Midterms Reviewer (Earth and External Subsystem

- Lithosphere, atmosphere,
Life Sci) hydrosphere, biosphere

The Earth System Earth’s Lithosphere

Plains - aka shields, low relief
● Closed system: there is no Mountain ranges - aka orogenic belts,
outward or inward transfer or high reliefs

exchange of matter and

Layers of the crust
energy
● Sial - silicate and aluminum,
● Open system: incoming and
upper
outgoing of matter and energy ● Sima - silicate and magnesium,
lower and ocean floor
Exogenic Granite - lightest rock
- At the surface
- Powered by solar energy Soil
- Weather, climate - mixture of mineral particles
Endogenic weathered down from rocks,
- Volcanism and earthquakes remains of organic matter, water,
- Powered by heat from the earth’s and air
interior - Connection between living and
nonliving things
Earth’s Subsystems
Subsystem - can run independently but Layers of the Atmosphere
is a part of and related to the larger - Troposphere
system - Stratosphere
- Mesosphere
Internal Subsystem - Thermosphere
- Core, mantle, asthenosphere,
lithosphere Earth’s Hydrosphere
- Inner and outer core generates - The global totality of all
magnetism ecosystems
Geomagnetic fields - shields living things Salinity - amount of salts dissolved in
from solar rays water and it is expressed in parts per
thousand
 ● 97.5% salty and 2.5% freshwater
● 68% in glaciers
● ¼ underground water
Density of Ocean Waters
High salinity and low temperature =
denser
Temperature > salinity (influence on
density)
Layers: (according to density)
1. Surface zone - 300m, sun-
warming and mixing occur
2. Transition zone - body
temperature and density
decrease
3. Deep zone - never reached by
sunlight, high density, near
freezing temperature
Organisms in the Ocean
Marine life zones:
● Pelagic zone - topmost zone of
the open sea with sublayers of
cold and warm waters and
flowing ocean currents
Planktons
- Floaters and drifters
- Diatoms, bacteria, dinoflagellates,
algae
- Phytoplankton: w/
photosynthetic cells (ex: algae)
- Zooplankton: animals (ex:
codepods)
Nekton
- Swimmers
- Fish, squid, whale, shark, dolphin,
sea turtle
Anadromous fish: lives in the sea, goes
back to the rivers when they’re about to
die (ex: salmon)
Catadromous: grow in freshwater,
breeds in ocean water (ex: eel)
● Benthic zone - deep and bottom
parts of the ocean but extends to
the deepest reaches of the ocean
Benthos - flora and fauna living on or in
the bottom of the sea
● Abyssal zone
- Deepest
- Stillness, darkness, high
pressure, near freezing
temp
Bioluminescence - organisms that
produce their own light
Earth’s Hydrosphere
Structure of an Ecosystem
- Population: plants n animals
separate into diff species
- Specie: separate breeding unit
- Community: plants n animals that
interrelate
Biotic - living things
Abiotic - nonliving
Ecosystem - biotic + abiotic + physical
environment
Terrestrial ecosystem - based on a
major type of vegetation
Autotrophs - producers (plants)
Heterotrophs - consumers (animals n
decomposers)
Ecotone - zone where a mixture of plant
and animals from two ecosystems
coexist
Natural Hazards
Rapid onset event - sudden slippage at
a fault (earthquake, landslide, tsunami)
Slow onset event - gradually builds up
high pressure (accumulation of magma)
Geologic Hazards - arise from the
complex process at work in the crust
and from internal dynamism magma
and energy within the earth and on the
surface
Earthquake
- Plate tectonics
- Compression and tension
Equilibrium - accumulated energy in
form of seismic wave are released (to
achieve balance)
Elastic rebound - sudden shift + energy
release
Hazards (from earthquakes):
- Falling objects
- landslides/mudslides
- Ground displacement
- Subsidence (downward) and uplift
(elevation)
- Liquefaction: soil + groundwater =
ground becomes soft (like
quicksand)
- Flooding (from ruptured dams)
- Tsunami: harbor waves, shifting
fault/explosion of volcanic
materials displaces a large
volume of water (that becomes
tall waves)
Volcanic eruptions
Hazards:
- Landslides
- Pyroclastic flow: a huge high-
density mass of hot volcanic gas,
burning lava blocks, pumice, ash
moving down the volcanic slopes
- Lava flows : a type of pyroclastic
flow (pero specific na lava lang)
- Nuee ardente: hot cloud
- Volcanic ash
- Lahar
- Falling rocks
- Hazardous gases
Atmospheric Hazards
 - Derive from the natural
atmospheric processes of energy
transfer and of the hydrologic
cycle
- Storm, tornado, drought
Tropical depression - a lightweight, high
temp, low density column of air
Eye - center of the whirling mass of
clouds and humid air
Tropical storm - wind speed of 60 km/h
Typhoon - wind speed of 220 km/h
Hazards:
Primary effects - high velocity winds and
heavy rains
Secondary effects - damage, flooding,
mudslides, landslides
Storm surge: abnormal increase of sea
water level due to a typhoon
Life on earth who
Ok yung reviewer na lang ni kai
gagamitin ko HAHAHAH
https://1drv.ms/u/s!
AoBi5zQRAAgzg0rpnosETx7dv9JR?
e=p6gqWb
(galing ata sa vod ni tito roy)
Life on Earth
Characteristics of Living Beings
All living creatures consist of cells
- All cell units carry DNA (genetic
information that can be
inherited)
Living organisms grow
- As cells divide, the creature
becomes larger over time
Living organisms reproduce
- Can be sexual or asexual
reproduction
Living organisms adapt
- Adaptability involves traits that
can help an organism survive in
their environment
All living organisms interact
- There is some form of interaction
between any two organisms, no
matter what their relationship is
Living creatures move
- To classify an organism as living,
it must exhibit some form of
movement
Unifying Themes in Biology
Organism
● Any individual living thing
● All made of one or more cells
● All need energy for metabolism
● All organisms respond to
environment
● All have DNA that is passed on to
offspring
● All levels of life have systems of
related parts
System
- Made up of component parts with
specific functions that work
together
- Cell
- System of chemicals and
processes
Body system
- Made up of organs that interact
(review class qs)
1. What is a tsunami?
harbor waves, displacement of a
large volume of water due to
faults shifting/explosion of
volcanic materials
2. It is a type of geological hazards
where logged sediments, agitated
by seismic shaking, gets
separated from each other. Their
load bearing capacity is then
reduced causing buildings and
structures to sink. Liquefaction
3. At what speed does winds in the
rotating storm does a storm
officially become a tropical
cyclone? 119 km/h sabi ni google
4. What is a meteorological hazard?
Same thing as atmospheric
hazard yes
5. Which one is not considered as a
biotic element in the ecosystem
(??)
6. What is a community?
Community: plants n animals that
interrelate
7. What is an ecotone?
- zone where a mixture of
plant and animals from
two ecosystems coexist
- a transitional area of
vegetation between two
different plant
communities
8. Power plant of cells:
mitochondria
9. Molecular unit of heredity
Gene (valjean /j)
10. in cellular respiration we break
glucose (true ???)
11. C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O +
ATP (final product of
photosynthesis… i think)
12. Why are typhoons limited to are
around the tropics? they form
only over warm ocean waters
near the equator
13. Homeostasis is the ability of
organisms to maintain internal
balance.
14. Cells arise from other cells
15. The 3 major steps of cellular
respiration and how much ATP is
produced in each step?
- Glycolysis = 2
- Krebs cycle = 2
- Electron transport chain =
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