CHAPTER 3

DC TO DC CONVERTER (CHOPPER)
OUTLINE
• REMEMBER THE PRINCIPLE OPERATION OF DC TO DC CONVERTER
• UNDERSTAND THE CONTROL TECHNICS IN DC TO DC CONVERTER
• APPLY THE PRINCIPLE OPERATION OF STEP-DOWN CONVERTER
(BUCK CONVERTER)
• APPLY THE PRINCIPLE OPERATION OF STEP-UP CONVERTER (BOOST
CONVERTER
R
E
V
I
E
W

240V

120V
INTRODUCTION
4

 To convert a fixed-voltage DC source into a

variable- voltage DC source.

12/26/2015
DC VOLTAGE SUPPLY
APPLICATION OF DC TO DC CONVERTER
 Trolley Cars
 Marine Hoist
 Forklift Trucks
 DC Voltage Regulator
 DC Motor Controlled
 Battery Charger
TYPES OF CHOPPER CIRCUIT
Step down chopper
(Buck-Converter)

Step up chopper
(Boost-Converter)
 KEY OF STEP UP CHOPPER
(BUCK CONVERTER)
The average output voltage, Vo is
SMALLER than
the input voltage, Vs
Vo < Vs
 KEY OF STEP UP CHOPPER
(BOOST CONVERTER)
The average output voltage, Vo is
HIGHER than
the input voltage, Vs
Vo > Vs
THE CONVERTER SWITCH CAN BE IMPLEMENT BY
USING A;

Devices

MOSFETs IGBTs GTOs SCRs BJTs

A BASIC SWITCHING CONVERTER
A BASIC SWITCHING CONVERTER
 The average or dc component of the output voltage is

A BASIC SWITCHING CONVERTER
 The dc component of the output voltage is controlled by
adjusting the duty ratio D, which is the fraction of the
switching period that the switch is closed where f is the
switching frequency.
tON = time interval for which Switch conducts
tOFF = time interval for which Switch is OFF
T = tON + tOFF = period of switching or chopping period
DUTY CYCLE
 Duty cycle is the fraction of time that a system is in an
"active" state.
 The duty cycle is defined as the ratio between the pulse
duration (TON) and the period (T) of a square waveform.
 STEP DOWN
CHOPPER (BUCK
CONVERTER)
 STEP DOWN CHOPPER
(BUCK CONVERTER)
The average output voltage, Vo
is less than the input voltage,
Vs
Vo < Vs
 STEP DOWN CHOPPER
(BUCK CONVERTER)

The converter switch can be implement by

using a MOSFET, BJT, IGBT, GTO and SCR.
MODE 1 : WHEN SWITCH IS
CLOSED…..(ON STATE)
Switch

Diode
Reverse
Biased

Diode (D) is reversed biased and inductor, L is charging.

Inductor (L) is connected across the supply so it produces
VL = VS - Vo
 MODE 1 : SWITCH CLOSED (ON STATE)
OUTPUT WAVEFORM
Switch Turns ON Positive Slope
VL(t) iL(t)
iLmax
Switch Turns OFF ΔiL(t)
Vs- Vo
iLmin

t
t tON
tON
Switching Period T

tON = DT. Recall that, D = tON / T

MODE 2 : WHEN SWITCH IS
OPENED…..
(OFF STATE)

Diode becomes forward-biased to provide a path for inductor current. The

load current iO continues to flow in the same direction through the
freewheeling diode due to the energy stored in the inductor L so it produces
VL = – Vo
 MODE 2 : SWITCH OPENED (OFF STATE)
OUTPUT WAVEFORM
Negative Slope
Switch Turns ON iL(t)
VL(t) iLmax
Vs-Vo Switch Turns OFF ΔiL(t)
iLmin
ON OFF
t t
tON tOFF tON

- Vo Switching Period, Switch Turns ON

T T again

toFF = (1- D) T. Recall that,

toFF = T - tON = T - DT
STEP DOWN CHOPPER
(BUCK CONVERTER)
 IQ TEST
 A buck chopper is operate at frequency f=5kHz. If the
conduction time is three quarter from the total time,
calculate;

i. Time ON
 IQ TEST
 A buck chopper is operate at frequency f=5kHz. If the
conduction time is three quarter from the total time,
calculate;

i. Time ON=0.15ms
THANK YOU