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Introduction
• Magnetic Flux
• Unit for flux is weber
• The definition of 1 weber is the amount of flux that
can produce an induced voltage of 1 V in a one turn
coil if the flux reduce to zero with uniform rate
Magnetic Flux
ΦB = BA = B A cos θ
Reluctance
turns
N = 200 turns
l = 600 x 10-3 m
A = 500 x 10-6 m2
I = 4A
Hl
weber where S
ampere / weber
S r o A
Example 2
A mild steel ring, having a cross-section area of 500 mm2 and a
mean circumference of 400 mm is wound uniformly by a coil of
200 turns. Calculate(a) reluctance of the ring and (b) a current
required to produce a flux of 800 Wb in the ring.
(a) 800 10 6
B 6
1.6T turns
A 500 10
Dari graf r/B, pada B = 1.6; r
= 380
0.4
S
r o A 380 4 107 5 104
6
mmf H 800 10 1.667 10 1342[ A] NI
6
1342 1342
I 6.7[ A]
N 200
Magnetic circuit with different materials
l1 l2
SA and SB
1a1 2a 2
l1 l2
S SA SB
1a1 2a 2
For A: area of cross-section = a1
mean length = l1
absolute permeability = 1
ForB: area of cross-section = a2
mean length = l2
absolute permeability = 2
Mmf for many materials in series
total mmf = HAlA + HBlB
HA =magnetic strength in material A
lA=mean length of material A
HB =magnetic strength in material B
lB=mean length of material B
In general
(m.m.f) = Hl
Example 3
A magnetic circuit comprises three parts in series, each of uniform
cross-section area(c.s.a). They are :
(a)A length of 80mm and c.s.a 50 mm2;
(b)A length of 60mm and c.s.a 90mm2;
(c)An airgap of length 0.5mm and c.s.a 150 mm2.
A coil of 4000 turns is wound on part (b), and the flux density in
the airgap is 0.3T. Assuming that all the flux passes through the
given circuit, and that the relative permeability r is 1300, estimate
the coil current to produce such a flux density.
4 4
BC AC 0.3 1.5 10 0.45 10 Wb
Mmf = S = H l = N I
and 181.8
I 45.4 10 3 A 45.4mA
4000
Leakages and fringing of flux
leakage
fringing
NI = 3992
I = 3992/800 = 5 A
D
L M N
L = M + N
Or L - M - N = 0
In general: = 0
Example 5
A magnetic circuit made of silicon steel is arranged as in the
Figure. The center limb has a cross-section area of 800mm2 and
each of the side limbs has a cross-sectional area of 500mm 2.
Calculate the m.m.f required to produce a flux of 1mWb in the
center limb, assuming the magnetic leakage to be negligible.
S2
150 103
4388
A mm
B
34000 4 10 7 800 10 6
m.m. f A S1 A B S 2 S a
1 340 10 3
S1 15915
r o A1 34000 4 10 500 10
7 6
3
110
Sa 994718
4 10 800 10
7 6
Since the circuit is symmetry A =B
m.m. f S1 2 S 2 S a
V N
2 2
V N
1 1
• When used with a resistive load, current flows in
the secondary
– this current itself produces a magnetic flux which
opposes that produced by the primary
– thus, current in the
secondary reduces
the output voltage
– for an Videal
I Vtransformer
I
1 1 2 2
Circuit Symbols
14.13
The Use of Inductance in Sensors
14.14
• Numerous examples:
• Inductive proximity
sensors
– basically a coil
wrapped around a
ferromagnetic rod
– a ferromagnetic plate coming close to the coil changes
its inductance allowing it to be sensed
– can be used as a linear sensor or as a binary switch
D
L M N
L = M + N
Or L - M - N = 0
In general: = 0
Example 5
A magnetic circuit made of silicon steel is arranged as in the
Figure. The center limb has a cross-section area of 800mm2 and
each of the side limbs has a cross-sectional area of 500mm 2.
Calculate the m.m.f required to produce a flux of 1mWb in the
center limb, assuming the magnetic leakage to be negligible.
S2
150 103
4388
A mm
B
m.m. f A S1 A B S 2 S a
34000 4 10 7 800 10 6
1 340 10 3
S1 15915
r o A1 34000 4 10 500 10
7 6
3
110
Sa 994718
4 10 800 10
7 6
Since the circuit is symmetry A =B
m.m. f S1 2 S 2 S a
1 6 103
Hl H a l a H i li Ba 323.8Ba NI
2 11.6
NI 360
Ba 1.11 T
323.8 323.8
mg 3922
3922 3922
m 400 kg
g 9.81
Hysteresis loss
metal insulator
Inductance
μ0 AN 2
L
l
• The inductance is greatly increased through the
use of a ferromagnetic core, for example
μ0 μr AN 2
L
l
• Equivalent circuit of an inductor