Reviewer for 2nd Quarter Periodical Test
Earthquakes and Faults  PHILVOLCS – agency that monitors
Earthquake
- vibration of the earth due to a strong
rapid release of energy
- seismic waves travel through the
Earth
Seismic Waves:
 Primary waves (P-waves)
- First to be felt and detected
- Get slower as it goes to the
molten part of the Earth
 Secondary waves (S-waves)
- Back and forth shaking
Seismic waves in studying the Earth’s
interior
 To measure the strength of an
earthquake.
 It explains the entering of the natural
calamities in our country.
 It helps the related agencies to
understand the occurrences
happening on earth.
Parts of an earthquake:
A. Focus – origin of the seismic waves
B. Epicenter – point in the crust directly
above the focus where violent
earthquake is felt
C. Fault – crack in the Earth’s crust caused
by movement of plates
- forms due to twisting and tearing
apart of rocks
Measuring earthquakes:
 Magnitude
- Measure amount of energy released
- Describes strength of the earthquake
- Uses Hindu-Arabic numbers
 Intensity
- Degree of shaking
- Amount of damaged caused
- Uses roman numerals for description
earthquakes
 Seismologists – scientists that study
earthquakes
Indicators of an earthquake
 The place is situated on the fault line.
 The animals have a strange behavior.
 The place has experienced violent
earthquakes in the previous years
Can earthquakes be predicted?
No, but scientists can characterize the
seismic risk of an area but cannot yet
accurately predict most earthquakes.
Safety Precautions during Earthquakes:
 Duck, cover and hold
 Stay in open areas, away from
buildings
 In case of tsunami, evacuate to a
higher place
Additional Information about Earthquakes:
 Tsunamis are formed by the sudden
push of an underwater fault
 Aftershocks are small earthquakes after
the giant quake
 Philippines is located at the Pacific Ring
of Fire causing our country to have
constant earthquakes
Layers of the Earth
 Crust
- Thinnest outermost layer
- Has plate tectonics
 Mantle
- Has molten rocks
- Extremely high temperature
 Outer core
 Liquid, melted metals
 Inner core
 Solid core due to intense pressure
of the outer layers
 Reviewer for 2nd Quarter Periodical Test

Typhoons Near-Earth Objects

Formation of Typhoons Asteroid

 Oceans are the source of water vapor - small rocky object that orbits the Sun
 Forms only over the ocean due to the - located between Mars and Jupiter
difference in the air pressure - Ceres – largest asteroid
 Winds rotate counter-clockwise - Frequent visitor of Earth
 Northwestern Pacific Ocean is the most
active basin for a tropical cyclone Comets
 ball of ice and dust that obits the Sun
Measuring Typhoons  varied and irregular in size
 PAGASA – agency that monitors  reflect light from the sun
typhoons
Parts of a Comet
 The least amount of time to expect a
tropical cyclone in your locality is 12
hours
 An estimation of 20 storms enter the
Philippine Area of Responsibility
 Northern Luzon is frequently visited by
typhoons

Comet tail form when the comet

Storm Category Wind Speed (kph) approaches the Sun
Tropical
Less than 64
Depression  A meteoroid is a small piece of an
Tropical Storm 65-118 asteroid or a comet.
Typhoon 119-200  A meteor is a streak of light in the sky
that appears when a meteoroid burns
Super typhoon Greater than 200 up upon entering Earth’s atmosphere.
 A meteorite is a meteoroid that does
not burn completely up but reaches the
Additional Information about Typhoons: Earth’s surface. They are made up of
 Winds do not blow from poles to the ice, rocks and dust
equator because hot air rises  A meteor shower are streaks of lights
 August is the peak season for typhoons seen from Earth when it passes in the
in Philippines orbit of a comet
 Storm surge is caused by high winds
pushing on the ocean’s surface
 Meteorologists - scientists who study
Earth’s atmosphere and the outer
space