12-Apr-23

WRU07429: Water Supply Design

Software
Pipes input data, units and equations for
CAD design Software - Lecture 3
By Eng. Dr Dickson K. Gidion

1
 12-Apr-23

Water supply pipes materials

• Pipes convey raw water from the water source to the treatment plant, treated
water from treatment plant to storage facilities and distribution to customers
• Water in pipes is under pressure always and hence the pipes materials and
fixtures should withstand stresses due to the internal and external pressure
and temperature stresses
• Pipes which are commonly used in water supply system are made up various
materials like cement concrete, asbestos, steel, wood, vitrified clay and plastics

Water supply pipes materials

• Basically, the following types of pipes materials are used in water supply
systems
S.No Pipe Materials Available Diameters in TZ
.
1. Cast Iron (CI)
2000 mm (As diameter increases, pressure handling
2. Galvanized Iron (GI)
decreases)
3. Ductile Iron
4. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) – See 630 mm (As diameter increases, pressure handling
attachment decreases)
5. uPVC – See attachment 315 mm
Steel pipes (see attachment) 2000 mm (As diameter increases, pressure handling
decreases)

2
 12-Apr-23

Requirement of water pipe materials

• It should be capable of with standing internal and external pressures

• It should have facility of easy joints
• It should be available in all sizes, transport and erection should be easy.
• It should be durable
• It should not react with water to alter its quality
• Cost of pipes should be less
• Frictional head loss should be minimum
• The damaged units should be replaced easily.

Hydraulic Review
Principles
• When you click a
DESIGN baton Solution
Flow
during water supply method
system design using
a software, the
software goes
Minor loss Velocity
through the
hydraulic design
process and size the
network pipes. Using
recommended Major loss Pressure
design parameters
the system will be
balanced
Energy Continuity

3
 12-Apr-23

Flow
Flow is the volume per unit time expressed in: - Three types of unit of measurement are
• ⁄ - Cubic meters per second used
• Imperial Unit
• ⁄ - Liters per second • Metric Unit
• ⁄ℎ - Cubic meter per hour • International System (SI) Unit
• ⁄ - Cubic feet per second
• MGD – Million gallons per day
• gpm – gallons per minute
• ac-ft/day – acre-feet per day
• cufr/frtnt – cubic furlongs per fortnight

Velocity
Velocity is defined as a flow over area ( = ⁄ ), it is the speed of water move
through the area of the pipe
For most water supply systems
Common units are
• 1ft/s typical (0.6 – 1.2 m/s)
• m/s – meter per second • 5ft/s high (1.5 – 2.5 m/s)
• fps – feet per second • 10ft/s very high (>3 m/s, can cause
hydraulic transient – water hammer)
• 1 m/s = 3.28 fps • 0.1ft/s residential (0.05 m/s, can
What is the correct range? High? Low? cause sedimentation in pipe
network)

4
 12-Apr-23

Velocity cont.….

Recommended velocities for hydraulic analysis

Pressure
Gauge vs Absolute
Pressure is defined as force per unit area
• If you are measuring pressure in water pipes
Common units are that is called gauge pressure (mostly pressure
• Newton/ - Pascal above the Atmospheric pressure)
• If you are measuring pressure in atmosphere
• kPa – Kilo Pascal = 0.102 m that is atmospheric pressure (mostly
• bar – 100kPa applicable in design of pump’s suction head,
NPSH). When gauge pressure is well below
• Psf - Pound/ the atm pressure you get hydraulic transient.
• psi - pound/ However, in suction side we need a pressure
• Atm – atmosphere (14.7 psi or 10.3 mca) well below the Atmospheric pressure

5
 12-Apr-23

Pressure standard
Refer MoW design manual, however the following is adopted for design of
water supply system
• Minimum: 15 m (MoW – 5 m)
• Minimum normal: 20, 25, 30 m
• Maximum: 40, …… 60 m
Pressure releasing valves are used to control pressure in street with high pressure
column.

Principles computer program use to develop working pressure

1. Continuity principle
• Principle of conservation of mass: Mass in = mass out
• For steady incompressible fluid: Net flow into a junction = use at junction
• ∑ = ; Where = Flow in ith pipe into junction, U = Usage at junction
Continuity in tanks
• For unsteady state conditions water stored in tanks: Sum of the inflows (minus outflows) =
change in storage
∆
• Net Q = ∑ − = =
∆
where, H = water level in tank, A = tank cross sectional area,
t = time, Q = flow (positive is inflow and negative is outflow), U= usage directly from a tank

6
 12-Apr-23

Principles computer program use to develop working pressure

2. Energy principle
• = +( ⁄ )+ /2 ;
• In hydraulics, energy converted to energy per unit weight of water, reported in length
units called “head”
3 forms of energy P = Pressure
1. Pressure = ⁄ = Specific weight of fluid
V = Velocity
2. Velocity = ⁄2 g = gravitational acceleration
3. Elevation = Z Z = Elevation

Hydraulic model terminologies

• HGL = Hydraulic grade line
• Static head = Elevation differences
• Total head = Static head + velocity head (EGL) + pressure head (HGL)

7
 12-Apr-23

Hydraulic model terminologies

Hydraulic model terminologies

8
 12-Apr-23

Head loss equations

• Commonly used friction loss methods include:-
i. Empirical relationship in turbulent flow
In laminar flow it is easier to calculate head losses based on principles, however in
turbulent flow is complicated, there is no single theory correctly explain turbulent
flow equation derived from the fundamental theory of nature. thus, there some
empirical coefficients to equations
i. Darcy-Weisbach Equation (Colebrook white)
ii. Hazen-Williams equation
iii. Chezy’s Equation - Manning’s Equation

Darcy-Weisbach Equation (Pipeline, major loss)

• Darcy developed two equations: First equation used to calculate losses in water
pipeline and second equation used to calculate minor losses in valves, fittings and
junctions respectively as follows

• For water pipeline ℎ = and for fittings ℎ = where =

• In order to calculate the friction loss in a water pipeline using the Darcy equation, we
must know the friction factor f which complex and it involve many empirical eqns
• This friction factor is a nondimensional number between 0.0 and 0.1 (usually around
0.02 for turbulent flow)
• It depends on the internal roughness of the pipe, the pipe diameter, and the
Reynolds number, and therefore the type of flow (laminar or turbulent)

9
 12-Apr-23

Darcy-Weisbach Equation (Pipeline)

• Flow in water pipeline is usually turbulent thus, Reynold Number, R >4000.
calculation of the friction factor is not as straightforward (is more complex) as
that for laminar flow
• Based on work by Moody, Colebrook-White, and others, the Colebrook
White equation and Moody diagrams have been proposed for calculating the
friction factor in turbulent flow (refer your Fluid Mechanics materials)
• Generally a value of 0.002 inch or 0.05 mm is used in most calculations,
unless better data are available (Refer a Table below for pipes details).
• The equation is efficient in calculating minor losses

Darcy-Weisbach pipes internal roughness

S.No. Pipe material Roughness
Inch mm
1. Riveted steel 0.035 – 0.35 0.9 – 9.0
2. Commercial steel/welded steel 0.0018 0.045
3. Cast iron 0.010 0.26
4. Galvanized iron 0.006 0.15
5. Asphalted iron 0.0047 0.12
6. Wrought iron 0.0018 0.045
7. PVC, drawn tubing, glass 0.000059 0.0015
8. Concrete 0.0118 – 0.118 0.3 - 3

10
 12-Apr-23

Darcy-Weisbach Equation (Valves and fittings; minor loss)

• The term minor losses can be applied only where the pipeline lengths and
hence the friction losses are relatively large compared to the pressure drops in
the fittings and valves.
• In a situation such as plant piping and tank farm piping the pressure drop in
the straight length of pipe may be of the same order of magnitude as that due
to valves and fittings
• In such cases the term minor losses is really a misnomer. In any case, the
pressure losses through valves, fittings, etc., can be accounted for
approximately using the equivalent length or K times the velocity head
method

Darcy-Weisbach Equation (Valves and fittings, minor loss)

• The K factor and the velocity head approach to calculating pressure drop
through valves and fittings can be analyzed using the Darcy equation as: -
Pressure drop ℎ = × =
• It must be noted that this way of calculating the minor losses is valid only in
turbulent flow.
• Typical K factors for valves and fittings are listed in attached Table
• It can be seen that the K factor depends on the nominal pipe size of the valve
or fitting. The equivalent length, on the other hand, is given as a ratio of
L/D for a particular fitting or valve

11
 12-Apr-23

Hazen-Williams equation (Pipeline, major loss)

• A more popular approach to the calculation of head loss in water piping
systems is the use of the Hazen-Williams equation.
• In this method a coefficient C known as the Hazen-Williams C factor is used
to account for the internal pipe roughness or efficiency.
• Unlike the Moody diagram or the Colebrook-White equation, the Hazen-
Williams equation does not require use of the Reynolds number or viscosity
of water to calculate the head loss due to friction
• C does not vary appreciably with velocity, and by comparing pipe types and
ages it includes only the concept of roughness, ignoring fluid viscosity and
Reynolds number.

Hazen-Williams equation (Pipeline, major loss)

• Generally, the C factor decreases by one with each year of pipe age. Flow for
a newly designed system is often calculated with a C factor of 100, based on
averaging it over the life of the pipe system
• A high C factor means a smooth pipe; a low C factor means a rough pipe.
• The Hazen-Williams equation for head loss is expressed as:-
.
10.658
ℎ= . .

• Commonly used values of the Hazen-Williams C factor for various

applications are listed in a Table below

12
 12-Apr-23

Hazen-Williams C Factor (Pipes)

S.No. Pipe material C Factor S.No. Pipe material C Factor
1. Asbestos Cement 140 12. Steel (New unlined) 140
2. Brass 140 13. Steel (Riveted) 110
3. Brick sewer 100 14. Lead 130
4. Cast iron 10 years old 110 15. Glass 140
5. Cast iron 20 years old 90 16. Copper 140
6. Ductile iron (Cement lined) 140 17. Fire hose (rubber-lined) 110
Concrete or concrete lined (Smooth, steel
7. 140 18. Galvanized iron 120
forms)
8. Concrete or concrete lined (Rough) 110 19. Plastic 150
9. Concrete or concrete lined (Wooden forms) 120 20. Tin 130
10. Masonry conduit 130 21. Vitrified 120
11. Steel (Coal-tar-enamel lined) 150 22. Wood stave 120

Hazen-Williams equation (Pipeline, major loss)

• Usually, the C factor, or Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient, is based on
experience with the water pipeline system, such as the pipe material or internal
condition of the pipeline system
• When designing a new pipeline, proper judgment must be exercised in choosing a C
factor since considerable variation in pressure drop can occur by selecting a
particular value of C compared to another.
• Because of the inverse proportionality effect of C on the head loss h, using C = 140
instead of C = 100 will result in a − ( ) . or 46 percent less pressure drop.
Therefore, it is important that the C value be chosen judiciously.

13
 12-Apr-23

Manning equation (Pipeline, major loss)

• The Manning equation was originally developed for use in open-channel flow
of water, it is also sometimes used in pipe flow design (drinking and sewer
networks design).
• The Manning equation shown below uses the Manning index n, or roughness
coefficient, which like the Hazen-Williams C factor depends on the type and
internal condition of the pipe.
10.295
ℎ = .

• The values used for the Manning index for common pipe materials are listed
in a Table below

Manning index for common materials

S.No. Pipe Material Resistance factor, n
1. PVC 0.009
2. Cast iron (coated) 0.012–0.014
3. Cast iron (uncoated) 0.013–0.015
4. Wrought iron (galvanized) 0.015–0.017
5. Steel (riveted and spiral) 0.015–0.017
6. Cement surface 0.010–0.013
7. Concrete 0.012–0.017
8. Clay, drainage tile 0.012–0.014
9. Cement lined channel 0.010–0.013
10. Concrete lined channel 0.014–0.016
11. Earth (straight and uniform) unlined channel 0.017–0.025

14
 12-Apr-23

The conversion
depends on the
size of the pipe
and the velocity
as shown in the
diagram

Summary of comparison of friction equations

Darcy-Weisbach Hazen-Williams Manning

All fluids Water only Water only
Hard to get f Easy to get C Easy to get n
Good for any roughness Smooth flow Rough flow
Not common Common in water supply system design Common in
sewer design
Pipes, valves, fittings, Pipes only: you need to establish losses Pipes/channel/
joints and bends due to valves, fittings, joints and bends conduits
using Darcy’s eqn

15