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Fundamentals
of Water
Supply System
Lecture Module No. 2

ARCH 100 BU I: Lecture Module II

Arch. Christine Mariz Gonzales-Costa, uap

Sources & Uses

of Water

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Water plays an important part in the plumbing system. It

is a common, but in many ways, an unusual liquid. Large
quantities of water are required in buildings for personal use,
food preparation, cleaning and general domestic purposes, and
possibly also for fire fighting, laundries, swimming pools,
irrigation and recreational use.
We sometimes tend to think of water as an inexhaustible
natural resource.

The Demand of Water

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Section 1. Water may be appropriated for the following

descending purposes and uses:
a. Domestic
b. Municipal
c. Irrigation
d. Power generation
e. Fisheries
f. Livestock raising
g. Industrial
h. Recreational, and
6 i. Other purposes

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domestic purposes is the utilization of water directly

drawn from a source by a household for drinking,
washing, bathing, cooking, watering of gardens or
animals and other domestic uses.

municipal purposes is the utilization of water for

supplying the water requirements of a community,
whether by piped or bulk distribution for domestic and
other uses, direct consumption, the drawer or
abstractor of which being the national government, its
subsidiary agencies, local government units, private
persons, cooperatives or corporations.
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irrigation is the utilization of water for producing

agricultural crops.
power generation is the utilization of water for
producing electrical or mechanical power.
fisheries is the utilization of water for the propagation
and culture of fish as a commercial enterprise or any
other aqua-culture ventures.
livestock raising is the utilization of water for large
herds or flocks of animals raised as a commercial
enterprise.
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industrial purposes is the utilization of water in

factories, industrial plants and mines including the use
of water as an ingredient of a finished product.

recreational purposes is the utilization of water for

swimming pools, bath houses, boating, water skiing,
golf courses and other similar facilities in resorts and
other places of recreation.

The Water Cycle

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The cycle basically consists of water entering the atmosphere

through EVAPORATION and returning through
CONDENSATION is that these processes result in
NATURAL WATER PURIFICATION.
When water evaporates, only water molecules leave the
surfaces; salts and other solids in solution remain behind. The
condensed water is thus purified water, except in so far as it
picks up pollutants in the air. Thus evaporation and
condensation of water vapor are the source of all natural fresh
water on earth.
Fresh water from precipitation falling on the ground gradually
make its way through streams, rivers and lakes to oceans or
seas as a result. As precipitation hits the ground, it may follow
either of two alternative pathways, which are

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1. EVAPORATION
• water changes from its liquid state to vapor or gaseous state.
• substantial heat amount is exchanged during the process, roughly
600 calories of energy per gram of water;
• the solar radiation and additional causes such as the wind, vapor
pressure, atmospheric pressure, and air temperature influence the
amount of natural evaporation in different geographical regions;
• occurs over the surfaces of the water bodies such as oceans, streams,
and lakes;
• Also occurs in raindrops, rocks, snow, soil or vegetation;
• anything present in the water such as salts and minerals is left
behind, thus, evaporation purifies the water
• evaporated moisture then rises into the atmosphere from the
evaporation sources as water vapor or in a gaseous state. At any
particular moment, some water vapor is present in the atmosphere.
12 https://www.eartheclipse.com/environment/process-of-water-cycle.html

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2. CONDENSATION
• the process whereby the water vapor changes from its gaseous
physical state to liquid or crystal solid;
• water vapor condenses on minute air particles due to the cooling of
the air, freezing temperatures, or increased vapor amounts to the
point of saturation in the upper stratospheres;
• condensed vapor then forms fog, dew or clouds;
• when the condensed clouds, dew, and fogs become too large and
heavy to remain suspended in the atmosphere, they fall back on
earth as precipitation due to gravity.
• The 600 calories of energy per gram of water needed during
evaporations are released into the environment.

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3. PRECIPITATION
• takes place whenever any or all forms of water particles fall from the atmosphere
and reach the earth surface. Precipitation occurs when the liquid or solid particles
in the clouds, dew, and fog drops to the ground because of frictional drag and
gravity.
• falls on water bodies or on ground surface where it disperses in various ways. For
sometime, precipitation can remain on the surface as runoff or overland flow. It
may be carried into waterways, intercepted by plants, or infiltrate into the soil. A
good percentage of precipitation goes back to the atmosphere as evaporation.
4. INTERCEPTION
• is whereby the water movement is interrupted in the various paths during
transportation events over the land surface. Interception takes place when the
water is absorbed by vegetation cover and trees, absorbed into the ground, or
stored in puddles and land formations such as furrows and streamlets. These
waters can either infiltrate into the soil or return to the atmosphere through
evapotranspiration or evaporation.

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5. INFILTRATION
• is the physical process involving the slow passage of water through the soil. This
phenomenon is influenced by the soil surface conditions such as permeability and
porosity of the soil profile. Other factors include soil texture, soil moisture
content, and soil structure. The infiltrated water is stored in the soil and can later
return to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration.
6. PERCOLATION
• is the flow of water through the soil and rocks by the influence of capillary and
gravity forces. All water on the earth’s surface move by the forces of gravity and
capillarity to rest beneath the earth as groundwater. Once beneath the earth,
below the water table, the water mostly moves horizontally rather than
downwards based on the geologic boundary formations.
• This area normally acts as reservoirs for storing water. Some geologic formations
may conduct this water back to the surface such as springs.

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7. TRANSPIRATION
• is a process in all plants that normally takes place during the day, giving off water
vapor from the leaves openings. Plants transpire to move nutrients to the upper
sections of the plant and to cool the plants. Most of the water absorbed by the
plants are transpired into the atmosphere until a water deficit point is reached
whereby the plant resorts to releasing water vapor at a much slower rate.
Transpiration is important in the water cycle because plants absorb the moisture
from the soil and releases it into the atmosphere as water vapor.

8. RUNOFF
• is the occurrence of excess water from watershed or drainage basin that flows on
the surface. The flow is as a result of precipitation above waterways, groundwater
runoff from deep percolations, subsurface runoff that infiltrates the surface soils,
and surface runoff that flows on the land surface. As the water flows, it can be
used for agricultural and domestic purposes, it may seep into the ground, stored
in reservoirs or water bodies, or evaporate into the atmosphere.

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9. STORAGE
• refers to the various water reservoirs in the planetary water or
hydrological cycle;
• water is primarily stored in the atmosphere, the surface of the earth,
and in the ground;
• Storage in the atmosphere is in the form of water vapor;
• Storage on the surface of the earth includes lakes, oceans, rivers,
glaciers, and reservoirs;
• Storage in the ground pertains to the soils, rock formations, and
aquifers.

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Appropriation And
Utilization of Waters

How Water is
Being Processed

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Raw Water Water Treatment

- water that requires treatment - the act or process of making water
before it can be used for more potable or useful as by
drinking purifying, clarifying, or softening.

Potable Water
- water fit for human consumption

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Surface water - (water from Angat Dam and Ipo Dam)

- contains large debris, such as sticks, logs, leaves,
fish, and trash
- can clog the water-treatment system; must be removed
before the water enters the treatment plant.
- treatment facilities that use surface water have large
screens that cover the site of water intake.
- cleaned periodically to remove any objects that have
become stuck and prevent the screen from becoming
clogged and impeding water flow into the facility

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- effectively kills any organisms (pathogens) in the water

that may be harmful to humans;

- addition of chlorine, and is repeated after all other

treatment sequences to ensure the destruction such
organisms

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- this involves intense vigorous mixing and promotes the

dispersion of coagulation chemicals (Aluminum Sulfate
and Polymer) in the raw water;
- chemical reactions occur to begin the formation of a
“floc”
FLOC - a cluster of coagulative chemicals and
impurities, such as suspended solids and organic matter.
- intensity of the mixing is then reduced, allowing well-
defined pinhead-sized particles of floc to begin to form.
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- small non-rigid particles are made to come in contact

and agglomerate with one another by mixing the water.
- when the agglomeration of the particles gets large
enough, the aggregate will then settle in still water by
sedimentation.
- larger particles continue to combine, or flocculate, into
much larger and heavier particles, begin to sink and
settle.
- suspended particles that do not agglomerate well by
flocculation are removed from the water through the
use of polymers;
- after flocculation, the water is ready for the next step in
the treatment process, sedimentation;
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- suspended particles that do not agglomerate well

by flocculation are removed from the water
through the use of polymers;
- after flocculation, the water is ready for the next
step in the treatment process, sedimentation;

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1. Aluminum sulfate is added to the water entering the

plant.
2. The water is mixed, rapidly at first and then more slowly
as the process continues.
3. Mixing causes lightweight particles in the chemically
treated to clump together, or coagulate, into much larger
particles.
- the process of gathering particles into a cluster or clot,
often achieved by the addition of special chemicals
known as coagulants.
- aluminum sulfate (alum, Al2 (SO4) 3)
- polyaluminum chloride, ferric chloride, and ferric sulfate, As
this precipitate forms, other particles are caught in the solid
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and form a mass.

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- other suspended insoluble particles, such as sand and

dirt, are often small enough to pass easily through the
screens;
- these particles are removed from the sedimentation;
- when water is allowed to sit, heavy suspended particles,
such as sand, will settle to the bottom over time, as they
are denser than water.
- free of the suspended impurities, the water can be
collected from the top without disturbing the layer of
sediment at the bottom

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- the particles generated by the previous precipitation reactions are

too small to settle efficiently by sedimentation;
GRAVITY FILTRATION
1. water containing solid impurities is passed through a porous
medium, typically layers of sand and gravel pieces.
2. solids formed from precipitation get stuck in the pores, and are
thus removed from the water as it passes through the porous
medium.
3. The water that remains at the bottom of the filter no longer
contains those solid impurities.
These gravity filters are essentially a pipe feeding into the under-drain, or
the bottom layer where the clean water is collected. By adding water to
the filter through this pipe, clean water can be forced upward through the
filter to remove the solids that have collected in the filter. This process is
used to clean the filter.
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- Chlorine (CI2) is a major disinfectant that is affordable and kills

most of the serious disease-causing bacteria in the water.
- Other methods are also employed to remove the organisms,
including through coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration.

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MWSS Water
Supply System

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MWSS Water
sources

1. Angat Dam
2. Ipo Dam
3. La Mesa Dams
The water from these dams are then processed by the La Mesa
and Balara Treatment Plants, which converts it from a raw state
to clean and potable water.
The water from the Angat Dam, the major supply source for the metropolis, is funneled directly to
Ipo Dam. It then flows a distance of 6.4 kilometers to Bicti, after which it passes through five
aqueducts—each about 16 kilometers long—to the La Mesa Dam and the La Mesa Portal. From the
La Mesa Portal, 60% of the flow goes to the nearby La Mesa Treatment Plant, out of which another
40% again travels a distance of 6.8 kilometers to the Balara Treatment Plant. The La Mesa Water
Treatment Plant, with very minimal electromechanical equipment, relies mostly on water’s
hydraulic properties to backwash its filter and gravity to convey raw water from the source into the
plant and out into the distribution system.
It can only process 2,400 MLD (million liters per day) of raw water, while the Balara Treatment
Plant, which has a full production capacity of 1,600 MLD, can supply more than 6 million people
throughout the metropolis.
42 When both Balara and La Mesa Treatment Plants are operation, the total processing capacity will
be 4,000 mld. The La Mesa Water Treatment Plant serves the western half of Metro Manila, while

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ANGAT DAM IPO DAM BICTI

(major source in Metro) (flows 6.4 km) (5 aqueducts 80 km)

The La Mesa Water Treatment Plant,

with very minimal electromechanical
equipment, relies mostly on water’s
hydraulic properties to backwash its
filter and gravity to convey raw water
from the source into the plant and out
into the distribution system. La Mesa Treatment Plant
(60%, travels 6.8km)
2,400 MLD capacity
western half of Metro Manila
La Mesa Dam
4,000 MLD capacity and
La Mesa Portal
Balara Treatment Plant
(40%)
1,600 MLD capacity
eastern half of Metro Manila

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Philippine
Watersheds

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• Angat Watershed
Norzagaray-San Jose del Monte, Bulacan
• Magat Watershed
Ifugao, Isabela and Nueva Viscaya
• Pantabangan-Carranglan Watershed
Nueva Ecija, Nueva Viscaya and Aurora
• San Roque Watershed
Pangasinan and Benguet
• Upper Agno River Watershed
Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province and Nueva Viscaya
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• Buhi-Barit Watershed
Albay and Camarines Sur
• Caliraya-Lumot Watershed
Cavinte, Kalayaan, Lumban and Paete, Laguna
• Makiling-Banahaw Watershed
Laguna, Batangas and Quezon
• Tiwi Watershed
Albay and Camarines Sur

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• Lake Lanao Agus River Watershed

Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur
• Pulangi Watershed
Bukidnon

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Properties of Water

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Chemical formula = H2O;

- two atoms of hydrogen (H2)
linked to one atom of oxygen (O);
- the water molecule results to
be charged negatively near the atom
of oxygen and positively near the
atom of hydrogen;
- since opposites attract, the
water molecules tend to join
together like magnets (electrostatic
bond) called the hydrogen bond

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- universal solvent, can melt many

substances than any other liquid;
PURE WATER – pH 7.0 (neutral);
SEA WATER – pH 8.0 (alkaline)
ACID RAIN – pH is below 7.0
- most fresh waters have pH 6-8

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- most compounds with low

molecular weights take gaseous
form while with water, hydrogen
bonding helps to keep it liquid at
room temperature (25 deg C);
- temperatures of 212F (100C)
are required to break the hydrogen
bonds and convert the liquid into
water vapor;

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- when ionic compounds such as sodium chloride

are added to water, the hydrogen bonding will tend to
pull those ionic compounds apart, thus making water,
a natural solvent;
- once ionic compounds dissolve, their anions and
cations circulate through the water allowing further
reactions to occur, thus the water also sponsors and
facilitates chemical reactions.

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- water takes more heat to raise its temperature than

other common compounds, since much of that heat is
required to first break the hydrogen bonds;
- retains heat so its temperature falls slowly;
- means that larger systems of water (oceans, etc) tend to
maintain more or less constant temperatures, which in
turn helps the earth to maintain relatively constant
temperatures;

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- at 32 degF (0 degC) and below, the water molecules

form hydrogen bonds in a chrystalline lattice structure,
this bonding spaces the molecules a bit farther apart than
usual, causing water to expand when it freezes;
- results why ice floats in water because ice is less dense
than water
- floating ice as an insulating layer thus keeps the water
below it from freezing. It also helps the living organisms
below to survive the cold weather

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- at 32 deg F (0 deg C) and below,

the water molecules form hydrogen
bonds in a crystalline lattice structure,
this bonding spaces the molecules a bit
farther apart than usual, causing water
to expand when it freezes;
- results why ice floats in water
because ice is less dense than water
- floating ice as an insulating layer
thus keeps the water below it from
freezing. It also helps the living
organisms below to survive the cold
weather
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NPC Standards

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