ENGG112 – Lecture 22

Electrical Machines and

Instruments

SHAILENDRA KUMAR JHA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel

www.ku.edu.np
 Outline of the lecture
• Definition
• Generator action
• Motor action
• DC machines
• AC machines

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 Electrical Machines
• Electrical Machines are rotating devices and work on
electromechanical energy conversion principle.

• They are even termed as Electromechanical Energy

conversion Devices.

• Machines characterized by alternating current are called ac

machines.

• Machines characterized by direct current are called dc

machines.
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 Electromechanical Energy Conversion
• This involves the interchange of energy between an electrical system
and a mechanical system through the medium of a magnetic or electric
field.

• The conversion process is reversible except for a small amount which is

lost as heat energy.

• When the conversion takes place from electrical to mechanical form

the device is called a motor.

• When the mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy, the

device is called a generator.
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 Electromechanical Energy Conversion

Electrical Mechanical
Coupling
System System
field
E, I T, 

Motor Action

Generator Action

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 Motor

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 Motor

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 Generator

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 Generator

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 Generator action- Faraday’s Law
• If a conductor of length l is
moved with a velocity v in a
magnetic field of constant flux
density B then the emf induced E
is given by
E = B.l.v

• The direction of emf is

determined by Fleming’s right
hand rule
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 Motor action- Ampere’s Law
• If a conductor of length l carrying
current i is placed in a magnetic
field of flux density B, it will
experience a force F given by
F = B.i.l

• The direction of this force is at right

angle to the flux and also to the
current (Fleming’s left hand rule)

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 Reversibility of an Electrical Machine

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 Basic Structure of an electric machine
• A rotating electric machine has two parts stator and
rotor separated by the air gap.
• The stator of the machine does not move and
normally is the outer frame of the machine.
• The rotor is free to move and normally is the inner
part of the machine.
• Conductors are placed in the slots on the inner
periphery of the stator and the outer periphery of
the rotor. They are interconnected to form windings.
• The winding in which voltage is induced is called
armature winding.
• The winding in through which a current is passed to
produce main flux is called field winding.

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 DC machines
A dc machine consists of the following parts:
• Field magnet
• Armature
• Commutator
• Brushes
• Yoke

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 DC generator – working principle

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 DC generator – working principle

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 DC generator – construction

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 DC generator – construction

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 DC generator – construction

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 DC generator – construction

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 Types of D.C. Generators
• The magnetic field in a d.c. generator is normally produced
by electromagnets rather than permanent magnets.
• Generators are generally classified according to their
methods of field excitation.
• On this basis, d.c. generators are divided into the following
two classes:
– Separately excited d.c. generators
– Self-excited d.c. generators

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 Separately Excited D.C. Generators

• A d.c. generator whose field magnet winding

is supplied from an independent external d.c.
source (e.g., a battery etc.) is called a
separately excited generator.

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 Self-Excited D.C. Generators
• A d.c. generator whose field magnet winding is supplied
current from the output of the generator itself is called a
self-excited generator.
• There are three types of self-excited generators
depending upon the manner in which the field winding is
connected to the armature, namely;
– Series generator;
– Shunt generator;
– Compound generator

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 Series generator
• In a series wound generator, the field winding is
connected in series with armature winding so that
whole armature current flows through the field winding
as well as the load.

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 Shunt generator
• In a shunt generator, the field winding is connected in parallel with
the armature winding so that terminal voltage of the generator is
applied across it.
• The shunt field winding has many turns of fine wire having high
resistance so that only a part of armature current flows through
shunt field winding and the rest flows through the load.

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 Compound generator
• In a compound-wound generator, there are two sets of field windings on
each pole—one is in series and the other in parallel with the armature.
• A compound wound generator may be:
– Short Shunt in which only shunt field winding is in parallel with the armature
winding
– Long Shunt in which shunt field winding is in parallel with both series field and
armature winding

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 Losses in a D.C. Machine

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 DC motors –working principle

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 DC motors –working principle

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 DC motor construction

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 Types of D.C. Motors
• Like generators, there are three types of d.c.
motors characterized by the connections of
field winding in relation to the armature:
– Series wound motor;
– Shunt wound motor;
– Compound wound motor

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 Shunt-wound motor
• The dc motor in which the field winding is connected in parallel with the
armature.
• The current through the shunt field winding is not the same as the
armature current.
• Shunt field windings are designed to produce the necessary m.m.f. by
means of a relatively large number of turns of wire having high resistance.

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 Series-wound motor
• The dc motor in which the field winding is connected in series with the
armature and the series field winding carries the armature current.
• the current passing through a series field winding is the same as the
armature current, series field windings is designed with much fewer turns
than shunt field windings for the same m.m.f.
• a series field winding has a relatively small number of turns of thick wire
and, therefore, will possess a low resistance.

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 Compound-wound motor
• The dc motor in which has two field windings; one connected in parallel with
the armature and the other in series with it.
• When the shunt field winding is directly connected across the armature
terminals it is called short-shunt connection.
• When the shunt winding is so connected that it shunts the series
combination of armature and series field , it is called long-shunt connection.

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 Losses in a D.C. Motor

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 Application of dc motors
• Shunt motors - approximately constant speed motor
– where the speed is required to remain almost constant from no-load to full-
load
– where the load has to be driven at a number of speeds and any one of which
is required to remain nearly constant
– Industrial use: Lathes, drills, boring mills, shapers, spinning and weaving
machines etc.
• Series motors - variable speed motor
– where large starting torque is required e.g., in elevators and electric traction
– where the load is subjected to heavy fluctuations and the speed is
automatically required to reduce at high torques and vice-versa
– Industrial use: Electric traction, cranes, elevators, air compressors, vacuum
cleaners, hair drier, sewing machines etc.
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 Application of dc motors
• Compound motors
– Differential-compound motors are rarely used
because of their poor torque characteristics.
– However, cumulative-compound motors are used
where a fairly constant speed is required with
irregular loads or suddenly applied heavy loads.
– Industrial use: Presses, shears, reciprocating
machines etc.

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 AC Machines
• Induction (Asynchronous) machines
• Synchronous machines

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 Three Phase Induction Motors
• The three-phase induction motors are the most widely used
electric motors in industry.
• They run at essentially constant speed from no-load to full-load.
• the speed is frequency dependent and consequently these motors
are not easily adapted to speed control.
• usually d.c. motors are preferred when large speed variations are
required.
• the 3-phase induction motors are simple, rugged, low-priced, easy
to maintain and can be manufactured with characteristics to suit
most industrial requirements.

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 Three Phase Induction Motors
• Like any electric motor, a 3-phase induction motor has a stator and a
rotor.
• The stator carries a 3-phase winding (called stator winding) while the
rotor carries a short-circuited winding (called rotor winding).
• Only the stator winding is fed from 3-phase supply.
• The rotor winding derives its voltage and power from the externally
energized stator winding through electromagnetic induction and hence
the name.
• The induction motor may be considered to be a transformer with a
rotating secondary and it can, therefore, be described as a
“transformertype” a.c. machine in which electrical energy is converted
into mechanical energy.
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 3-phase induction motor -construction

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 3-phase induction motor -construction

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 3-phase induction motor -construction

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 3-phase induction motor -construction

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 3-phase induction motor -construction

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 3-phase induction motor -construction

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 3-phase induction motor –working principle

• When 3-phase stator winding is energized from a 3-phase supply, a rotating magnetic
field is set up which rotates round the stator at synchronous speed N (= 120 f/P).
• The rotating field passes through the air gap and cuts the rotor conductors, which as
yet, are stationary.
• Due to the relative speed between the rotating flux and the stationary rotor, e.m.f.s
are induced in the rotor conductors.
• Since the rotor circuit is short-circuited, currents start flowing in the rotor conductors.

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 3-phase induction motor –working principle
• The current-carrying rotor conductors are placed in the magnetic field produced
by the stator.
• Consequently, mechanical force acts on the rotor conductors.
• The sum of the mechanical forces on all the rotor conductors produces a torque
which tends to move the rotor in the same direction as the rotating field.
• The fact that rotor is urged to follow the stator field (i.e., rotor moves in the
direction of stator field) can be explained by Lenz’s law.
• According to this law, the direction of rotor currents will be such that they tend
to oppose the cause producing them.
• Now, the cause producing the rotor currents is the relative speed between the
rotating field and the stationary rotor conductors.
• Hence to reduce this relative speed, the rotor starts running in the same
direction as that of stator field and tries to catch it.
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 Losses in 3-phase Induction Motor

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 Single-Phase Induction Motors
• Single phase motors are the most familiar of
all electric motors because they are
extensively used in home appliances, shops,
offices etc.
• Types of Single-Phase Motors
– split-phase type
– capacitor type
– shaded-pole type

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 Single-Phase Induction Motors
• A single phase induction motor is very similar
to a 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor.
• It has (i) a squirrel-cage rotor identical to a 3-
phase motor and (ii) a single-phase winding on
the stator.
• Unlike a 3-phase induction motor, a single-
phase induction motor is not self starting but
requires some starting means.

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 Split-Phase Induction Motor
• When the two stator windings
are energized from a single-
phase supply, the main winding
carries current Im while the
starting winding carries current Is.
• Since main winding is made
highly inductive while the
starting winding highly resistive,
the currents Im and Is have a
reasonable phase angle a (25° to
30°) between them.

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 Split-Phase Induction Motor
• Consequently, a weak revolving field approximating to
that of a 2-phase machine is produced which starts the
motor.
• When the motor reaches about 75% of synchronous
speed, the centrifugal switch opens the circuit of the
starting winding.
• The motor then operates as a single-phase induction
motor and continues to accelerate till it reaches the
normal speed.
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 Capacitor-Start Motor
• a capacitor C is connected in series with
the starting winding.
• The value of capacitor is so chosen that Is
leads Im by about 80°
• Consequently, starting torque is much
more than that of a split-phase motor
• Again, the starting winding is opened by
the centrifugal
• switch when the motor attains about 75%
of synchronous speed.
• The motor then operates as a single-phase
induction motor and continues to
accelerate till it reaches the normal speed

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 AC and DC generator

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 Alternator
• An alternator operates on the same fundamental
principle of electromagnetic induction as a d.c.
generator
• In a d.c. generator, the armature winding is placed
on the rotor in order to provide a way of
converting alternating voltage generated in the
winding to a direct voltage at the terminals
through the use of a rotating commutator. The
field poles are placed on the stationary part of the
machine.
• Since no commutator is required in an alternator,
the field winding is placed on the rotating part and
armature winding on the stationary part.
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 Alternator-construction

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 Measuring Instruments
• Ammeter
• Voltmeter
• Ohmmeter
• Analog and digital multi-meters
• Clamp meters

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 Ammeter
• Ammeter is an electrical
measuring device, which is
used to measure electric
current through the circuit.
• An ammeter is always
connected in series to a
circuit.
• Ammeter is a low resistance
galvanometer
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 • Galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by using a low resistance wire in
parallel with the galvanometer
• the resistance of the wire depends upon the range of the ammeter
• As shunt resistance is small the combined resistance of the galvanometer & the shunt
is very low hence the ammeter has much lower resistance than galvanometer
• An ideal ammeter has zero resistance

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 Voltmeter
• Voltmeter is an electrical
measuring device, which is
used to measure potential
difference between two
points in a circuit.
• Voltmeter is always
connected in parallel to a
circuit.

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 • A galvanometer can be converted into a volt meter by using a high resistance in
series with the galvanometer
• The value of resistance depends upon the range of the volt meter
• For voltmeter a high resistance, Rm is connected in series with the galvanometer
therefore resistance of voltmeter is very large as compared to that of galvanometer
• The resistance of an ideal voltmeter is infinity

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 Ohmmeter
• The purpose of an ohmmeter, is to measure the resistance
placed between its leads.
• This resistance reading is indicated through a mechanical
meter movement which operates on electric current.
• The ohmmeter must then have an internal source of voltage
to create the necessary current to operate the movement
• Also have appropriate ranging resistors to allow just the
right amount of current through the movement at any given
resistance

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 Analog and digital multimeter

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 Clamp-meter

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