
 Max and Min ripple inductor current, (ILmax, ILmin)
 Peak-to-peak ripple voltage of capacitor for continuous
current mode, (ΔVo/Vo)
 PEAK-TO-PEAK RIPPLE CURRENT
(ΔIL)
 ΔIL(ON)- WHEN SWITCHED IS ON

VL = Vs-Vo
Kirchhoff’s voltage law around the path containing the
source, inductor and closed switch is

di
VL = VS -Vo = L
dt
 DUTY CYCLE (D) & PEAK-TO-PEAK
RIPPLE CURRENT (ΔILON)
iL(t) ΔILON
iLmax
Vs-Vo
ΔiL(t)
iLmin
𝒕𝑶𝑵
𝑫=
ON OFF 𝑻
t
tON

Switching Period, T
Switch Turns ON
again
 ΔIL(ON)- WHEN SWITCHED IS ON
 Then, duration of on time, tON = DT.
Recall that, D = tON / T
di Vs −Vo
 Rearranging,
= switched ON
dt L
di  iL O N
=
dt tON
V s − Vo  iL O N
=
L tON
so,
V s − Vo
 iL ON =  t ON
L
V s − Vo
 iL ON = DT
L
PEAK-TO-PEAK RIPPLE CURRENT
(ΔILOFF)
 ΔIL(OFF)- WHEN SWITCHED IS OFF

VL = – Vo

Kirchhoff’s voltage law around the path containing

the source, inductor, diode and load is

di
VL = − Vo = L
dt
 PEAK-TO-PEAK RIPPLE CURRENT
(ΔILOFF)
iL(t) ΔILOFF
iLmax
Vs-Vo
ΔiL(t)
iLmin
ON OFF
t
tON

Switching Period, T
Switch Turns ON
again
ΔIL(ON)- WHEN SWITCHED IS OFF
 Then, duration of on time, toFF = (1- D) T
Recall that, toFF = T - tON = T - DT

di −Vo
 Rearranging, = switched OFF
dt L

di  iL O F F S olvin gf or iL,
=
dt tOFF − Vo
 iL O FF =  t O FF
− Vo iL OFF L
= − Vo
L tOFF iL O F F = (1− D)T
L
− Vo (1− D)T
=
L
PEAK-TO-PEAK RIPPLE CURRENT
(ΔIL)
Vs − Vo
so, iL = DT
L
iL(t)
iLmax
iL ΔiL(t)
iLmin

tON t

Switching Period, T
 OUTPUT VOLTAGE
(VO)
 For steady-state operation, the net change in inductor
current must be zero

V s − Vo Vo
( )( D T ) + (− (1 − D )T ) = 0
L L
V s D − Vo D − Vo + Vo D = 0
V s D − Vo = 0

Solving for Vo, Vo = VsD

 OUTPUT CURRENT
(IL)
The average inductor current must be the same as the
average current in the load resistor, since the average
capacitor current must be zero for steady-state operation:

Vo
IL = IR = iL(t)
R iLmax
iL ΔiL(t)
iLmin

tON t
Switching Period, T
MAX & MIN RIPPLE INDUCTOR CURRENT
(ILMAX, ILMIN)
 Maximum and minimum inductor currents are determined by using
the average value and the change in current
+ iL
I max = I L
2
1 1− D
= Vo ( + )
R 2Lf

− iL
I min = IL
2
1 1− D
= Vo ( − )
R 2Lf
 EXAMPLE 1
The buck converter circuit has parameter
Vs = 20V R = 12 Ω
D = 0.6 L = 10 μH
and the switching frequency is 100kHz.

Determine the
a) Output voltage (Vo)
b) The average, max and min inductor current.
 EXAMPLE 1
The buck converter circuit has parameter
Vs = 20V R = 12 Ω
D = 0.6 L = 10 μH
 OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE (VO/VO)
 Output Voltage Ripple, in the preceding analysis, the capacitor was
assumed to be very large to keep the output voltage constant. The
current in the capacitor is
iC = iL - iR
 OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE (VO/VO)
 Output Voltage Ripple,
iC = iL - iR
 OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE (VO/VO)
 The change in charge ΔQ is the area of the triangle above the time axis

1  T  iL   TiL 
Q =   =  
2  2  2   8 
TiL
Vo =
8C
Vo =
TVo
(1− D )T = Vo(1− D)2
8CL 8LCf

where f = 1/T is the switching frequency.

OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE (VO/VO)

Q = C Vo
Q = C Vo
Q
Vo =
C
VoDT VoD
Vo = =  Vo
=
D
RC RCf Vo RC f

where f = 1/T is the switching frequency.

CONCLUSION &
DISCUSSION
 STEP UP
CHOPPER
(BOOST
CONVERTER)
1. Give formula for Output Voltage and Inductor Current for Step
Down Converter

Vo Vo =VsD

IL =Vo
IL R
VL(T
Refer to Inductor
)
Voltage Waveform for
Step Down Chopper,
label the value of

VLon
tON tOFF VLoff
t

Inductor Voltage Waveform for Step

Down Chopper
iL(t)
Refer to Inductor
Current Waveform,
label the following
terms at the
waveform:
ON OFF
t
A. Imax
tON B. Imin
C. ΔiL
D. IL
Inductor Current Waveform
 STEP UP CHOPPER
(BOOST CONVERTER)
The average output voltage, Vo
is higher than the input
voltage, Vs
Vo > Vs
STEP UP CHOPPER (BOOST CONVERTER)

The converter switch can be implement by

using a MOSFET, BJT, IGBT, GTO and SCR.
 Diode

Reversed Biased

Diode (D) is reversed biased and inductor, L is charging.

Inductor (L) is connected across the supply so it produces
VL = VS
 Switch Turns ON
VL(t) Positive Slope
iL(t)
Switch Turns OFF iLmax
Vs
ΔiL(t)
iLmin

t t
tON tON

Switching Period T

tON = DT. Recall that, D = tON / T

Diode becomes forward-biased to provide a path for inductor
current. The current that was flowing through the switch
would now flow through L, C, load and diode, so it produces
VL = Vs – Vo
 Negative Slope
Switch Turns ON iL(t)
VL(t) iLmax
Vs Switch Turns OFF ΔiL(t)
iLmin
ON OFF
t t
tON tOFF tON

Vs - Vo Switching Period, Switch Turns ON

T T again

toFF = (1- D) T. Recall that,

toFF = T - tON = T - DT
ANALYSIS OF STEP UP CHOPPER (BOOST
CONVERTER)
Analysis of the boost converter of begins by making
these assumptions:

1. Steady-state conditions exist.

2.The switching period is T, and the switch is on for time
DT and switch is off for (1-D)T.
3.The inductor current is continuous (always positive).
4.The capacitor is very large, and the output voltage is
held constant at voltage, Vo.
5. The components are ideal.
ANALYSIS OF STEP UP CHOPPER (BOOST
CONVERTER)
 Peak-to-peak ripple current (ΔIL)
◦ ΔILON and ΔILOFF
 Duty Cycle (D)
 Output voltage (Vo)
 Output current (IL)
 Max and Min ripple inductor current, (ILmax, ILmin)
 Peak-to-peak ripple voltage of capacitor for
continuous current mode, (ΔVo/Vo)
 PEAK-TO-PEAK RIPPLE CURRENT
(ΔIL)
 ΔIL(ON)- WHEN SWITCHED IS ON

VL = VS
Kirchhoff’s voltage law around the path containing
the source, inductor and closed switch is

di
VL = V S = L
dt
 PEAK-TO-PEAK RIPPLE CURRENT
(ΔIL)
 ΔIL(OFF)- WHEN SWITCHED IS OFF

VL = VS – VO
Kirchhoff’s voltage law around the path containing
the source, inductor, diode and load is

di
vL = V s − Vo = L
dt
 Then, duration of on time, toFF = (1- D)
T Recall that, toFF = T - tON = T - DT

 Rearranging, di Vs − Vo
= switched OFF
dt L

di  iL O F F Solving for iL,

=
dt tOFF
V s − Vo iLOFF Vs − Vo
=  iL O FF = t O FF
L  tO FF L
Vs − Vo
iL O FF = (1− D)T
L
Vs − Vo (1− D)T
=
L
PEAK-TO-PEAK RIPPLE CURRENT
(ΔIL)
V SD T
so, IL =
L
iL(t)

iLmax
iL ΔiL(t)
iLmin

tON t

Switching Period, T
 OUTPUT VOLTAGE
(VO)
 For steady-state operation, the net change in inductor
current must be zero

VsD T (Vs − Vo ) ( 1 − D ) T
+ = 0
L L
V s D + V s − V s D − Vo + Vo D = 0
V s − Vo + Vo D = 0
Vs
Solving for Vo, Vo =
1− D
 OUTPUT CURRENT
(IL)
The average current in the inductor is determined by recognizing that the average power supplied by
the source must be the same as the average power absorbed by the load resistor. Output power is
Vo 2
Po = = VoIo
R
and input power is Vs Is = Vs IL. Equating input and output powers

 Vs 
2

Vo 2  1 − D 
VS IL = =
R R
so,
Vs 2
VS IL =
(1− D)2 R
 OUTPUT CURRENT
(IL)
By solving for average inductor current and making various
substitutions, IL can be expressed as

Vs 2 Vs
IL = IL =
(1− D) 2 R(Vs) (1−D)2 R

iL(t)
iLmax
iL ΔiL(t)
iLmin

tON t
Switching Period, T
 MAX & MIN RIPPLE INDUCTOR CURRENT
(ILMAX, ILMIN)
 Maximum and minimum inductor currents are determined by
using the average value and the change in current
+ iL
I max = I L
2
Vs VsDT
= +
(1 − D ) 2 R 2L

− iL
I min = IL
2
Vs − VsDT
=
(1 − D ) 2 R 2L
Equation IMIN was developed with the assumption that the inductor current is continuous,
meaning that it is always positive.

Vs VsDT
I min = 0 = −
(1− D) 2 R 2L
so,
Vs VsDT
=
(1− D) 2 R 2L
Vs VsD
=
(1− D) 2 R 2Lf

where f = 1/T is the switching frequency.

 OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE (VO/VO)
 Output Voltage Ripple, The peak-to-peak output voltage
ripple can be calculated from the capacitor current waveform.

The change in capacitor charge can be

calculated from

 Vo 
Q =  DT
 R 
 OUTPUT VOLTAGE RIPPLE (VO/VO)
 An expression for ripple voltage is then

Q=C
VO
Q = C Vo
Q
Vo =
C
VoDT VoD
Vo = =  Vo
=
D
RC RCf Vo RC f
where f = 1/T is the switching frequency.
The boost converter circuit has parameter
Vs = 20V R = 12.5 Ω
d = 0.6 L = 10 μH
and the switching frequency is 200kHz.

Determine the
a) Output voltage (Vo)
b) The average, max and min inductor current.
REVIEW QUESTION
QUESTION 1 (STRUCTURE)

a) List 3 examples of application chopper in industry (3m)

b) A buck converter operates from 50V battery with a resistive load of 20Ω. The
frequency of the chopper is 200Hz. Determine the average output voltage, Vo(avg)
and average output current, Io(avg) value if the chopper conduction time is 2ms.
(5m)
c) Illustrate the schematic circuit of boost chopper with RL load. Based on the circuit,
sketch the waveform of input voltage (Vi), Voltage of the switch (Vsw), Output
voltage (Vo) and Output current (Io)
REVIEW QUESTION
QUESTION 2 (STRUCTURE)

a) Define the schematic circuit for buck and boost converter (3m)
b) Fig. A3(b) shows an output waveform of a step down DC converter. Calculate the
value of switching frequency (f) and output voltage (Vout). (5m)
c) A step up converter operates at a frequency of 25kHz from a 12V DC source. Given
resistive load is 50Ω, inductive load is 120H and the duty cycle is 60%. Calculate
the minimum current (Imin) and maximum current (Imax). Then, sketch the inductor
output current waveform. (7m)
REVIEW QUESTION
REVIEW QUESTION
QUESTION 3 (STRUCTURE)

a) The DC output voltage of the chopper can be varied by varying the duty cycle.
Explain the 2 methods for varying the duty cycle to DC converter.
b) A buck converter is supplied from a 65V battery source. Given L=450H, C=150F,
R=25Ω, f=20kHz and D=0.5. Calculate:-
(i) Period, T
(ii) Average output voltage, Vo
(iii) Minimum inductor current, Imin
(iv) Maximum inductor current, Imax
REVIEW QUESTION
QUESTION 4 (STRUCTURE)

a) Describe 2 differences between step up and step down converter (2m)

b) A buck converter is operating at a frequency of 1.5kHz on a 240V DC supply. If the
load voltage is 185V, calculate:- (8m)
(i) Duty cycle, D
(ii) Conducting period (ton) and blocking period (toff) of IGBT in each cycle
(iii) Sketch and label the inductor current waveform (IL) with the value for both periods
is b(ii)
30

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2/24/2016
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