I.

Hazard versus Disaster - Recycling

process
- The earth is
Processes that shape the capable of
Environment housing
lives
- But there
● Plate tectonics are hazards
- Plate tectonics theory
states that the Earth’s - Asthenosphere
outer mechanical layer, - between solid and
the lithosphere, is liquid
divided into large - These plates are
continent-sized plates also divided and
that are constantly are constantly
moving moving
- Leads to mountain
formation, volcanic ● Atmospheric Processes
activities and seafloor - An atmosphere is layer
spreading or set of layers of
gases surrounding a
planet, that is held in
place by the gravity of
- Lithosphere
the planet
- Includes the crust
and the top most - One of the main
layer of the mantle purposes is to protect us
- Solid- rocks and from aqua bodies, and
metals other celestial bodies
- Floating on (e.g. uv rays)
- Involved in the
asthenosphere
formation of clouds,
- The plates are
precipitation and the
moving because
of the movement of wind
asthenosphere
which is a semi
liquid and solid Hazards
are constantly
typhoons- happens in the atmosphere,
moving
specifically in the troposphere
- The movement of
the asthenosphere
affects the ● Biological Accumulation
movements of - Includes reef building,
plates in the colony formation and
lithosphere forestation
- Leads to the
formation of - Biological accumulation-
volcanic activities because of the
and seafloor cyanobacteria caused
spreading the existence of oxygen
 - caused the existence of - A very active
animals, plants, and volcano that
humans causes HAZARDS
● Human Activities - Recent eruption
- Human activities is 2020
include urbanization,
extraction of resources Taal Volcano (red circle)
and geoengineering. - 35 recorded
- Natural and manmade eruptions
hazards and disasters - The most
- Urban fires recent eruption is
- can cause by 2020
human activities - Appeared in
- Humans can affect roar of katy perry
our environment and
cause hazards - The Binintiang Malaki
- Human activities (blue circle)
- Urbanization- the - Not the exact
forests are taal volcano
changed into - The portion of
buildings that can taal volcano
cause hazards - Mistaken as the
and destructions Taal volcano most
- Extraction of of the time
resources- Mining - Theory: It is a
- super volcano but
Geoengineering- turned into a
Trying to come up caldera (large
with ways on how cauldron-like
to prevent the hollow that forms
risks of hazards shortly after the
- In the short time that emptying of a
we existed, we magma chamber
dramatically changed the in a volcanic
environment. eruption.) that is
why a lake is
a. Hazard vs Disaster formed.
- Mount Kanlaon
Why is the Philippines one of the - Located in
most hazardous countries in the Negros (shared by
world? Oriental and
- There are 25 active volcanoes occidental)
in the Philippines based on - 26 recorded
the list of PHIVOLCS ( eruptions
PHilippine Institute of - Recent 2016
VOLcanology and
Seismology) There are 5 active
- Mayon Volcano volcanoes in Cagayan
- 50 recorded - Camiguin de
eruptions Babuyanes
 - 1 recorded erup-
1857
- Pacific plate and Philippine
- Cagua volcano plate and many sub plates are
- located in affecting each other.
Mainland
Cagayan,
Gonzaga
- 2 recorded
eruptions- 1860,
1907

- Smith volcano
- Calayan Island
- 6 recorded erup -
- The most recent-
1924
- The graph is showing us that
- Didicas volcano
there is an earthquake everyday
- Most recent 1978
- Was an - Weak earthquake
underwater - Light gray- weak
volcano - Light green- can be felt
- Reemergence - Yellow…
last 1952

- Babuyan Claro
volcano
- Calayan
- Last recorded
eruption- 1860

- Many earthquakes of smaller

- August 17, 1976
magnitude occur very
- - Mindanao
regularly due to the meeting
- - 12:11 mn
of major tectonic plates in the
- - Magnitude 8
region
- - Strongest and deadliest
- Earthquakes are often tectonic - - There are fault zones
in origin - - Destructive local
tsunamis
- - Based on the record
(approximation)
- - 8,000 deaths
- - 10,000 injuries
- - 90,000 became homeless

- Many tropical cyclones (TCs)

are entering the Philippine
Area of Responsibility (PAR)
 than anywhere else in the
world. With the average of 20
TCs in this region per year,
with about 8 or 9 of them
crossing the Philippines. The
peak of the typhoon season
is July through October.
According to PAGASA (
Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical and
Astronomical Services
Administration)
- General- Regular
typhoon, super typhoon, tropical
depression
- 20 typhoons per year
(average)
- 8-9 crossing the
Philippines- landfalls
- most of them occurs
between July to October
- Last year (2020)- 22
typhoons according to (PAGASA)
Philipine Atmospheric, Geophysical,
and Astronomical Services
Administration
- Some of the names
were declared retired
because of the damages
and casualties
Hazard
- A dangerous phenomenon,
substance, human activity or
condition that may cause loss
of life, injury, or other health
impacts, property damage,
loss of livelihoods and
service, social and economic
disruption, or environmental
problems
- Bombings, typhoons,
chemical leakages
Disaster
- A serious disruption of the
functioning of a community
or a society involving
widespread human, material,
economic or environmental
losses and impacts which
exceeds the ability of the
affected community or
society to cope using its own
resources
- State of calamity
- Disruption of normal functioning
- When the community or society
seeks for help in other countries
or provinces
- Hazard can lead to a
disaster as long as it causes
serious disruptions
- State of calamity- disaster
- COVID-19 is a disaster
- state of national
calamity
- Online setup- the
educative processes is
disruptive
b. Types of Hazards
● Natural hazard
1. Biological Hazard
- Process of
phenomenon of
organic origin or
conveyed by
biological
vectors,
including
 exposure to - TSUNAMIS-
pathogens, Oceanographic
toxins, and nature
bioactive
substances
- COVID-19
- Have ● Man-made hazard
carriers - It originates from
- Can be technological or
spread industrial conditions,
through including accidents,
vectors- dangerous procedures,
humans infrastructure failures,
- MALARIA or specific human
- Caused activities
by a protist-
mosquito
2. Geological Hazard
- Include internal
earth processes Examples:
(earthquake,
volcanic activity) - CHERNOBYL in 1986
and related - Explosion-
geophysical Nuclear reactor
processes (mass has many issues
wasting)
- Flawed designs
- LANDSLIDE OR
- Reactor is
MASS WASTING
- TSUNAMI- Both managed by an
geological and untrained person
hydrometeorologic - CHOLUTECA BRIDGE
al - Choluteca,
3. Hydrometeorological Honduras, South
Hazard
America
- A process or
phenomenon of
- Heat by hurricane
atmospheric, Mitch- Category
hydrological or five storm
oceanographic - The storm caused
nature the river to curve
- - Previously flowing
- TYPHOONS- too under the bridge
much precipitation but right after the
- El Niño-Less
storm, the river
rainfall (drought)
- La Niña- Too changed its path
much rainfall - The natural
processes-
Changing the
 environment,
causing hazards
- Affect our lives- in
a good way and a
bad way
Cyclone = Hurricane = Typhoon
Cyclone (formed over South
Pacific and Indian Ocean)
Hurricane (formed over North
Atlantic Ocean and Northeast Pacific)
Typhoon (formed over
Northwest Pacific Ocean)
c. Disaster Risks and Factors
- Disaster risk is
expressed as the
probability of loss of
life, injury or
destruction and
damage from a
disaster in a given
period of time
- Disaster risk is widely
recognized as the
consequence of the
interaction between a
hazard and the
characteristics that
make people and
places vulnerable and
exposed
Risk = hazard x exposure x
vulnerability
Hazard
- dangerous phenomenon,
substance, human activity or
condition
Exposure
- represents the stock of
property and infrastructure
exposed to a hazard
Vulnerability
- accounts for the
susceptibility to damage of
the assets exposed to the
forces generated by the
hazard
- The conditions determined by
physical, social, economic,
and environmental factors,
which increases the
susceptibility of a community
to the impacts of hazards
Vulnerability ( Physical Factors )
- Pertains to tangible objects
or infrastructure that can
harm you or help you
- Fire exit, strength of building,
presence of chandelier
Vulnerability ( Psychological
Factors)
- State of mental capacity and
health
Vulnerability ( Socio- Cultural
Factors)
- Includes religion, social
status, traditions and
perception of the society
Vulnerability ( Economic Factors)
- Pertains to assets and
liabilities, incom, economic
class et al
Vulnerability ( Political Factors)
- Refers to government
structure, diplomatic issues
et al
Vulnerability ( Biological Factors)
 - Flora and fauna in the
environment, health
condition of the people,
presence of an outbreak et al
Risk = hazard x exposure x
vulnerability (minus capacity)
Capacity
- Refers to all the strengths ,
attributes and resources
available within a community,
organization or society to
manage and reduce disaster
risks and strengthen
resilience
II. Earthquake Hazards
Potential Earthquake Hazards and
their Effects
Earthquake
- Sudden and violent shaking
of the ground, sometimes
causing great destruction, as
a result of movements within
the earth’s crust or volcanic
action
TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE
1. Tectonic
- Generated by sudden
displacement along faults in
the solid and rigid layer of
the earth
2. Volcanic
- Induced by rising
magma beneath active
volcanoes
POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
- The type of hazard depends
on the strength of seismic
activity, along with such
factors as local topographic
and built features, subsurface
geology and groundwater
1. Ground Shaking
- Shaking of the ground
is caused by the
passage of seismic
waves, forms of energy
that travel through the
different layers of the
earth caused by
vibrations or
movements
- The intensity of ground
shaking depends on
the geologic make up
of the ground, the
duration and intensity
of earthquake, and the
proximity of the area to
epicenter
Magnitude
- Indicates the amount of
energy released at the source
( or epicenter )
Intensity
- Determined from reported
effects of the tremor on
human beings, furniture,
buildings, geologic structure,
etc
Example : 1990 luzon earthquake
magnitude = 7.8
Maximum Intensity = IX ( Violent )
Damage is considerable in specially
designed structures
2. Liquefaction
 - Occurs when seismic
shaking causes loose
materials in the soil to
mix with groundwater
or soil saturated with
water
3. Ground Rupture
- Occurs when ground
movement happens on
a fault line and break
through to the surface
4. Landslide
- Landslides may
happen during an
earthquake when
weakened section of
land falls off primarily
due to gravity
5. Tsunami
- A series of waves that
are generated by
sudden displacement
of the ocean floor
caused by a large-scale
earthquake
What are the early warning signs of
earthquake hazards?
- At present, there is no
instrument that can
accurately tell the time and
place of an impending
earthquake
The precautionary and safety
measures before, during and after
an earthquake ---- drop, cover and
hold
III. Hazards from Volcanoes
Potential Hazards from Volcanoes
and their Effects
Volcanic Hazards
- There are phenomena arising
from volcanic activity that
pose potential threat to
persons or property in a
given area within a given
period of time
1. Lava Flows
- Stream-like flows of
incandescent molten
rock erupted from a
creator or fissure
Lava can burn. Lava can bury.
- Areas affected by lava flows
once solidified are no longer
useful anymore ( e.g. for
agriculture) for years due to
solid nature of the lava
deposit
2. Pyroclastic Flow
- Hot avalanches of rock,
ash, and hot gas that
travel down volcano
slopes at high speed
3. Lahar
- Hot or cold mixtures of
water and volcanic
debris that form when
volcanic materials
interact with water, ice
or loose wet sediments
4. Ballistic Projectiles
- Volcanic materials
(rocks) directly ejected
from the volcano’s vent
with force and
trajectory
5. Volcanic Gases
- Gases released from
the liquid portion of
the magma and
continue to travel
upward and are
eventually released to
the atmosphere
6. Tephra fall/ashfall
- Showers of airborne
fine to coarse grained
volcanic particles that
fallout from the plumes
of a volcanic eruption
Volcanic Hazards ( Other hazards )

● Volcanic earthquakes
● Landslides
● Tsunamis

How can we tell when a volcano will

erupt?
1. An increase in the frequency
and intensity of felt
earthquakes
2. Noticeable steaming of
fumarolic activity and new or
enlarged areas of hot ground
3. Subtle swelling of the ground
surface
4. Small changes in heat flow
5. Changes in the composition
or relative abundances of
fumarolic gases