Earth Science Reviewer 3.

Transform (↑↓)
 Scissor or lateral; move past each other
MINERALS causes Shearing Stress
 Ex: San Andreas fault
Mineral Resources-Reasonable for economic 7 major Tectonic Plates in the world:
extraction.
Geology- Study of dynamic processes taking place on 1. Pacific plate
earth’s surface and in earth’s interior 2. North American plate
3. Eurasian plate
What are the earths major geological 4. African plate
processes and hazards? 5. Antarctic plate
 Earthquake 6. Indo-Australia plate
 Volcanic eruption 7. South American plate

Why earth is a dynamic planet?
 It constantly changing
Facts:
 20 earthquakes a day happens in PH
 55 earthquakes around the world
 Strongest earthquake: 1960 on Chile with
9.2 magnitude
 Deadliest tsunami: Indian ocean tsunami
(Indonesia, 2004)
 Most recent and deadly: Japan
3 major concentric zone of earth
1. Crust (oceanic and continental)
2. Mantle
3. Core
3 plate boundaries
1. Divergent (↔)
 Division or spreading
 Tensional Stress- when something is
pulled apart
 Ex: Mid-Atlantic ridge; Pangea
2. Convergent (→←)
 Collision causes Compressional stress
 3 Types
o Oceanic → Continental
(Subduction zone where oceanic
sinks bc its denser than
continental)
o Oceanic → Oceanic
(Trenches. Ex: Challenger Deep;
deepest trench found
Mariana’s trench)
o Continental → Continental
(Mountain ranges and ridges. Ex:
Sierra Madre & Himalayan mt.)
Juan De Fuca- Greek navigator who found a
passage from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic
Ocean.
Juan De Fuca plate:  small tectonic
plate (microplate) generated from the Juan de Fuca
Ridge that is subducting beneath the northerly
portion of the western side of the North American
Plate at the Cascadia subduction zone.
Geological Processes
 Internal- earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic
eruption. Main cause is the Earth’s core
 External- Erosion, weathering,
sedimentation, mining, pollution. Cause by
Human activities
Asthenosphere- Layer between crust and mantle
Lithosphere- Crust
Mantle Plumes- is an area under the rocky outer
layer of Earth, called the crust, where magma is
hotter than surrounding magma.
Earthquake- Movement of plates
Seismic waves- Energy created by earthquake 
Fault- Surface where they slip
Epicenter- Point at the surface directly above the
focus
Focus (Hypocenter)- Point within the earth where
an earthquake rapture starts. types:
 Deep-shallow (0-70Km) more destructive
 Deep-focus (70km above)
Seismogram- Locates earthquake and produces
seismogram.
Richter scale- Measures Magnitude
in Mercalli Intensity scale- Measures Intensity
The Higher the magnitude the earthquake is 10x
stronger.
Tsunami- Earthquake focus located in oceanic
floor
 Rocks and Minerals
NATURAL RESOURCES
Rocks-
Renewable resources- Natural resources that can
Minerals- Element or organic compound in earth’s
be used and replaced over relatively short time. Ex:
crust
Rock cycle- Slowest cycle; takes millions of years  Solar energy- from sun. Cons: Expensive
Russia has 75 trillion Dollars’ worth of mineral  Nuclear Energy- From fission or fusion
resources. (1st) reactions. Cons: radioactive waste,
USA (2nd) Alaska and Texas are the main mineral espensive
resources  Wind energy- From wind. Cons: Expensive
Canada, France, China, Iran, Iraq, Australia, Saudi  Hydroelectricity- energy from flowing
Arabia water. Cons: displaces people(indigenous)
 Biomass- energy from burning organic
Ore- The one that is being mined (contains living matter. Cons: not advisable since it
minerals) need to burn organic matter(tress) and
High grade ore- Konti ang gastos, mas mataas releases carbon dioxide.
ang return/kita (maraming gold and minerals)  Geothermal- uses heat from earths core.
Cons: dangerous bc sa mga near volcanic
Low Grade Ore- Maraming gastos, mababa ang
area sya nakukuha
return
Non-renewable- cannot be replaced instantly; take
years to recover. 2 mains problems are; non-
renewable and harmful. Ex:

 Fossil fuels- Natural resources that

generate electricity. 3 kinds:
o Coal- Located in a land where it is a
marine/rainforest before.
o Oil and natural gas- Formed from
organic matter of dead animals and
plants due to heat and pressure.