BJT Switching Circuits

The BJT as a Switch

The BJT can be used as a switch by driving it back and forth between saturation (closed) and cutoff (open).

Open and Closed BJT Switch

When operated in saturation, the BJT acts as a closed switch. When operated in cutoff, the BJT acts as an open switch.

Saturation

Transistor saturation can be guaranteed by designing the circuit so that:

+Vpk = VCC IB is greater than IC(sat) / hFE

BJT disposicin fsica

Caracterstica en conexin directa

Completo: directa + reversa

Modelo Ebers-Moll

Regiones de operacin

En corte (simplificado)

En saturacin (simplificado)

En saturacin (simplificado)

Velocidad de conmutacin de un Diodo

NOTA: diodos PN no shottky

Velocidad de conmutacin de un BJT

Conmutacin del BJT

Conmutacin del BJT

Td->sale del corte 0.1ICS Tr->acumulacin de carga en la base Ts->eliminacin de sobresaturacin Tf->reduccin de carga en la base

Transistor Schottky

En saturacin

Waveform Time Measurements

Delay time (td) Rise time (tr) Storage time (ts)

Fall time (tf)

Wave Shape vs. Operating Frequency

Cutoff frequency:

0.35 fC tr

Practical frequency limit:

0.35 fC 100 t r

Reducing BJT Switching Time

BJT delay time is reduced by:

Applying a high initial value of base current. Using the minimum value of reverse bias required to hold the component in cutoff. Limiting base current to a value lower than that required to completely saturate the BJT. Applying a high initial reverse bias to the component.

BJT storage time is reduced by:

Rise time and fall time are functions of BJT construction, and cannot effectively be reduced.

Speed-Up Capacitors

Speed-up capacitor A component used to reduce delay time and storage time.

1 CS 20 RB f m ax

Practical Waveform Measurements

Pulse width (PW) The time spent in the active (high) dc voltage state. Space width (SW) The time spent in the passive (low) dc voltage state. Period (T) The sum of PW and SW. Also referred to as cycle time.

Duty Cycle

Duty cycle The ratio of pulse width (PW) to period (T), measured as a percentage.

pulse width duty cycle 100 period

Buffers

Buffer A switching circuit that does not produce a voltage phase shift.

Schmitt Triggers

Schmitt trigger A voltage-level detector. The output of a Schmitt trigger changes state when

When a positive-going input passes the upper trigger point (UTP) voltage. When a negative-going input passes the lower trigger point (LTP) voltage.

Trigger Point Voltages

Trigger point voltages may be equal or unequal in magnitude, and are opposite in polarity.

Hysteresis

Hysteresis A term that is often used to describe the range of voltages between the UTP and LTP of a Schmitt trigger.

Noninverting Schmitt Trigger

(Symmetrical trigger points)
UTP Rin ( Vout ) Rf

LTP

Rin (Vout ) Rf

Noninverting Schmitt Trigger

(Asymmetrical trigger points)
UTP Rin (Vout 0.7 V) Rf 1

LTP

Rin (Vout 0.7 V) Rf 2

Inverting Schmitt Trigger

(Symmetrical trigger points)
UTP Rf 2 Rf 1 Rf 2 (Vout )
LTP Rf 2 Rf 1 Rf 2 (Vout )

Inverting Schmitt Trigger

(Asymmetrical trigger points)
UTP Rf 3 Rf 1 Rf 3 (Vout 0.7 V)

LTP

Rf 3 Rf 2 Rf 3

(Vout 0.7 V)

Schmidt trigger con transistores

Multivibrators

Multivibrator A circuit designed to have zero, one, or two stable output states. There are three types of multivibrators.

Astable (or Free-Running Multivibrator) Monostable (or One-Shot) Bistable (or Flip-Flop)

Astable Multivibrators

Astable multivibrator A switching circuit that has no stable output state.

The astable multivibrator is a rectangular-wave oscillator. Also referred to as a free-running multivibrator.

Monostable Multivibrators

Monostable multivibrator A switching circuit with one stable output state.

Also referred to as a one-shot. The one-shot produces a single output pulse when it receives a valid input trigger signal.

Bistable Multivibrators

Bistable multivibrator A switching circuit with two stable output states.

Also referred to as a flip-flop. The output changes state when it receives a valid input trigger signal, and remains in that state until another valid trigger signal is received.

The 555 Timer

555 timer An 8-pin IC designed for use in a variety of switching applications.

Comparator Input/Output Relationships

Flip-Flop Input/Output Relationships

555 Timer One-Shot

555 Timer One-Shot Waveforms

PW 1.1RC

Intermittent One-Shot Operation

A valid input trigger fulfills one of these relationships:

VT 13 VCC VT 1 2 Vcon

Invalid input signals may result in intermittent operation.

Decoupling Capacitors

Decoupling capacitor A capacitor connected between the supply voltage and ground pins of an IC to prevent intermittent high-frequency operation.

555 Timer Astable Multivibrator

Astable Multivibrator Waveforms

Astable Multivibrator Relationships

1.44 f0 ( R A 2 RB )C1 R A RB duty cycle 100 R A 2 RB PW 0.693(R A RB )C1

Voltage-Controlled Oscillators (VCOs)

Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) A free-running oscillator whose output frequency is controlled by a dc input voltage.